Psych 203
________ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes.
Proteins
________ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
Psychoanalytic
________ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Psychological
Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?
Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.
Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?
Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement) with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.
________ are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons' fibers.
Synapses
Which of the following reflects a key finding of the research conducted by Park and others (2006) on the mortality rates of emerging adults?
The mortality rates of emerging adults are more than twice the mortality rates of adolescents.
Which of the following is an advantage of having children early?
The parents are likely to have more physical energy.
According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is true of nonnormative life events?
They do not happen to all people.
Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is true?
They involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated.
Which of the following is true of Head Start programs?
They provide for low-income families.
Which of the following is a characteristic of attachment-anxious individuals?
They show strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.
Which of the following statements is true about working while in college?
Working more hours results in a decline in grades.
Why is it challenging for parents to discuss emotional topics with their young children?
Young children often avoid upsetting topics by changing the topic, pushing away, or running away.
Which of the following is a similarity in the reasoning of Jean Piaget and information-processing psychologists?
Adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific area.
In the United States, the concern about whether the young should be required to pay for the old has especially increased with the enactment of the government's _____.
Affordable Care Act
Which of the following is one of John Gottman's seven main practices that help marriages succeed?
Establish love maps.
_____, the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships, proposed that friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs in adolescence.
Harry Stack Sullivan
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting
empathy.
The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families
have a heterosexual orientation.
Which of the following is true of the usage of Internet among older adults?
Increasing numbers of older adults use e-mail to communicate with relatives.
Which of the following statements is true of children with cultural-familial intellectual disability?
Individuals with this type of disability have IQs between 55 and 70.
_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Intimacy in friendships
In the context of socioemotional development in late adulthood, which of the following is true of life review?
It is set in motion by looking forward to death.
Which of the following is true of the prefrontal cortex of the brain?
It is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation occur.
Which of the following is an outcome of the growing trend of having fewer children?
Men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering.
According to Petersen and Hyde, which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?
Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.
According to a study by Domenech-Abella and others, which of the following is linked to increased risk of earlier death in older adults?
low socioeconomic status
Cathy and Miguel have been dating for 6 months. Which of the following is likely to be LEAST important in their relationship considering that both are in early adulthood?
loyalty
Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitute
physical abuse.
The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it
placed too much emphasis on change.
When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment. The children exhibit a lack of
planfulness
While studying a sample for height differences, researchers observed that the height of the participants varied significantly regardless of whether the participants' parents were short or tall. This suggests that the physical characteristic of height is most likely an example of
polygenic inheritance.
Don and Ellie have been married for over 30 years. Which of the following is likely to be MOST important in their relationship?
security
According to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is
sexual desire
Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are
sexually active and unmarried.
_____ theory focuses on the types of goals that individuals are motivated to achieve as they approach the end of life.
Socioemotional selectivity
Which of the following statements about dating in gay and lesbian youth is true?
Some gay and lesbian youth continue to have a same-sex orientation while others have a primarily heterosexual orientation.
Mary and Jim are expecting a child. During prenatal diagnostic testing, the doctor confirms that the fetus has a genetic abnormality that will lead to a neural tube disorder causing brain and spine abnormalities. He also tells the parents that the baby will most likely have protruding tissue, especially from the lower back, and that the abnormality can be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy. Which of the following disorders is Mary and Jim's child suffering from?
Spina bifida
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?
With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.
According to Levinson, the transition to middle adulthood requires the adult male come to grips with four major conflicts. Which of the following is one of the major conflicts?
(WRONG) being attractive versus being unattractive
Which of the following is a factor that could undermine the influence of increases in longevity on the nature of grandparenting?
(WRONG) changing gender roles in child rearing
The results of the study conducted by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 indicate that
(WRONG) extensive use of day care hurts parent-child relationships.
In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), which of the following is a reason cited by middle-aged and older women for their divorce?
(WRONG) falling out of love
Jared is 50 years old. He has been working in a corporate law firm since the past 25 years. Even though he has been successful in his career, he realizes that he has done nothing for his children. According to Erikson's theory, Jared's realization indicates _____.
(WRONG) generativity
Who created the concept of intelligence quotient?
(WRONG) Alfred Binet
Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
(WRONG) Centration is due to the lack of conservation.
Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?
(WRONG) Focus on the most important goal at a particular time.
According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students?
(WRONG) In recent years, traditional-aged college students have shown a decreased concern for personal well-being.
Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?
(WRONG) In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to 5 minutes if there is no rehearsal of the information.
Which of the following statements is true about ADHD in children?
(WRONG) Stimulant medication such as Ritalin is effective in improving the attention of children with ADHD to the levels seen in children without ADHD.
A study conducted by Grant, Wardle, and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to
(WRONG) alcohol consumption.
Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?
(WRONG) authoritarian parenting
Nicole and Matthew, a couple, are passionately in love with each other. They are attracted to each other and also share their thoughts and emotions. They are thinking of a future together and know that they can depend on each other even in the face of problems. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Nicole and Matthew are most likely experiencing
(WRONG) passionate love
According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because
(WRONG) peers are less likely to allow negotiation and reasoning about broken rules.
The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of
(WRONG) symbolic thought
Most people who suffer from organic intellectual disability have IQs between
0 to 50
The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at _____ years for girls and _____ years for boys.
11½; 13½
The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately _____ years of age.
