Psych 2314 Ch. 4-Promoting Health and Wellness, Life Span Development A Topical Approach: CH 4 - Health & Wellness

Dementia

declines in memory and other psychological functions. ◦ Prevalence? 1/3 people over 85. ◦ Alzheimer's disease: loss of memory and confusion. Most common dementia. Genetics! Blood pressure and diet may also contribute. 2/3 of residents in nursing homes.

Lifestyle with Aging and Illness

diet (taste), smoking, exposure to environmental threats, exercise (problematic), etc.

Depression

cumulative losses and physical decline.

Marasmus

1. Malnutrition during the first year can produce marasmus, a disease in which infants stop growing. 2. Marasmus, attributable to a severe deficiency in proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away and ultimately results in death.

Obesity

1. a. Obesity is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence and adulthood. 2. Causes a. Poor diet b. Lack of Exercise c. Sedentary activities d. Genetic and social characteristics 3. Statistics: a. 31% of the adult population is classified as overweight. b. 7% of men and 10% of women between the ages of 20 and 25 are obese. 4. Obese people may have a higher WEIGHT SET POINT, the particular level the body strives to maintain. 5. Most people who diet eventually gain back the weight more than 20% above average for age and height. ◦ Effects: excess fat cells, possibly adult obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc. ◦ Due to: genetics and/or diet.

Determine the stress response

1. According to Lazarus and Folkman, people move through a series of stages that determine whether they will experience stress. a. PRIMARY APPRAISAL is the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral. b. SECONDARY APPRAISAL is the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor.

Eating Disorder Causes

1. Biology 2. Society 3. Psychology

Obesity in Infancy

1. Clear links between obesity in infancy and obesity later in life have not been established, which is defined as weight greater than 20 percent above the average for a given height, and later weight at age 16. 2. Research, although inconclusive, suggests an excess of fat cells (which remain in the body throughout life) early on may predispose an individual to be overweight as an adult. 2. Appropriate nutrition, rather than weight, should be the focus of parents 3. Weight concerns can be a large contributor to children's and parents' stress. a. Without proper nutrition, infants cannot reach their physical potential. b. They may suffer cognitive and social consequences.

Stressor

1. Events and circumstances that cause threats to our well-being. 2. Can be both pleasant events and unpleasant events. 3. Long-term, continuous exposure may result in a reduction of the body's ability to deal with stress. a. People become more susceptible to diseases as their ability to fight off germs declines.

Orgins of Stress

1. Events and circumstances that produce negative emotions are more likely to produce stress. 2. Situations that are uncontrollable or unpredictable are more likely to produce stress. Events and circumstances that are ambiguous and confusing produce more stress. 3. People who must accomplish simultaneously many tasks are more likely to experience stress.

Reasons for Addiction

1. Genetics 2. Stress 3. Environment

Emotion-focused coping

1. Involves conscious regulation of emotion.

Defense coping

1. Involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny true nature of the situation. (1) emotional insulation (2) substance abuse to escape from stressful situations 2. Defensive coping: unconscious, distort or deny!

Nonorganic failure to thrive

1. Is a disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting.

Coping

1. Is defined as reducing or tolerating the threats that lead to stress.

Secondary appraisal

1. Is the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor.

Stress

1. Is the response to events that threaten or challenge an individual. 2. Is the negative emotional state resulting from judgment that requirements exceed resources. What tends to be stressful? ◦ Events and circumstances that produce negative emotions ◦ Uncontrollable or unpredictable ◦ Ambiguous and confusing ◦ Simultaneous demands

Primary appraisal

1. Is thee assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral.

The Stresses of Adulthood

1. Jobs 2. Raising a family 3. Long-term relationships 4. Retirement And many more...

Malnutrition

1. Malnutrition is the condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients, produces several results, none good. 2. More common among children living in many developing countries a. Slower growth rate apparent by the age 6 months b. By 2 years, height and weight are only 95 percent the height and weight of children in more industrialized countries. 3. Chronically malnourished during infancy later score lower on IQ tests and tend to do less well in school. a. These effects may linger even after diet has improved substantially. 4. Malnutrition diseases: a. Marasmus b. Kwashiorkor Developing countries. ◦ Effects: slower growth, lower IQ scores, poorer school performance ◦ Undernutrition: some deficiency in diet. Less severe cognitive deficits.

