Psych 210 Exam 3

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically ""privileged"" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

Basic

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

Typicality

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.

crowding

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT

spatial layouts

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?(NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

583: 653: 518 msec

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

A presented stimulus is a word

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

It cuts the taffy into pieces

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?

Layout

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

Meaning dominance

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

Size of the field of view

A mental rotation task is focused on the __________ aspect of imagery

Spatial

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The frontal and temporal lobes

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

Theory of mind

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n)_____________________ inference.

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference.

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat _______ - car ________

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property_______ is stored at the_______ node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

causal

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of___________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________approach to categorization.

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________

system

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the approach to parsing.

temporary ambiguity

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to

the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

for the category "fruit", people in the US give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than "kiwi". Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.

tree; oak

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence.Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect.

trial 1; word frequency

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A pink beachball on your towel

______ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

Propositional

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

dynamic

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language.

hierarchical

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune, "the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening? "His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'! "It is most likely that Ira's sister used___________in playing the game.

inner audition

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is

rules

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences.

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.

stone; smoke

Items high on prototypicality have ______ family resemblances

strong

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

"3x+9=16" is a ____ representation

propositional

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below

A turtle is an animal

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________

Abstractions

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

Causal

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental

Chronometry

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

Semantic category

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate?

Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?

Similarity

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

Situation models

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

mental walk

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.

two

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were

using visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Connectionist

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

Content

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording:Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus

SKY

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imaging by walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door.) By doing so, Trinh is using ____________ to organize her memories.

The method of loci

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?

Tonic

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand - with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified - is similar to which concept?

Topographic map

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

comma

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci.

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird-watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is____________________ is involved.

when semantics