18 to 25
Binge drinking peaks at about
21 to 22
In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has ________ chromosomes.
23 unpaired
Which of the following is the average age of marriage for males in the United States?
29.5
From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.
4 to 7
By the time children are 11 years old, their vocabulary has increased to approximately
40,000 words
Jenna is reevaluating and recording the facts about her adolescent and adulthood years. According to the Grant Study by George Vaillant, Jenna is most likely in her _____.
40s
Based on the 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, adding up the daily media use figures to obtain weekly media use leads to almost _____ hours a week by 15- to 18-year-olds.
56
It is common to hear children start using the word fair as a synonym for equal or same starting at around _____ years of age.
6
At which grade level does conformity to peers peak?
8th and 9th grades
Which of the following is true of altruism and volunteering in adults?
A common perception is that older adults need to be given help rather than give help themselves.
In the context of stress, which of the following is a difference between a fight-or-flight manner and a tend-and-befriend pattern?
A fight-or-flight manner involves becoming aggressive and withdrawing from social contact, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves seeking social alliances with others, especially friends.
Which of the following statements is true of intergenerational relationships?
A similarity between parents and an adult child is most noticeable in religion and politics.
Aiden is 18 years old. He has always found it harder to cope with his studies than his siblings do. He is always the last to finish any assignment or task in class. In a recent IQ test, his IQ score was 60. Which of the following is true of Aiden?
Aiden has an intellectual disability.
Amanda's mother suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements about Amanda is most likely true?
Amanda is at risk of developing anorexia nervosa herself.
In the context of adolescent sexuality, identify a true statement about developing a sexual identity.
An adolescent's sexual identity involves styles of behavior and an indication of sexual orientation.
_____ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.
Autistic disorder
Which of the following statements is true of the developmental changes in parent-child relationships?
As children move into the middle and late childhood years, parents spend considerably less time with them.
Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis is true?
Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects.
Dana and Delma are discussing gender and the identification of learning disabilities. Dana believes that there is evidence that supports that gender does play a role in identifying learning disabilities, whereas Delma opposes this view. Which of the following statements, if true, would support Dana's view?
Boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities than girls.
Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?
By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
Which of the following statements is true of children's self-esteem?
Children have the highest self-esteem when they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?
Children learn the words they hear most often when interacting with their parents, teachers, siblings, and peers.
Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.
According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?
Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span.
What is the significant finding of Harlow's experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers?
Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process.
In the context of fine motor skills, which of the following is true of reaching by infants?
Cues from muscles, tendons, and joints guide reaching by 4-month-old infants.
Samantha is diagnosed with a genetic disorder. She suffers from glandular dysfunction that hinders mucus production. She has difficulty in breathing, and her digestion is hampered. She also has frequent lung infections and suffers from shortness of breath. In this scenario, which of the following genetic disorders is Samantha most likely suffering from?
Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?
Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
________ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.
DNA
_____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
Emotion-coaching
Which of the following statements is true about soothing crying infants?
Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.
________ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
Early adulthood
Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?
Fathers engage in more physical play with their children.
According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development?
Fathers put more effort to promote sons' intellectual development than daughters'.
Which of the following statements regarding paternal caregiving is true?
Fathers tend to be ostracized when they take their children to playgrounds.
Which of the following statements is true about depression in adolescents?
Females tend to ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it; hence, they are more likely to develop depression than are males.
Tina is preparing a presentation on adolescent health in the 21st century. She decides to go through a few research studies and collate the findings in her presentation. Which of the following research findings will Tina most likely include in her presentation?
Fewer adolescents around the world die from malnutrition now than in the past.
Tristan has a genetic disorder because of which he has an intellectual disability. His mother informs Tristan's pediatrician that Tristan has an extremely short attention span for any task. Based on Tristan's symptoms, the pediatrician is most likely to diagnose Tristan with
Fragile X syndrome.
Which of the following statements is true of bullying in the social context of a peer group?
Frequent bullying is linked to high social status as indexed by perceived popularity in the peer group.
In the context of children's friendships, which of the following represents the function of social comparison served by friendship?
Friendship provides information about where a child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.
Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings?
G. Stanley Hall
________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
Gene × environment (G × E) interaction
________, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
Genes
Jeremy is 84 years old. Since the age of 78, Jeremy deliberately reduced contact with his distant relatives and former work colleagues. He now maintains contact only with close family members and friends. In the context of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following was most likely the reason for Jeremy's decision to withdraw from social contact?
He placed a high value on emotional satisfaction.
Ajith was able to pursue gymnastics with the support and encouragement from his family. During his career as a sportsperson, he represented his country at several international gymnastic competitions. In the context of physical performance and development, which of the following is most likely true of Ajith?
He won most of his medals during his late teens.
Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in performing different functions?
Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the right hemisphere.
With reference to cross-cultural comparisons, which of the following statements about adolescent pregnancies in the United States is true?
In 2015, the U.S birth rate for 15- to 19-year old girls was the lowest rate ever recorded.
In the context of cohabitation among older adults, which of the following statements is true?
In most cases, older adults cohabit for companionship than for love.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals?
It declines during middle and late adulthood.
Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States?
It increased by 30 years in the 20th century.
Which of the following statements is true of the empty nest syndrome?
It involves a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
Which of the following is true of the period of development known as late adulthood?
It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.
Identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa.
It is about 10 times more likely to occur in females than in males.
Which of the following is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?
It is bidirectional.