Obesity in Young Adults

1. Most young adults know which foods are healthy, but ignore good nutritional practices. a. Young adults will put on weight if they do not eat sensibly. 2. Physical growth begins to decline 3. Calorie reduction is necessary Obese children 4. More likely to be overweight as adults 5. Greater risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases

Stress in Childhood: The Pressure to Make the Grade

1. No Child Left Behind has led to Achievement At All Costs, which can create a stressful situation for many children. 2. Increased amounts of homework often mean decreased amounts of physical, social, and emotional development.

Obesity in Adolescence

1. Obesity is the most common nutritional concern in adolescence and adulthood. 2. One in five adolescents is overweight; one in twenty is obese. 3. The proportion of obese females increases through adolescence. 4. Adolescent obesity is caused by factors similar to obesity in childhood, but the consequences are somewhat different. a. psychological effects of distorted body image b. physical health consequences 5. Obesity in children ages 6 to 12 has dramatically over the past four decades- more than threefold.

Wellness in Old Age

1. Older adults do not inevitably become ill. Factors influencing wellness are: a. genetic predispositions b. past and present environmental factors c. psychological factors d. Some diseases have clear genetic components (cancer, heart disease). e. Lifestyles may influence the occurrence of such diseases. f. Access to health insurance and potential financial burdens also must be considered. g. Psychological factors like a sense of control lead to better health outcomes. 2. Promoting Good Health a. To extend older people's active lifespans, professionals and family should aim both to ward off illness and to increase the amount of time they remain healthy and enjoy their lives. b. Some older adults are at risk of malnutrition and hunger. (1) Some estimate that 15 to 50 percent of this population are at risk. (2) Financial constraints prevent them from buying proper food. (3) Some seniors have little motivation to prepare and eat properly, particularly if they live alone or are depressed. c. declines in taste and smell d. lack of sufficient exercise 3. Sex in Old Age a. Why not?

Kwashiorkor

1. Older children are susceptible to kwashiorkor, a disease in which a child's stomach, limbs, and face swell with water.

Resilience

1. Personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness. 2. Resilient young adults: a. Tend to be easy-going b. Good-natured c. Have good social and communication skills d. Independent e. Feel that they can shape their own fate and are not dependent on others or luck f. They work with what they have and make the best of whatever situation in which they find themselves.

Consequences of Stress

1. Researchers in the field of PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI), the study of the relationships among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors, have found that stress produces several outcomes. a. Direct effects 1. Increased blood pressure 2. Hormonal activity etc... b. Harmful behaviors: People under a lot of stress are more likely to give into these unhealthy behaviors. 1. Drinking 2. Cutting back on sleep 3. Drugs 4. Smoking etc... c. Indirect health related behaviors 2. Stress may lead to PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS, medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. 3. Stress continues to have a significant impact on health during middle adulthood, as it did in young adulthood, although the nature of what is stressful may have changed.

Coping Strategies

1. Seek control over the situation producing the stress. a. Putting yourself in charge of a situation that is producing stress can take you a long way toward coping with it. 1. For example, if you are feeling stress about an upcoming test, do something about it—such as starting to study. 2. Redefine "threat" as "challenge." a. Changing the definition of a situation can make it seem less threatening. "Look for the silver lining" is not bad advice. 1. For example, if you're fired, look at it as an opportunity to get a new, and potentially better, job. 3. Find social support. a. Almost any difficulty can be faced more easily with the help of others. 1. Friends, family members, and even telephone hot lines staffed by trained counselors can provide significant support. 4. Use relaxation techniques. a. Reducing the physiological arousal brought about by stress can be a particularly effective way of coping with stress. A variety of techniques that produce relaxation have been shown to be effective in reducing stress. : 1. Transcendental meditation 2. Zen and yoga 3. Progressive muscle relaxation 4. Hypnosis, have been shown to be effective in reducing stress.

