Psych 230
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most likely to show a reduced recency effect?
...MAN, PAN, MAP, MAC, CAP
1. has good spatial resolution 2. has good temporal resolution 3. is an invasive method 4. is a non-invasive method
1. fMRI 2. MRI 3. PET 4. CT scans
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
10-20 seconds.
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to Savannah, Georgia over Halloween weekend. Neither one has ever been there before. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the historic tourist town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit an art museum on the Riverwalk. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "Bonaventure cemetery." Let's assume the museum was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the cemetery, Luis takes Rosa to meet up with a haunted walking tour. On the map, the cemetary was three inches northwest of the meeting spot for the walking tour, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the meeting spot, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.
2
A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?
3
Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms.Terious. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Terious's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?
30 degrees
If instead of a digit span task, you measured STM capacity by asking people to identify the number of changes stimuli undergo, you would expect most people to report approximately how many changes?
4
If you used a digit span task to measure participants' short term memory capacity, which results would surprise you the LEAST (or in other words, what results would you expect to see?) ? (mark all that apply):
5 and 7
Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify
50% of the words spoken by their own voices.
If we asked people to respond true or false to a series of statements, which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
583: 653: 518 msec
Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.
82
Which 2 statements in the previous question would the left model predict to have the same retrieval time?
A canary is a bird. An ostrich is a bird ^ research has not shown that
Which of the following statements is true of police lineups?
A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
Talarico and Rubin (2003) measured people's memories of the 9/11 attacks. Which of the following was the main finding of that research?
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him.
David is trying to tell his husband about his day, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. David may have damage to his _________________.
Broca's area
Which is the best description of how Sperling was able to measure the CAPACITY of visual sensory memory with his partial report technique?
By requiring participants to report only one row of letters (cued randomly by a tone) rather than the whole display of 12 letters.
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as
C.
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
George is given a list of words to remember, and is asked to recall the list one week later. One of the words on the list was BEAR. Which of the following (none of which appeared on the list) would he be most likely to incorrectly recall if he doesn't remember BEAR?
DEER
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.
Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
Donald Broadbent
You are interested in studying the time course of language comprehension. Specifically, you are interested in the very fast processes that occur within milliseconds of hearing a word. Which of the following techniques should you employ?
ERPs
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Damage to the _______________ results in prosopagnosia, or the inability to recognize faces.
Fusiform Face Area
This Gestalt principle explains why people see an overlapping square, triangle and circle below, rather than a group of many smaller, less-uniform shapes.
Good figure / Pragnanz
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be EASIEST to recall at age 95?
Graduating from college at age 22
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship.
Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?
It interferes with semantic coding.
Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT?
It interferes with semantic coding.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
It produces variable results from person to person.
Your friend's 73-year-old grandmother is telling you about her vivid memories of historical events from throughout her lifetime. For which event is her memory most likely to contain errors?
JFK assassination (1962)
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
Imagine that researchers are asking people to count the number of columns at the Old Well and measuring their response times. They find that people who are standing far away from the Old Well are slower than those standing on the side walk just a few yards away from it. Later, they ask people to imagine the Old Well and count the number of columns. What would you expect?
People who imagine the Old Well from farther away will be slower than those who imagine it from a few yards away.
If a group of participants are asked to recall a list of fruits, while counting down from 100 by 3's, and then they are asked to repeat this process over many trials with many different lists of fruits, what would you predict the results would look like?
Performance will decrease due to the phenomenon of proactive interference
Which of the following best demonstrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
Rob's keys were stolen from his desk at work. He cannot give a detailed description of the keychain to police, despite using it every day for years.
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?
Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory
Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?
Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?
Structural models and process models
_______________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.
Systems
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
In comparing the prototype and exemplar approaches, which of the following is NOT true:
The prototype approach offers a better explanation of family resemblance.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that assigning conceptual categories to things is useful for interacting with the world:
They provide definitions of groups of related objects.
If you were advising a first year student on tips and tricks to make life at UNC-CH easier, how might you advise them to remember their PID?
They should think of the numbers as a sequence of meaningful statistics.
Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, when would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
The first formal laboratory of psychology was founded by _______ where the approach of _________ was created.
Wundt; structuralism
Val has just been hired as a new professor at UNC and is attending a faculty party where she will meet her new colleagues for the first time. Her department chair takes her around to small groups to introduce her. At the first group, Val meets 4 people and is told their first names. The same thing happens for a 2nd and 3rd group. At the 4th group, Val is told their names and that one woman is in charge of the department budgets. After the party, Val realizes she only remembers the names of the 1st four people she met and that the last woman handles budgets. This experience demonstrates
a build up and release of proactive interference.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a failure of memory consolidation.
You are standing in line at Starbucks on Franklin St. when you spot an unexpected, but familiar face. Former First Lady Michelle Obama is also waiting in line! Michelle Obama's face is most likely represented in your nervous system by the firing of
a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT
a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.
When simple colored shapes (e.g. red square, green circle) are flashed quickly on a screen one after the other, people often make mistakes by reporting the wrong color with the wrong shape (e.g. green square, red circle). Treisman would say this is evidence for
a preattentive stage in attention.
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.
ambiguous sentences; unaware
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
an inborn biological program.
Bransford and Johnson's study where participants heard a vague passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend, found that looking at a picture made the passage easier to understand. (Similar to our washing clothes example) This illustrates the importance of _________ in forming long-term memories.
an organizational context during learning.
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
analytic introspection.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes __________ and is tested ___________.
auditorially; auditorially
Action potentials occur in the
axon
Your textbook author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
During a visit to an art museum, you appreciate the simple beauty of Ramón y Cajal's drawings of the brain. Your ability to see the drawings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called
binding
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______.
binding
In Treisman's Feature Integration Theory, the Focused Attention stage is responsible for
binding object features together
in Treisman's Feature Integration Theory, the Focused Attention stage is responsible for
binding object features together
In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.
bottom-up; top-down
The "poverty of the stimulus" argument states that
children can produce linguistic stimuli that they have never been exposed to.
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
Watson's "Little Albert" experiment (involving the white rat and the loud noise) relied on
classical conditioning
Tolman found that mice in a four-arm maze don't just always turn the same direction for a reward, but rather take into account where they are in the maze in relation to the reward. He hypothesized that they use a mental conception of the layout of the physical space known as a(n)
cognitive map.
Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of
cognitive psychology.
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from different stimuli
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
connectionist
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.
control
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment had people indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about a baseball game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____________ location.
cued
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.
definitional
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?
dictionary unit
Dichotic listening occurs when
different messages are presented to the left and right ears.
However, multiple areas of the brain may be activated at the same time during cognitive functions. For example, during face perception different areas may activate in response to features of the face like where it is looking or its expression. This is __________ representation.
distributed
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory.
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as
encoding specificity.
Sometimes a behavioral event occurs at the same time as a cognitive process, even if it isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, people might look up when thinking about a really hard problem -- even though they'd still be able to "think" if they didn't. This describes a(n)
epiphenomenon
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all the characteristic properties of "chairs" or that people who look alike might be relatives is _________________.
family resemblance
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
fear
Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called
feature detectors.
In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____
fixation; pretty
Someone like H.M. who has anterograde amnesia might have difficulty with ________________, but preserved ability to __________________.
forming new memories; navigate the town they grew up in
"Wood bookshelves" consists of ___________ morphemes.
four
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience
To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.
higher; both lower and higher
Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images (e.g. a banana) onto a screen showed that
imagery and perception can interact with one another.
Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
Shepard & Meltzer's findings (in the previous question) show support for 2 concepts we've talked about in cognitive psychology:
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms; short-term memory involves storage and manipulation
The neuron doctrine is
in disagreement with nerve net theory.
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
increased firing in the neurons.
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
inferred from the participant's behavior.