In the context of emotional and personality development in middle and late childhood, which of the following is true of self-regulation?
It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts.
Identify a true statement about service learning.
It is effective when it provides students opportunities to reflect about their participation.
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, which of the following is true of the emotion trajectory?
It is high during infancy.
In the context of emotional and personality development, which of the following is true of perspective taking?
It is the social cognitive process involved in assuming the viewpoint of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
Which of the following is a criticism of the Montessori approach?
It neglects children's socioemotional development.
In the context of the brain's development, which of the following statements is true of lateralization?
It refers to the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
Which of the following is true of activity theory?
It states that adults who cannot carry on their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood should find substitute roles that keep them engaged.
Which of the following statements is true of an infant's color vision?
Its development, in part, reflects maturation.
Lisa is a clinical psychologist. She decides to conduct a study on whether the progression of memory loss in older adults with Alzheimer's disease can be slowed down. According to the scientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow?
James who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age
Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome?
Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman
_____ proposed that around 7 years of age, children enter the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
Jean Piaget
The floods in the Midwest left 40,000 people homeless, and Keith's family is one of the families affected by the disaster. He is trying to help his son, Judd, cope with the tragedy. In this scenario, which of the following is a recommendation that Keith should follow to help Judd cope with the stress?
Keith should allow Judd to retell the details of the event and be patient in listening to him.
Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child despite reports on her reproductive fitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testes are undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy is unusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informs Timothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, making him XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers from
Klinefelter syndrome.
Identify a true statement about Carol Gilligan's criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
Kohlberg's theory puts justice at the heart of morality.
Which of the following statements is true of evolutionary developmental psychology?
Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.
Which of the following statements accurately describes postformal thought as being provisional?
Many young adults see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never-ending process.
Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that
Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key finding from the 1994 "Sex in America" survey?
Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.
Which of the following is true of mitosis?
Mitosis results in the formation of two new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. In the context of the scenario, which of the following statements would most likely serve as a criticism for Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?
Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.
Which of the following is true of children in divorced families?
Most children in divorced families have a harder time adjusting than those from nondivorced families.
Which of the following statements is true about sexual activity in emerging adulthood?
Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25).
As per the U.S. government's Occupational Outlook Handbook, which of the following statements is true of jobs?
Most of the highest-paying occupations require a college degree.
Which of the following statements is true of stepfamilies?
Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than death of a spouse.
________ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells.
Myelination
According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the
Oedipus complex.
Which of the following factors is most likely to predict high status for older adults in a culture?
Older individuals control key family/community resources.
Which of the following does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?
Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
According to Paul Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following is an effective optimization strategy?
Persevere and keep trying until you reach your goal.
Which of the following is most likely a reason remarried adults find it difficult to stay remarried?
Remarried couples experience more stress in rearing children than parents in never-divorced families.
According to neuroscientists, which of the following is true of how the brain is wired or rewired?
Repeated experience is what wires the brain or rewires it.
Baku is a local guide living and working in Kenya. While explaining some of the local cultures and practices to a group of tourists, he tells that some tribes have customs that relate to rites of passage. A tourist asks Baku about the importance of rites of passage. Which of the following statements would most likely be Baku's response?
Rites of passage mostly focus on the transition of adolescents to adult status.
Compared to relationships established in person, what is a significant finding about romantic relationships initiated on the Internet?
Romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than two years.
Sammy, a 9-year-old girl, is overweight. She is constantly teased and tormented by other children in school. Her parents try to cheer her up by telling her that they were also overweight when they were young and even now they are overweight but they don't worry about what others say about them. Based on the given information, which of the following is the primary cause for Sammy being overweight?
Sammy's parents are overweight.
_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
Selective optimization with compensation
Who among the following most likely exhibits the developmental pattern of successful aging?
Selena who is 80 years old and capable of walking without the support of a cane
Which of the following statements is true of the development of self-understanding in children?
Self-understanding becomes more complex in middle and late childhood.
________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Sensation
Three-year-old Sharon can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
Sharon solving 6-piece puzzles with her parents' help
Misha is a first-generation immigrant in the United States. In the context of cultural and ethnic identity, which of the following statements is most likely to be true about her identity?
She is unlikely to change her identity much and may or may not develop a new identity.
_____ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.
Short-term memory; long-term memory
________ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
Social policy
According to Carol Dweck, which of the following is true of a growth mindset?
Teachers can increase adolescents' growth mindset by functioning as a partner with them in the learning process.
________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Temperament
_____ is a hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, and deepening of the voice.
Testosterone
Which of the following statements is true of the structure of the brain?
The brain has two hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into four lobes.
According to the neuroconstructivist view of brain development, which of the following is true of the plasticity of the brain?
The plasticity of the brain is context dependent.
Which of the following statements is true of how neurons change in the first years of life?
The synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
Identify a true statement about schools in low-income areas.
They are likely to have more students with low achievement test scores.
According to John Coie, which of the following is a reason why aggressive, peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships?
They are more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention.
Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language?
Thought and language initially develop independently of each other and then merge.
Trevor and Michelle's last child has just left home to attend college. According to a study conducted by Gorchoff, John, and Helson in 2008, this will most likely be a time when
Trevor and Michelle will have increased marital satisfaction.
Which of the following statements about Turner syndrome is true?
Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females.
Which of the following statements is true of unemployment in the United States?