Adolescent Stress: Late to Bed, Early to Rise

1. Sleep-deprived teens are an increasingly common sight. a. They require nine hours of sleep each night to feel rested. 2. Sleep deprivation affects attention, memory, cognition, and response time. a. Because they typically have early morning classes but don't feel sleepy until late at night, they end up getting far less sleep than their bodies crave. 1. Lower grades 2. Depression 3. Greater difficulty controlling their moods. 4. Greater risks of accidents

Coping with Stress

1. Some people are better than others at COPING, reducing or tolerating the threats that lead to stress. a. Problem-focused coping is the attempt to manage a stressful problem or situation by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful. b. Emotion-focused coping involves the conscious regulation of emotion. c. Coping is also aided by the presence of social support, assistance and comfort supplied by others. d. Defense coping involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation. (1) emotional insulation (2) substance abuse to escape from stressful situations 2. Hardiness, Resilience, and Coping a. Hardiness is a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness. b. Resilient young adults tend to be easygoing and good-natured, and to have good social and communication skills.

Problem-focused coping

1. The attempt to manage a stressful problem or situation by directly changing situation to make it less stressful.

Cost of Obesity

1. The epidemic of obesity may be contributing to a decline in lifespan in the United States of America. 2. Genetic and social characteristics as well as diet influence obesity.

Coping style

1. The habitual way of handling stress

Nutritional Problems in Adolescence

1. The incidence of obesity among six- to eleven-year-olds in the US has more than doubled in the past 20 years 2. Most young people are not following recommendations set forth in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. a. For example, 67% of youths aged 6-19 exceed dietary guidelines for fat intake and 72% exceed recommendations for saturated fat intake. 3. Most nutritional problems in adolescents are related to the consumption of too much "junk food," or food with limited or no nutritional value. a. Most junk food is characterized by high levels of fats, particularly saturated fats, and refined sugar. b. The portion sizes of junk food also typically are very large. c. Most adolescents eat very few fruits and vegetables per day or chose items, such as iceberg lettuce, with low nutritional values. 4. The eating habits of today's adolescents will lead to future health care problems. a. Obesity is related to a number of health problems; 1.) Type 2 Diabetes 2.) Heart disease 3.) Stroke 4.) Cancer 5.) Osteoporosis also is a growing problem, even among adolescents. Poor nutrition and insufficient exercise both contribute to low bone density among teenagers.

Hardiness

1. The personality characteristic associated with lower rate of stress-related illness. 2. Hardy individuals are take-charge people who revel in life's challenges. 3. People who are high in hardiness are more resistant to stress-related illness than those who show less hardiness. 4. Hardy people react to potentially threatening stressors with optimism, feeling that they can respond effectively. By turning threatening situations into challenging ones, they are less apt to experience high levels of stress.

Eating disorders:

1. The prevalence of disordered eating has increased over the last 20 years. 2. Some adolescents and adults have habits that have serious consequences for physical health. 3. ANOREXIA NERVOSA is a severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance—which may become skeletal—are out of the ordinary. 4. BULIMIA is an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. 5. Causes of Eating Disorders a. Biology, society, psychology—the usual culprits 6. Disorder in eating and body dissatisfaction reported across socioeconomic lines increased significantly in recent years. ◦ Anorexia nervosa: eating limited, primarily white attractive affluent girls from 12-40. ◦ Bulimia: binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or laxatives). ◦ Prone: girls who mature early, those who are depressed. ◦ Causes: inherited vulnerability, psychological and social factors, culture.

Adult Obesity

1. Twelve percent of people between 18 and 29 years old are obese. 2. Later in adulthood, the number rises even higher.

Nutrition in Infants/Children

: infants need twice the calories per pound that adults need. Most regulate own intake well. ◦ Breast milk: offers all necessary nutrients plus immunity, and may enhance cognitive growth. ◦ Solid food: needed between 9-12 months. ◦ Iron: prevents iron deficiency anemia. ◦ Effects: more social, more positive emotions, less anxiety, improved cognitive functioning.

Under-nutrition

A form of malnutrition in which the body is not getting enough of the essential nutrients.

Anorexia Nervosa

A severe eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat, while denying that their behavior and appearance—which may become skeletal—are out of the ordinary.