Shaina and her brother are playing "Name that Song," where the object is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Shaina says "I was working in the lab late one night When my eyes beheld an eerie sight" Her brother doesn't remember the song title at first, but realizes the title is often in the lyrics, so he tries to sing the song silently to himself. He then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Monster Mash'!" Shaina's brother used __________.
inner audition
Alma suffered a brain injury and now she has trouble remembering friends and family or facts she used to know. She can, however, remember events from her life and daily tasks. This may reflect
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
KC, who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
The idea that information provided by both syntax and semantics is taken into account simultaneously as we read or listen to a sentence is called the _____________ approach to parsing.
interactionist
You can recognize the same elephant even though it looks very different from different perspectives. This is called viewpoint__________.
invariance
Tulving believed that the experience of episodic memory is defined by
involving mental time travel.
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
is based on spatial or language mechanisms.
According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel.
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
Scene schema is_____________, and is an example of ____________ processing.
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene; top-down
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you suddenly remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
late selection
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____
less efficiently than normal.
Gestalt theory differs in its approach to perception from Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference in that it focuses _________________.
less on top-down processing
These apparent "specialities" of function between the different lobes of the brain are evidence of ____________ of function within the brain. Other evidence for this comes from comparing special feature areas like Wernicke's and Broca's or the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and the Parahippocampal Place Area (PFA), which are examples of _____________ dissociation.
localization, double
A person with which kind of memory deficit would be unlikely to show a primacy effect in the serial position curve experiment?
long-term memory deficit
If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of a(n) __________________ task.
low-load
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
make a decision about the stimulus.
Rocio is a pharmacy student trying to learn a list of medicines that are part of a specific drug class. According to the levels of processing theory, how should they try to learn this information?
making a connection between each word and something they've previously learned
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the _____________ of words.
meaning
We may see these differences in STM capacity in Questions 41 & 42 - or between the digit span task and the change detection task - because of the type of ____________ used in each.
meaningful units of information
Older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" when they were adolescents or young adults. This could reflect that
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
Kosslyn's mental island experiment using the _______________ procedure found that it took people _______________ to mentally travel between locations that were farther away from each other versus close together.
mental-scanning; longer
John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of
observable behavior.
In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic
In Schneider & Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic.
In your book, there is a story about balloons used to suspend a speaker in mid-air. This was used to illustrate the role of ________ in memory.
organization
In the "Monkey Business Illusion," participants watched a film of people playing basketball. Many failed to report that a person in a gorilla suit walked through because
participants were counting the number of ball passes.
Free recall of the stimulus list "pear, table, bed, couch, grape, stool, lemon, light, shirt" will MOST likely yield which of these response patterns?
pear, grape, lemon, table, bed, couch, stool, light, shirt
Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision.
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
physical characteristics
Given what you've learned about imagery research, people would be faster to respond when asked about a black cat's whiskers if they imagined the cat next to a
piece of candy corn
Kosslyn compared effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex during both visual and imagery tasks, and concluded that brain activity in the visual cortex
plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.
Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.
positive reinforcers
Funahashi and colleagues performed single-cell recordings on monkeys while they were shown stimuli. They found that some neurons would continue to fire even after the stimulus was removed from the monkey's vision - when it was only in their memories. These neurons were in the ____________, providing evidence that this area is associated with working memory.
prefrontal cortex
Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the
prefrontal cortex.
Amara's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Amara receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize each to-do list. On Monday, Amara is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Amara's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called
proactive interference.
Mateo has always prided himself on his exceptional memory. He decides to test this at work one week. Every day he is given a new to-do list for that day of work. Usually, he checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, he is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Mateo is proud to find that he remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, his memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, he is dismayed to see his performance has declined to 20 percent. However, Mateo should not be worried, this is normal and is due to
proactive interference.
"The jack-o-lantern is on the porch" is a _____________ representation.
propositional
As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
propositions
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
prototype
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ________________ in the receptor's axon.
rate of nerve firing
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in LTM.
Which of the following would you expect HM or Clive Wearing to perform differently at in comparison with healthy controls?
remembering to mail a letter they wrote yesterday
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _________ memories.
remote
According to the multiple trace model, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
remote, episodic memories.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over.