Unemployment is related to physical problems, emotional problems, marital difficulties, and homicide.
According to a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families?
Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much more likely to be exposed to violence.
Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?
Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.
Wechsler scales
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?
from birth to 2 months
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
The event that comes closest to being a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is
a school graduation ceremony.
As opposed to the trend in young children, teenagers typically prefer to have
a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.
Which of the following athletes would be most likely to peak the earliest?
a swimmer
According to Levinson, which of the following should occur at the end of one's teens?
a transition from dependence to independence
________ occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
accommodation
Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another are referred to as
acculturation.
Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
achievement
Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in?
adolescence
Which of the following terms refers to a heightened self-consciousness of adolescents?
adolescent egocentrism
In the Gibsons' ecological view on perceptual development in infancy, objects have ________, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.
affordances
Jason's friends describe him as softhearted, trustworthy, and helpful. According to the Big Five factors of personality, Jason is most likely to score high on
agreeableness
Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were
alcohol abuse and smoking.
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, enacted in 1975, required that
all students with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education.
Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by
ambivalence.
For Vygotsky, private speech is _____.
an important tool of thought during the early childhood years
Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.
anger
Which of the following is a common complaint of both divorced women and divorced men?
anxiety about the unknowns in their lives
Rose's ex-boyfriend, Peter, describes her as clingy and dependent. During their relationship, she always told him that she loved him and wanted to rush into marriage. She also kept tabs on Peter and was jealous of all his female friends and colleagues. Rose seems to have a(n) _____ attachment style.
anxious
In contrast to lower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents
are less directive and more conversational with their children.
A number of leading experts on adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs
are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs.
Securely attached adults
are less likely than others to have one-night stands.
In the context of reducing adolescent pregnancy, several recent research reviews (Denford & others, 2017; Jaramillo & others, 2017; Santelli & others, 2017) have concluded that abstinence-only programs
are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse.
Benji has started calling his father "dad," but he also calls all the men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to the phenomenon of
assimilation
In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur?
at 15 to 18 months of age
Recent studies confirmed that _____ individuals showed strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner.
attachment-anxious
According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.
attention
In the context of cognitive development, which of the following terms refers to the focusing of mental resources on select information?
attention
Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive?
authoritarian parenting
One study found that low rates of delinquency from 14 to 23 years of age were associated with a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Recent research revealed that _____ parenting was linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption and cigarette use.
authoritative
A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)
authoritative parent.
Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)
authoritative parent.
_____ individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner.
avoidant
Abdiel has three children. According to Erikson, he has achieved
biological generativity.
Most of us reach our peak physical performance
before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that
begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Especially in infancy, emotions play important roles in ________.
behavioral organization
According to Baltes, in which of the following scenarios is the need for compensation for older adults the most obvious?
being bedridden because of an illness
Which of the following is a school-related reason for leaving school?
being expelled
Juan has been showing a marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play. He goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably
between 18 and 24 months old.
Irene, a 16-year-old girl, is a first-generation immigrant whose parents came to the United States from Ukraine when she was just a baby. Irene enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a(n) _____ identity.
bicultural
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, how long does phase 1 last?
birth to 2 months
Colin does not get good grades on standardized tests and does not seem to be making an effort to improve his grades. He is more interested in martial arts and has earned a black belt in this field. In the context of Gardner's theories, Colin has _____.
bodily-kinesthetic skills
Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?
body mass index
What causes autism spectrum disorders?
brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters
Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development
cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.
Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as
carriers
Which of the following is mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents?
cell phones
In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates
centration.
Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have
childhood illnesses.
Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings?
empathy
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as
cohabitation
Sara is in an intimate love relationship with Ren. She has a strong commitment toward her relationship with Ren. However, the intimacy in her relationship is diffused as she also places strong emphasis on connections with her family members. According to the cross-cultural variations observed in romantic relationships, Sara's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)
collectivist country.
It is observed that respect for older adults is greater in _____ cultures than in _____ cultures.
collectivistic; individualistic
Carla and Steve are in a love relationship. Carla has appraised their relationship and fully intends to maintain it even when faced with problems. Carla believes that Steve also loves her and will stand by her through life's ups and downs. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which of the following dimensions of love is emphasized in this scenario?
commitment
According to Baltes, _____ becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential.
compensation
According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds?
concrete operational thinking
Becky is careless, impulsive, and disorganized. According to the Big Five personality factors, Becky is most likely to score low on
conscientiousness
Studies on the Big Five factors of personality found that transition into late adulthood was characterized by increases in the aspects of impulse control, reliability, and conventionality. To which Big Five personality factor do these aspects belong?
conscientiousness
Which of the following Big Five personality factors describes a person as either disciplined or impulsive?
conscientiousness
Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of ________ in understanding development.
conscious thoughts
Which of the following is the last stage of the development of romantic relationships in adolescence?
consolidating dyadic romantic bonds
According to Robert J. Sternberg, _____ love is the strongest and fullest form of love.
consummate
In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the
critical period.
Juliana is part of an online science group. Its members meet once every month to discuss the advancements in science and technology. During one of the meetings, she is introduced to several other members of the large online group. She finds these meetings interesting as she gets to meet people of different age groups and backgrounds. However, like the members of the group, she does not intend to spend much time with them or get to know them personally. Which of the following terms best describes this type of group?
crowd
Separation protest is characterized by
crying when the caregiver leaves.