Heart and Circulatory Disease

A. Affects 1. Heart and circulatory disease in middle age are responsible for more loss of work and disability days due to hospitalization than any other cause. 2. Each year heart and circulatory diseases kill around 200,000 people under the age of 65. 3. More men die in middle age of diseases of the heart and circulatory system than any other cause. 4. Both genetic and experiential characteristics are involved. 5. Heart disease runs in families. 6. Men are more likely to suffer than women, and risks increase with age. 7. There are several environmental and behavioral factors. a. Cigarette smoking b. High fat and cholesterol in diet c. Lack of physical exercise 8. Evidence suggests that some psychological factors are also related to heart disease. 9. Type A Behavior a. Characterized by: 1.) Competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility, are more susceptible to heart disease. 2.) Engagement in polyphasic activities - multiple activities carried out simultaneously. b. They are easily angered and become verbally and nonverbally hostile if prevented from reaching their goals. c. Heart rate and blood pressure rise, epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. d. Wear and tear on heart produces disease. e. Evidence is only correlational so we cannot say Type A behavior causes heart disease. f. Most experts now say it is the negative emotion and hostility that are the major links to heart disease. g. Most research has been done on men; we need to research women to see if Type A women are equally susceptible. 10. Type B Behavior a. Non-competitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression b. Evidence that Type B people have less than half the risk of coronary disease than Type A people have

Adult Preventive Health-Care

A. Ages 40-49 1. BP 2. Cholesterol 3. Eye Exam 4. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Double Contrast Barium Enema or Colonoscopy 5. Fecal Occult Blood Screening 6. Rectal Exam (Digital) 7. Urinalysis Screening 8. Immunizations: Tetanus 9. Influenza (Flu) 10. Pneumococcal 11. Self Breast Exam/ Breast Exam by provider 12. Mammogram

Adult Preventive Health Care 40-49

A. Ages 40-49 1. BP: Every 2 yrs 2. Cholesterol: All adults should receive total cholesterol screening, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides AT LEASTONCE; Cardiac risk factors and lipoprotein results will determine frequency of follow-up by your health-care provider. 3. Eye Exam: Every 2 to 4 years; Diabetics—Every year. 4. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Double Contrast Barium Enema or Colonoscopy: No data 5. Fecal Occult Blood Screening: No data 6. Rectal Exam (Digital): No data 7. Urinalysis Screening: Every 5 years. 8. Immunizations: Tetanus: Every 10 years. 9. Influenza (Flu): Any person with chronic medical conditions, such as heart, lung, kidney disease, diabetes. 10. Pneumococcal: No data 11. Self Breast Exam/ Breast Exam by provider: Every month/Every year. 12. Mammogram: Every year. 13. Pap Smear: After 3 normal tests in a row, screen every 2 to 3 years unless at special risk. 14. Pelvic Exam: Every year (if ovaries remain after hysterectomy). 15. Prostate Specific Antigen 16. Testicular Self-Exam: Every month

Adult Preventive Health Care Age 50 to 59

A. Ages 50-59 1. BP: Every 2 years 2. Cholesterol: All adults should receive total cholesterol screening, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides AT LEASTONCE; Cardiac risk factors and lipoprotein results will determine frequency of follow-up by your health-care provider. 3. Eye Exam: Every 2 to 4 years; Diabetics—Every year. 4. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Double Contrast Barium Enema or Colonoscopy: Baseline at age 50; Every 3 to 5 years after initial test. 5. Fecal Occult Blood Screening: Every year 6. Rectal Exam (Digital): Every year 7. Urinalysis Screening: Every 5 years. 8. Immunizations: Tetanus: Every 10 years. 9. Influenza (Flu) 10. Pneumococcal: No data 11. Self Breast Exam/ Breast Exam by provider: Every month/Every year. 12. Mammogram: Every year. 13. Pap Smear: After 3 normal tests in a row, screen every 2 to 3 years unless at special risk. 14. Pelvic Exam: Every year (if ovaries remain after hysterectomy). 15. Prostate Specific Antigen: Every year upon doctor's advice. 16. Testicular Self-Exam: Every month

