psych 202 final

When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________. a. intimacy b. balance c. reciprocity d. altruism

c. reciprocity

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. a. cerebellum b. pons c. reticular formation d. medulla

c. reticular formation

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. cerebellum b. primary cortex c. hippocampus d. amygdala

a. cerebellum

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments? a. 12 months old b. 1-30 days old c. 9-11 months old d. 6-8 months old

a. 12 months old

Why is psychology considered a social science? a. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others. b. Because psychology is not considered a hard science. c. Behavior is unpredictable, so scientists study it. d. Because psychologists study groups and how groups interact.

a. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? a. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. b. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold. c. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. d. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies.

a. In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. a. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator b. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS) c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. collective unconscious

a. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Robert Sternberg b. Charles Spearman c. Raymond Cattell d. Howard Gardner

a. Robert Sternberg

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality. a. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality." b. The word "unconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." c. The word "personality" should be changed to the phrase "real self." d. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to the name "Carl Jung."

a. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior. a. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious." b. The word "unconscious" to the word "conscious." c. The name "Sigmund Freud" should be changed to "Wilhelm Wundt." d. The word "understand" should be changed to the word "believing."

a. The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Wolfgang Köhler c. William James d. Sigmund Freud

a. Wilhelm Wundt

What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? a. Zimbardo did not use a control group. b. The students were not randomly assigned. c. The respondents wanted to leave, but Zimbardo would not let them. d. The study went on too long.

a. Zimbardo did not use a control group.

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. a. crest; trough b. top; bottom c. trough; crest d. trough; peak

a. crest; trough

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a. during early childhood b. during puberty c. in utero d. in late adolescence

a. during early childhood

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a. integrity vs. despair b. initiative vs. guilt c. identity vs. guilt d. generativity vs. stagnation

a. integrity vs. despair

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. a. nociception b. thermoception c. kinesthesia d. preconception

a. nociception

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought? a. Charles Spearman and Howard Gardner b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf c. Raymond Cattell and Robert Sternberg d. Noam Chomsky and B. F. Skinner

b. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify? a. archetype b. Freudian slip c. repressed memory d. collective unconscious

b. Freudian slip

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure? a. cerebellum b. amygdala c. pons d. medulla

b. amygdala

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills. a. ventral tegmental area b. cerebellum c. substantia nigra d. sensory cortex

b. cerebellum

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. a. sample; population; hypothesis b. sample; population; generalization c. generalization; sample; hypothesis d. population; sample; generalization

b. sample; population; generalization

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? a. having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins b. seeking outside opinions on group decisions c. avoiding the development of any contingency plans d. voting publicly in front of group members

b. seeking outside opinions on group decisions

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

b. variable interval

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? a. Naomi Weisstein b. Carl Rogers c. Francis Cecil Sumner d. Noam Chomsky

c. Francis Cecil Sumner

Who proposed the locus of control concept? a. Carl Jung b. Walter Mischel c. Julian Rotter d. Albert Bandura

c. Julian Rotter

soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________. a. egocentrism b. preoperational stage c. Moro reflex d. stranger anxiety

c. Moro reflex

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. a. an external locus on control b. poor self-regulation c. an internal locus of control d. good self-regulation

c. an internal locus of control

Encoding information occurs through ________. a. processing and storing b. storing and retrieving c. automatic processing and effortful processing d. automatic storing and effortful retrieving

c. automatic processing and effortful processing

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? a. break down into inactive fragments b. drifting away from the synapse c. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release d. reuptake

c. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? a. Milgram was unethical. b. Groups will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. c. The Milgram study could never be repeated again because too many people know about it. d. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

d. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis? a. Phillips b. Zimbardo c. Asch d. Milgram

d. Milgram

Which statement about social psychology is most accurate? a. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social psychology b. People's thoughts are influenced by biology while their feelings and behaviors are influenced by social situations c. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by their biology d. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

d. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? a. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology. b. The theories were not based on measurable data. c. The proponents were Nazis. d. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

d. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________. a. no correlation b. a weak correlation c. it is unclear from the information given d. a strong correlation

d. a strong correlation

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________. a. experiments; surveys b. archival research; naturalistic observation c. case studies; naturalistic observation d. archival research; surveys

d. archival research; surveys

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops? a. integrity vs. despair b. trust vs. mistrust c. industry vs. inferiority d. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

d. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? a. toddler who is toilet training b. believing that nudity is wrong c. teacher demonstrating algebra to students d. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

d. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. a. naturalistic observation b. secondary analysis c. experiment d. case study

d. case study

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. a. melancholic b. sanguine c. phlegmatic d. choleric

d. choleric

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a. artistic b. psychosocial c. emotional d. cognitive

d. cognitive

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. racism c. social loafing d. self-serving bias

d. self-serving bias

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? a. feeling the warmth of the sun b. tasting white chocolate fudge c. hearing an airplane fly overhead d. smelling cookies in the oven

d. smelling cookies in the oven

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. a. psychoanalysis b. personality c. Gestalt psychology d. social psychology

d. social psychology

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? a. subliminal b. absolute threshold c. signal detection d. top-down

d. top-down

Critical thinking is ________. a. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information b. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it c. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena d. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic

a. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept? a. patriotism b. dog breeds c. categories of psychology d. types of cars