Psychologists suspect that _____ often results from growing up in below-average intellectual environment.
cultural-familial intellectual disability
Fathima frequently experiences feelings of sadness and hopelessness. She constantly feels tired and has also developed insomnia. Upon consulting a doctor, she is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Fathima's doctor is most likely to recommend she
cycle for 30 minutes daily.
Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as ________.
emotions
Since the early 1900s, the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has
decreased in its level of relative importance.
Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looks away no longer interested. This would indicate that he is habituated to it and is showing ________ to the stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
decreased responsiveness
According to John Bowlby, infants' internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as
deserving of nurturant care.
From about the ages of 28 to 33, a man goes through a transition period in which he must face the more serious question of
determining his goals.
According to Levinson, identify a major task that must be mastered in early adulthood.
developing a stable life structure
The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of
developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has
diabetes
When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face ________ and must adapt.
disequilibrium
According to Sleet and Mercy, which of the following steps can be taken to enhance children's safety and prevent injury in the context of their family and home?
displaying frequent parent protective behaviors
Gerard and his sister were never close when growing up. Now that they are adults, it is most likely that their relationship is
distant
According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ________. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.
domain-specific
A(n) ________ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene.
dominant
In some cases of genotypic expression, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the ________ principle.
dominant-recessive genes
Gregory is undergoing pubertal changes. He has started using addictive drugs and has started taking an increasing number of risks. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely responsible for these developments?
dopamine
Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis?
down syndrome
Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems. Hence, he is not able to solve any of the Math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gave him extra assignments and made him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these did not help. His parents finally took him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnosed him with a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder.
dyscalculia
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting
empathy
Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin?
early to middle adolescent years
Anorexia nervosa is a(n)
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Fantz believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us and that perception is designed for action. He most likely holds a(n) ________ perspective with regard to sensory and perceptual development.
ecological
The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.
effort control
The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.
effortful control
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form
eggs and sperm.
According to David Elkind, personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent
egocentrism
Howard Gardner suggests that there are _____ types of intelligence.
eight
Gina is doing her best to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.
eldercare
Which of the following technologies, a measure of the brain's electrical activity, have researchers been able to use successfully to learn about the brain's development in infancy?
electroencephalogram (EEG)
John believes that his six-month-old baby, Ali, was born with the ability to perceive the world in an organized way. In the field of perceptual development, John would be described as a(n)
empiricist.
Karius, a school teacher, is an advocate of the constructivist approach to instruction. Given this information, it can be said that Karius is most likely to
encourage children to work with each other in their efforts to know and understand.
For most people, puberty
ends long before adolescence does.
According to research, women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors. When coping with stress, women were more likely than men to
engage in comfort eating.
Lesbian couples place an especially high priority on
equality in their relationships.
Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n)
evocative genotype-environment correlation.
According to McClelland and others (2017) and Schmitt and others (2017), _____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
executive
Which of the following is the term that most researchers use to describe crisis?
exploration
According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3?
from 7 to 24 months
Diana is fun-loving, sociable, and affectionate with all her friends and acquaintances. Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes this aspect of Diana's personality.
extraversion
Identify the Big Five personality factor that describes whether an individual is fun-loving or somber.
extraversion
According to recent research, which of the following program types was linked to a reduction in delinquency?
family therapt
By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
fatty
Naina and Samir, who are a couple, are passionate about each other. They are physically and sexually attracted to one another. They know that they can count on each other during the ups and downs of life, and they intend to maintain their relationship in the face of problems. However, they lack feelings of warmth or closeness toward each other and avoid sharing their thoughts. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Naina and Samir are most likely experiencing
fatuous love
Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that
females engage in more prosocial behavior than males do.
Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because
few parents anticipate how strongly their adolescent will push for autonomy and responsibility.
Most divorces occur in the _____ year of marriage.
fifth to tenth
Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after their birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic because of the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how
for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
The ________ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.
forebrain
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in a liberal arts course in the state college near their hometown. Ramon has not really thought much about this decision himself, and he will most likely follow their advice. James Marcia would classify Ramon's identity status as identity
foreclosure
According to Piaget, the _____ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.
formal operational
During the beginning of the _____ stage, when assimilation dominates, an adolescent's thoughts are full of idealism and possibilities.
formal operational
In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the _____ stage is proposed to be the fourth and final stage.
formal operational
According to Levinson, the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the
formation of a dream.
Eriksonian researcher James Marcia reasons that Erikson's theory of identity development contains _____ of identity, or ways of resolving an identity crisis.
four statuses
Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.
frontal
While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement, it would indicate that the ________ lobe of her brain was damaged.
frontal
According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, _____ in middle age was more strongly related than intimacy to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.
generativity
Which of the following is the seventh stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory?
generativity versus stagnation
A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of
genetic code.
Children with superior talent for something are called
gifted
________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
goodness of fit
Individuals with a(n) _____ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.
growth
Which of the following is typically the last male pubertal characteristic to occur?
growth of facial hair
Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of
guilt
According to various research studies, early-maturing girls are more likely to _____ than late-maturing girls.
have an eating disorder
According to research, women and men differ in the way they experience and respond to stressors. When coping with stress, men were more likely than women to
have sex or use pornography.
Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n)
heteronomous moralist.
Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?
heteronomous morality
_____ are the second leading cause of death in adolescence.
homicides
_____ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
horomones
Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of
hypertension
Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n)
hypothesis
In the formal operational stage, adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks, devising plans to solve problems and systematically testing solutions. This type of problem solving requires _____.