Adult Preventive Health Care 60+

A. Ages 60+ 1. BP: Every 2 years; Every year if family history of hypertension. 2. Cholesterol: All adults should receive total cholesterol screening, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides AT LEASTONCE; Cardiac risk factors and lipoprotein results will determine frequency of follow-up by your health-care provider. 3. Eye Exam: Every 2 to 4 years; At age 65 and over, every 1-2 years; Diabetics—Every year. 4. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Double Contrast Barium Enema or Colonoscopy: Every 3 to 5 years. Age to stop depends on health; Follow up normal colonoscopy in 8 to 10 yrs. 5. Fecal Occult Blood Screening: Every year 6. Rectal Exam (Digital): Every year 7. Urinalysis Screening: Every 3 to 5 years. 8. Immunizations: Tetanus: Every 10 years. 9. Influenza (Flu): Annually, age 65 and over. 10. Pneumococcal: At age 65; Then every 6 years. 11. Self Breast Exam/ Breast Exam by provider: Every month/Every year. 12. Mammogram: Every year. 13. Pap Smear: Women 70 and older with 3 normal tests in a row and no abnormal tests in the 10 years prior to age 70 may cease having Pap test. 14. Pelvic Exam: Every year (if ovaries remain after hysterectomy). 15. Prostate Specific Antigen: Until age 75, every year upon doctor's advice. 16. Testicular Self-Exam: Every month

Breast Milk or Formula

A. Breast milk 1. Benefits a. Offers all nutrients infants need for first 12 months of life b. Is more easily digested than alternative sources c. Provides some immunity to a variety of childhood diseases d. May enhance cognitive growth e. Offers significant emotional advantages for mother and child f. For the first 12 months of life, there is no better food for an infant than breast milk. 2. ??? a. Not a cure-all for infant nutrition and health *Without proper nutrition, infants cannot reach their physical potential and can suffer cognitive and social consequences.

Health Concerns of Adulthood

A. Concerns 1. Most reach their maximum height in their 20s. 2. After age 55, bones become less dense; women ultimately lose 2 inches, and men lose 1 inch of their height. a. Women are more prone to declining height due to OSTEOPOROSIS, a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin. b. Osteoporosis is brought about by a lack of calcium in the body. c. Diet (high in calcium) and exercise can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. 3. Throughout middle adulthood, strength gradually decreases. a. This is particularly noticeable in the back and leg muscles. 4. There are many advantages to regular exercise. a.) Less than 10 percent of Americans exercise enough to keep themselves in good physical shape b.) Some exercise is better than no exercise; even moderate amounts can confer benefits 5. Health a. Young adults are less susceptible to colds and other illnesses. b. Lifestyle choices—use and abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, or engaging in unprotected sex—can hasten secondary aging, physical declines brought about by environmental factors or individual choices. c. Adults in their 20s and 30s have a higher risk of dying from accidents than other causes. 6. Cultural variations in health and death are observed due to SES, gender, race, and violence. 7. Both men and women continue to gain weight in middle adulthood. a. The amount of body fat increases. b. Exercise and weight control can ameliorate the weight gain.