a. patriotism

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a. recognition b. the Stroop effect c. encoding d. storage

a. recognition

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation. a. scatterplot b. correlation coefficient c. bar graph d. histogram

a. scatterplot

What are the two components of declarative memory? a. semantic and episodic b. implicit and explicit c. short-term and long-term d. procedural and implicit

a. semantic and episodic

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response

a. stimulus discrimination

Which of the following exemplifies gustation? a. tasting freshly caught salmon b. smelling fresh mint in a garden c. feeling a piece of petrified wood d. hearing a cat purr

a. tasting freshly caught salmon

A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted. a. veterinarian b. librarian at the research institution c. local independent grocer with interests in academic research d. scientist who conducts research at a university

a. veterinarian

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. a. visual b. sensory c. semantic d. acoustic

a. visual

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior b. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl c. when a dog refuses to play dead d. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener

a. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up? a. The chances of significant aggressive tendencies are about 50:50, so one of the twins will likely show these behaviors. b. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene. c. It is unlikely that either will show aggressive tendencies. d. The twins both have the gene, so they likely will be aggressive in some way.

b. It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. a. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." b. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." c. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." d. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

b. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain. a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b. computerized tomography (CT) scan c. magnet resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET)

b. computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? a. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings b. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle c. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food d. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell

b. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. a. independent variable b. confounding variable c. control variable d. dependent variable

b. confounding variable

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. a. postnatal b. congenital c. conductive d. prenatal

b. congenital

Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is called ________. a. companionate b. empty c. romantic d. consummate

b. empty

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports? a. genital b. latency c. phallic d. anal

b. latency

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on? a. reticular formation b. medulla c. pons d. amygdala

b. medulla

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability? a. profound b. modest c. mild d. severe

b. modest

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. a. different parts of only a few different genes b. more than one gene c. different genes under different circumstances d. a single gene

b. more than one gene

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. a. surveys b. naturalistic observation c. case studies d. experiments

b. naturalistic observation

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? a. language development b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. pretend play

b. object permanence

Trephination is the ________. a. method that supposedly proved that the world is flat b. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape c. technique that helps ensure the validity of experimental results d. theory that mental illness is caused by demonic possession

b. procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________. a. validity b. replication c. inter-rater reliability d. reliability

b. replication

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." a. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." b. The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction." c. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." d. The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."

c. The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. a. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." b. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." c. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta." d. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal."

c. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature. a. The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological." b. The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." c. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched. d. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."

c. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research? a. They are more educated than the general public. b. They tend to be more liberal than the general public. c. They have higher attrition rates than other populations. d. It may be difficult to generalize findings to other groups.

c. They have higher attrition rates than other populations.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. a. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character b. after dreaming they were on television c. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character d. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents

c. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________. a. algorithm b. hindsight bias c. availability heuristic d. functional fixedness

c. availability heuristic

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called? a. PhD b. PsyD c. dissertation d. postdoctoral

c. dissertation

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? a. reflex b. recovery c. extinction d. acquisition

c. extinction

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________. a. consummate b. infatuation c. fatuous d. empty

c. fatuous

William James was the ________. a. first psychoanalyst b. author of the first psychology textbook c. first American psychologist d. father of psychology

c. first American psychologist

Schemata are a(an) ________. a. example of the brain's ability to form prototypes b. source of emotional content for the brain c. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently d. means of sublimating frustration

c. method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? a. lens b. fovea c. optic chiasm d. iris

c. optic chiasm

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract. a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. parasympathetic d. somatic

c. parasympathetic

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. a. script b. artificial c. role d. event

c. role

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. a. people process happy memories better than sad memories b. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color c. short-term memory itself has different forms d. animals process memories the same way as people

c. short-term memory itself has different forms

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? a. sitting very still in the classroom b. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice c. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light d. becoming bored at a wedding

c. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. a. friendship b. mood c. habit d. attention

d. attention

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. a. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" b. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" c. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" d. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

d. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. a. real; ideal b. internal; external c. congruent; incongruent d. external; internal

d. external; internal

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. a. crystallized b. analytic c. common sense d. fluid

d. fluid

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. a. distortion b. imposition c. intrusion d. forgetting

d. forgetting

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? a. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year b. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use c. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

d. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________. a. axon b. terminal button c. soma d. glial cell

d. glial cell

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time. a. cross-sectional b. correlational c. archival d. longitudinal

d. longitudinal

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. a. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color b. short-term memory itself has different forms c. happy memories are processed better than sad memories d. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

d. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. a. equipotentiality hypothesis b. levels of processing theory c. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm d. misinformation effect paradigm

d. misinformation effect paradigm

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. a. phonic b. phoneme c. letter d. morpheme

d. morpheme

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. a. latent b. vicarious c. Pavlovian d. observational

d. observational

Self-efficacy is ________. a. the belief that one's environment can determine behavior b. a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar c. the belief that we have power over our lives d. our level of confidence in our own abilities

d. our level of confidence in our own abilities

Behaviorists all focus on ________. a. the internal motivation for action b. individual attitudes c. the subconscious d. physiological responses that result in action

d. physiological responses that result in action

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. a. culturally specific b. dramatic c. related to language acquisition d. universal

d. universal