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls _____.
identity confusion
Shane's family wants him to decide on the career that he wants to pursue. His parents are doctors and would prefer that he study medicine. However, Shane does not seem very keen on deciding on his career at the moment. In this scenario, which of the following statuses of identity is Shane experiencing?
identity diffusion
Arthur's parents own a home appliances business. His parents along with his three older brothers manage the business together. They want Arthur to help with the business once he graduates. Arthur has agreed to join the family business without putting much thought into this decision. In this scenario, Arthur is in the status of identity referred to as
identity foreclosure.
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence?
identity versus identity confusion
Identity _____ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.
identity versus identity confusion
Students with _____ for learning may avoid many learning tasks, especially those that are challenging.
low self-efficacy
Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of
immanent justice.
In Erikson's theory, adults strive for generativity to achieve a sense of
immortality
The average U.S. high school dropout rates mask some very high dropout rates
in low-income areas of inner cities.
By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is
in vitro fertilization.
Jacob is a third grader and has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently, Jacob was moved to the regular third-grade classroom. This is an instance of
inclusion
One study of two- and three-year-old children revealed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to a(n)
increase in behavioral problems.
A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence _____ in emerging adulthood.
increased
The 2009 Kaiser Family Foundation survey, which included more than 2,000 8- to 18-year-olds, documented that adolescent media use has _____ in the last decade.
increased dramatically
Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior?
increased independent social interchanges
Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
increased myelination of the central nervous system
The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
increased myelination of the central nervous system.
According to the advocates of state-mandated testing, which of the following results are believed to be positive outcomes of the testing?
increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested
Tina is in a romantic love relationship with John. She is very intimate with him and does not place emphasis on connections outside of her relationship with him. She also has a very small social network. In the context of cross-cultural variations in romantic relationships, Tina's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)
individualistic country.
In the context of statuses of identity, identity moratorium differs from identity diffusion in that in identity moratorium, _____:
individuals have vaguely defined commitments or no commitments at all
The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares
individuals of different ages.
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called
industry versus inferiority.
Gary and Nina, who are colleagues, are attracted to each other and have an affair with each other. However, they do not have feelings for each other and do not intend to maintain or appraise the relationship. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, Gary and Nina's love relationship is mostly likely categorized as
infatuation
According to APA's guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues?
informed consent
Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's son
inherited the recessive genes for blond hair.
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is
initiative versus guilt.
Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being
insecure avoidant.
When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is
insecure resistant.
Insecure avoidant babies show
insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.
According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
integrity versus despair
Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory and Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that
intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities.
A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's
intelligence quotient.
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.
intimacy
Erikson describes _____ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.
intimacy
Sullivan argued that the need for _____ intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.
intimacy
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is the sixth developmental stage?
intimacy versus isolation
Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule
is a male
Unlike the constructivist approach to instruction, the direct instruction approach
is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by high teacher expectations for students' progress.
Sergio's mental age is eight, but his chronological age is nine. We would say that Sergio's IQ
is less than 100
In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking
is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.
With regard to morality, Nasrin believes that the focus should be on abstract principles rather than on relationships and concern for others. Therefore, she has a(n) _____ perspective on morality.
justice
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, individuals are motivated by two types of goals—emotional and
knowledge-related.
Bulimia nervosa typically begins in
late adolescence or early adulthood.
Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called
lateralization.
The _____ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.
least restrictive environment (LRE)
Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were _____ by stressful and disruptive experiences.
lessened
Which of the following is prominent in Erikson's final stage of integrity versus despair?
life review
On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) ________ approach.
life-span
When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs through out adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) ________ approach to developmental change.
life-span
The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is
lifelong
Nathan Brody and many other researchers have observed that people who excel at one type of intellectual task are
likely to excel at other tasks, too.
Erin, a 90-year-old, is healthy and leads an active lifestyle. Most of her relatives have lived to an old age. Researchers have found that Erin's family carries genes related to stress resistance, immunity, and metabolism that help extend life by repairing and protecting body tissues. In this scenario, which of the following genes is most likely responsible for Erin living to an old age?
longevity genes
Robert Butler states that life review is set in motion by
looking forward to death.
Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ________ and ________ in her capacities will take center stage.
maintenance; regulation of loss
Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males because
males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY.
According to a longitudinal study by John Schulenberg and his colleagues, by the time individuals reach their late twenties, _____ the use of alcohol and drugs.
many would have reduced
In the context of online dating, a national study of more than 19,000 individuals by Cacioppo and others (2013) found that
marriages that began online were characterized by slightly higher marital satisfaction than those that started in traditional offline contexts.
Irene conducts a laboratory experiment to test the memory of children. She rapidly reads out a list of colors to three children aged 4, 6, and 13 years. The children are then asked to repeat the names of the colors. Irene notices that the 6-year-old and the 13-year-old are able to recall more colors than the 4-year-old. This experiment illustrates that
memory span varies from one individual to another.
A girl's first menstruation is called _____.
menarche
Most anorexic individuals are young adult females from
middle- and upper-income families.
According to a study by Huo and others, _____ are likely to provide support if their parents have a disability.
middle-aged adults
Middle adulthood is referred to as the sandwich generation because
middle-aged adults may have to care for their own adolescent children as well as their elderly parents.