The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called
same-object advantage
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because
saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND
saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
If you came to my office for office hours and then I asked you to remember what you saw, you might say you remember things like a printer even though there isn't one. This demonstrates the effect of __________ on memory.
schemas
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the _____________, which states that ______________________.
self-image hypothesis; memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
The __________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
semantic network
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
shallow processing.
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory.
Nia is studying for a chemistry exam. She has learned about the generation effect, so she is making her own practice questions to quiz herself. Which of the following is the best advice for the type of questions she should make?
similar questions to the types that will be on the exam.
In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's ___________ nature.
sleep; constructive
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
Your text describes an experiment where participants made fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (e.g. Sebastian Weissdorf). This illustrated the effect of _____ on memory.
source misattributions
Kosslyn and colleagues found support for the idea that mental images are ____________ representations, while Pyllyshyn argues that mental images are _______________ representations.
spatial; propositional
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
specificity coding
A parent tells her child to behave. The son responds, "I am being have." His response reveals that when listening he made a ________________ error.
speech segmentation
Early researchers of imagery, from Aristotle to just prior to behaviorism, proposed that ____, while behaviorists said studying imagery was ____.
studying images was a way of studying thinking; unproductive bc/ imagery is only visible to the experiencer
Neurons communicate across a space called a ____________. Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as ____________.
synapse; neural circuits.
Finke and Pinker asked participants whether an arrow pointed to where any of 4 dots had been in a previous display. Participants were slower to respond the farther the arrow was from a dot's previous location. These results call into question the __________ explanation of imagery.
tacit-knowledge
Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
task cueing
In a study by Jenkins & Russell (1952), participants were given a list of words like "sofa, cherry, bowl, shoe, apple, chair" to remember. Participants often recalled the words in a different order. This occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
You want to perform an experiment that involves priming. To be sure that a participant does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past you could
test patients with amnesia.
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed
The main function of ________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
the episodic buffer
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?
the frontal and temporal lobes
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.
the hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.
The image below appears to show a convex dot on the left (a) and a concave dot on the right (b). However, if you turn your exam upside down (a) will appear concave and (b) will appear convex. This is due to __________________, which is an example of ____________________.
the light-from-above assumption; physical regularities
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on
the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
The word-length effect reveals that
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
Work with amnesic patients shows that they perform _____________ as healthy controls on implicit memory tests, even though they have difficulty consciously recalling words from the lists they have studied.
the same
Police detectives are investigating two robberies that happened over the weekend. In the first robbery, a thief snatched a woman's bag as she walked down the street. In the second robbery, a thief held up a gas station with a gun. In which case should detectives be more wary of eyewitness testimony?
the second case, because Stanny & Johnson found that the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
Carolyn loves to dance, and took ballet, jazz and tap lessons for many years. Now she is learning a variety of ballroom dances. The movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, but she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the self-reference effect.
There is evidence that a person's brain shows greater activation when looking at pictures
they took themselves.
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _________ processing.
top-down
Chantal just moved to a new town and is driving around running errands to pick up a few things for her new home. Which of the following will probably have the GREATEST negative effect on her driving performance as she drives around this unfamiliar town?
trying to imagine how many windows are in her house so she knows how many curtains to buy.
According to Baddeley's model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____.
using visual images; deactivated
People of all ages report vivid memories for how they found out about important cultural or historical moments, such as the assassination of JFK or MLK, Jr. or the terrorist attacks on 9/11. One explanation for why these become "flashbulb memories" is:
we encounter information about the events over and over in what we read, see on TV or movies, and talk about with other people.
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements
were determined primarily by the task
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
whether the perceptual load is low or high.
Which list of words is likely to have the LEAST primacy effect?
wolverine, cantaloupe, platypus, asparagus, elephant, giraffe, banana, chocolate, feather, broccoli (with 0.5 seconds between words)
Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?
word frequency effect
At a loud, crowded party you are focused on talking to a friend standing next to you. According to Treisman's "leaky" model of attention, your attention is more likely to be captured by ____________ because it has a _____________ than ____________.
your name; lower threshold; the word rutabaga