_____ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.
mindfulness
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, selective narrowing of social interaction _____ as individuals get older.
minimizes emotional risks
In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _____ than previously believed.
more conservative
In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves _____ than did their late-maturing counterparts. When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties, however, they had developed a _____ than the early-maturing boys had.
more positively; stronger sense of identity
Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of "-ed" in "flied" shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.
morphological
Recent studies found that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when
mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants.
A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a ________, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.
mutated gene
Which of the following is involved in providing energy to neurons and aids communication?
myelination
Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds will increase in future generations. This illustrates the process of
natural selection.
According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?
neglected children
Bernard brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way as he could not see the television set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he had left it the previous day and it was unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n)
neglectful parent.
Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.
one-third
According to a national survey, _____ boys exercised the most, _____ girls the least.
non-Latino White; African American and Latino
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ________ event can influence a person's development.
nonnormative life
The developmental pattern experienced by most people in which psychological functioning peaks in early middle age and starts to decline in the early eighties is called
normal aging.
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of
normative historical change.
Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of ________ in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
observational learning
While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that the ________ lobe of his brain was damaged.
occipital
In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how
older children rehearse the digits from their tests more than younger children do.
Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?
opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values
According to Baltes, which of the following factors suggests that it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies?
optimization
When he was interviewed at 80 years of age, Arthur Rubinstein said that he spent more time at practice than earlier in his life. This helped maintain his status as an admired concert pianist. Which aspect of Baltes's theory does this reflect?
optimization
Jean Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called
organization.
Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), she is
overweight.
The ________ lobe area in the brain plays an important role in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.
parietal
According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ is physical and sexual attraction to another.
passion
The developmental pattern experienced by most people in which psychological functioning peaks in early middle age and starts to decline in the early eighties is called
pathological aging.
The _____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism involving a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.
personal fable
Holly is quiet and introverted. She feels stressed whenever she has to interact with a lot of people. She keeps mostly to herself and seldom speaks up in class. She never socializes or attends parties. Which of the following terms best describes this aspect of Holly's identity?
personality
For each genotype, a range of ________ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability.
phenotypes
The _____ approach to reading instruction emphasizes the teaching of basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
phonics
Middle-aged Americans agree that a major component of their well-being involves
positive relationships.
A person who is arrested for stealing company documents says, "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify this person as using _____ reasoning.
postconventional
Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and proposed a new stage of cognitive development. This stage is termed as
postformal thought.
_____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
practice
According to Ellen Winner, which of the following refers to a characteristic displayed by gifted children who begin to master an area earlier than their peers?
precocity
The ________ period is the time from conception to birth.
prenatal
Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now than earlier. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds, what her parents describe as, "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development.
preoperational
Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in
preschool
Three-year-old Amy looks at her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says, "Those are a 'no-no'. Do not touch." It appears that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.
private speech
Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year-old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with her favorite activity. She has regular talks with her ten-year-old son wherein she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is
proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.
In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.
prosocial
Which of the following terms did Erikson use to describe a period in which society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities?
psychosocial moratorium
Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is ________ that in another stage.
qualitatively different from
Puberty refers to a period of
rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily during early adolescence.
Unlike nonaggressive children, when aggressive boys search for cues to determine a peer's intention, they respond more
rapidly
Carrie's parents have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blond hair. This indicates that the gene for blond hair is a
recessive gene.
Mateo, an infant, is on a special diet as his parents are aware that he has a genetic disorder in which he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Mateo's parents are also aware of the importance of this diet and that excess phenylalanine buildup in the infant will produce intellectual disability and hyperactivity. This genetic disorder results from a
recessive gene.
Donna's doctor recommends that she breast feed her newborn. Research conclusively indicates that breast feeding has several positive outcomes for the mother, including a
reduction in the incidence of ovarian cancer.
When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.
reflexive
A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules discussed by the officer. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was
relevant
Clayton is a psychologist who runs a counseling center for older adults. In his center, the clients meet every week and form groups in which each individual narrates his or her past activities and events. Clayton encourages the members of the groups to share old photographs related to their life events and tell anecdotes about their experiences. This scenario illustrates the use of _____ therapy.
reminiscence
Shifu belongs to a tribe in which all the boys must swim across a particular river to mark their transition to adult status. A grand and elaborate ceremony is held in the tribe's village to signal the achievement of adult status. Which of the following terms best describes the ceremony?
rite of passage
What are the two major forms of love?
romantic and affectionate
When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.
rooting
Ryan is father to an 11-month-old baby boy. He loves spending time with his son when he is back from work. Which of the following activities is he most likely to engage in with his son?
rough-and-tumble play
Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called
scaffolding writing.
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of
scaffolding.
A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions.
schema
Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing
schemas
The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to
school readiness and focus.
Amy is not overly stressed out about her relationship with her boyfriend Danny. She trusts him and is sure that if there are any problems, they can talk it through and come to an understanding. Which of the following best describes Amy's attachment style?
secure
On an assessment of attachment styles modeled on Hazan and Shaver's questionnaire, Alicia described herself thus: "I find it relatively easy to get close to others and I am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me." Alicia seems to have a(n) _____ attachment style.
secure
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "safe base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as being
securely attached.
Mariposa is in the Strange Situation; she moves freely away from her mother but keeps track of where she is through periodic glances. She would most likely be classified as being
securely attached.
Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being
securely attached.
Selective optimization with compensation theory proposes that successful aging is related to three main factors. Which of these factors is based on the concept that older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains?
selection
Selective optimization with compensation theory states that successful aging is related to three main factors:
selection, optimization, and compensation.
Female friendships involve more _____ than male friendships.
self-disclosure
_____ refers to global evaluations of the self.
self-esteem
Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers are studying the concept of
sense of self.
Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of _____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length.
seriation
Luis is able to organize coins in a row from the largest in size to the smallest. His newfound ability is called
seriation
Over which of the following aspects of life do middle-aged adults feel they have the least control?
sex life
Richard believes he is gay. This orientation is part of Richard's _____ identity.
sexual
McKenzie, age two, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of
shame and doubt
Research with the memory-span task suggests that
short-term memory increases during early childhood.
Joshua, a two-year-old, has been diagnosed with ________, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea.
sickle-cell anemia
Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown a(n)
sizeabale decline
Adolescent use of alcohol has recently shown a(n)
sizeable decline.
During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys.
slightly smaller
According to Gauvain (2016) and Holzman (2017), Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
sociocultural influences
Which of the following theories challenges the stereotype that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?
socioemotional selectivity theory
Voletta believes that older adults become more selective about their social networks as they age. She is a proponent of
socioemotional selectivity theory.
Now that Benita is in late adulthood, socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that she will
spend most of her time with familiar friends.
The question of whether a fun-loving, carefree adolescent is bound to have difficulty holding down a 9-to-5 job as an adult most likely reflects the
stability-change issue.
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the ________ aspect of her development.
stablilty
Johnny says he likes his best friend, Andy, because he is fun and talks about interesting things. Johnny also says that Andy encourages him to do his best and comforts him when he fails. Which of the following functions of children's friendships is Johnny most likely describing?
stimulation and ego support
The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves
stranger anxiety.
The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves
stranger axiety
Sita is a girl who lives in India; Suki is a girl who lives in Japan. They both have two older brothers. According to research, who is most likely to have better access to education?
suki
According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the
superego
According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the
superego
_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
sustained
In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?
sweden
In the context of technology, which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently?
television
"Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of ________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.
temperament
Brian was of average weight throughout his childhood and in college. However, he has gained more than 30 pounds over the past 18 months and has become obese. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of his obesity?
the absence of physical activity in his daily routine
"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as
the age of possibilities
Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?
the behavioral and social cognitive approach
According to Kenneth Dodge, aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child's actions as hostile when
the child's intention is ambiguous.
Carl and Tulip are getting a divorce and want to know how they can best communicate the news to their young children. Ellen Galinsky and Judy David would suggest that
the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation.
Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have supported each other and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent?
the convoy model
In general, in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from White family orientations in that
the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.
According to Piaget, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive development?
the formal operational stage
Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify genetic variations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA, along with DNA from other patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease, was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Each participant's DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchers found that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had the cardiovascular disease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease. Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchers use in this study?
the genome-wide association method
Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that
the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.
In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes
the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's interests and capabilities.
In the "sticky mittens" research project, it was found that
the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is
the number of minutes on the treadmill.
Louise is teaching her son to read by helping him sound out letters. She also plays a cartoon where the characters repeat the sounds of each letter. Watching her and the characters in the cartoon pronounce the letters, her son makes the effort to read aloud some of the letters. What approach is Louise using to teach her son?
the phonics approach
Which of the following is the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother's uterus?
the placenta
Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?
unclear sexual boundaries
Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?
the top-dog phenomenon
In such fields as lyric poetry, abstract math, and theoretical physics, the peak of creativity is often reached during
the twenties or thirties.
Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through
the unfolding of a genetic plan.
The rapid increase in an infant's vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called
the vocabulary spurt.
In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), divorced adults reported that they had generally stayed married and postponed their divorces because of
their children
In the context of the four lobes of the brain, which of the following statements is true of the occipital lobes?
they function in vision
Children have the highest self-esteem when
they perform competently in domains that are important to them.
A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.
three years later
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the
top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has
tripled
Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of
trust
Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
typing
Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, has self-descriptions that are typically
unrealistically positive.
According to research studies, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?
verbal skills
In a survey conducted by AARP (2004), the primary reason middle-aged and older women cited for wanting a divorce was
verbal, physical, or emotional abuse.
One area of math in which boys are found to be better at is
visuospatial skills.
If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?
when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30
The _____-language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
whole
At Jackson Elementary, children are taught to read by making them learn to recognize entire words and sentences and to use the context of the words that are given in the text to guess their meaning. Their reading material consists of stories, poems, newspapers, and magazines. This school is using the _____ approach to reading instruction.
whole-language
The critical-period hypothesis could explain
why sexual orientation is difficult, if not impossible, to modify.
Ramya is a business analyst by profession. She works in a highly stressful environment. Her manager often yells at her and fails to appreciate her when she completes her tasks on time. Based on the results of a national survey of U.S. adults by the American Psychological Association in 2007, Ramya
will be less productive because of stress.
Gary got divorced after 7 years of marriage. He is highly stressed and is using the fight-or-flight manner to respond to stress. Gary is most likely to
withdraw from social contact.
Guillermo has taught his apprentices all the specialized techniques he has developed over the years as a carpenter. According to Erikson, he has achieved _____ generativity.
work
When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their support. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's
zone of proximal development.
During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ________.
zygote