Threats to Adolescents

A. Drugs 1. One in 15 high school seniors smokes marijuana on a daily or near-daily basis 2. Marijuana usage has remained at fairly high levels over the last decade 3. Attitudes about marijuana use have become more favorable 4. Why do Adolescents use drugs? a. Pleasurable experience b. Escape c. Peer pressure d. Enhanced academic performance B. Alcohol 1. More than 60 percent of college students have consumed at least 1 alcoholic drink during the last 30 days. 2. Binge drinking—drinking 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more for women in one sitting—is a particularly troubling pattern in college students. a. Fifty percent of males and thirty-nine percent of females report binge drinking in the past two weeks. 3. Why do adolescents drink? a. It is an adult thing to do. b. Maintaining a "macho" image for male athletes c. It releases inhibitions and tension. d. The false consensus effect—an assumption that everyone else is doing it e. Genetics 4. From Activity to Addiction a. Alcohol use becomes uncontrollable habit b. Increasing ability to tolerate alcohol c. Increasing need to drink ever-larger amounts of liquor to bring about positive effects craved 3. ALCOHOLICS are persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to stop their drinking. C. Tobacco 1. Why do Adolescents Begin/Maintain the habit? a. Advertisements in the media b. Addiction. Nicotine can produce biological and psychological dependency. c. Parent and peer models. Exposure to parents' smoking and peer smoking increases the chances that an adolescent will take up the habit. d. Adolescent rite of passage e. Smoking is considered hip and sexy. f. Smoking produces a pleasant emotional state that smokers seek to maintain. g. E-cigarettes are perceived as less harmful than the real deal. 2. Who is smoking? a. There are still significant numbers of adolescents smoking, although the overall proportion has decreased. b. Smoking is more prevalent among girls. c. Whites smoke more than African Americans. d. People who smoke as few as 10 cigarettes early in their lives stand an 80 percent chance of becoming habitual smokers. D. Sexually Transmitted Disease 1. Types a. AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME) is produced by the HIV virus, has no cure, and ultimately causes death. 1.) A leading cause of death among young people worldwide 2.) Over 25 million people have died from AIDS worldwide, and people living with the disease number around 34 million worldwide. 3.) Who? a.)It has been difficult to motivate adolescents to use safe sex measures and change their sexual behavior. b.) African Americans and Hispanics account for nearly 40% of AIDS cases. c.) Sixteen million people have died of AIDS, and the number of people living with the disease is thirty-four million worldwide. d.) African Americans and Hispanics account for 70 percent of new AIDS cases, e.) African American males have almost 8 times the prevalence of AIDS as white males b. Human papilloma virus (HPV) 1.) The most common STI, often showing no symptoms and long suspected of leading to cervical cancer. 2.) Can be transmitted through genital contact without intercourse. 3.) A vaccine, recommended by the CDC, that protects against some kinds of HPV, is now available, it is routinely administered to girls 11 to 12 years of age—a recommendation that has provoked considerable political reaction c. Trichomoniasis 1.) Is a parasitical infection of the vagina or penis that causes a painful discharge. d. Genital herpes 1.) A common sexually transmitted disease that is a virus (not unlike the cold sores that sometimes appear around the mouth). 2.) The first symptoms of herpes are often small blisters or sores around the genitals, which may break open and become quite painful. Although the sores may heal after a few weeks, the infection often recurs after an interval, and the cycle repeats itself. When the sores reappear, the infection, for which there is no cure, is contagious. e. Gonorrhea (ancient) 1.) Used to be deadly but, can be treated with antibiotics f. Syphilis (ancient) 1.) Used to be deadly but, can be treated with antibiotics g. Chlamydia 1.) The most common sexually transmitted disease, caused by a parasite. 2.) Chlamydia, a bacterial infection, initially has few symptoms, but later it causes burning urination and a discharge from the penis or vagina. 3.) It can lead to pelvic inflammation and even to sterility. 4.) Chlamydial infections can be treated successfully with antibiotics 2. Prevention a. The only foolproof method of avoiding a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is abstinence. b. Practice Safer Sex 1.) Know your sexual partner—well. Before having sex with someone, learn about his or her sexual history. 2.) Use condoms. For those in sexual relationships, condoms are the most reliable means of preventing transmission of STIs. 3.) Avoid the exchange of bodily fluids. a. Semen b. Avoid anal intercourse. The AIDS virus in particular can spread through small tears in the rectum, making anal intercourse without condoms particularly dangerous. c. Oral sex, once thought relatively safe, is now viewed as potentially dangerous for contracting the AIDS virus. 3.) Stay sober. Using alcohol and drugs impairs judgment and can lead to poor decisions— and it makes using a condom correctly more difficult. 4.) Consider the benefits of monogamy. People in long-term, monogamous relationships with partners who have been faithful are at a lower risk of contracting STIs. 3. Over 2.5 million teenagers have contracted a sexually transmitted disease.

Health in Old Age

A. Factors 1. Certain diseases, such as cancer and heart disease, have a clear genetic component Economic well-being also plays role Psychological factors play an important role in determining people's susceptibility to illness, and ultimately, the likelihood of death Whether an older person is ill or well depends less on age than on a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, past and present environmental factors, and psychological factors. In 2002, for example, older individuals averaged $3,600 in out-of-pocket health care expenditures, an increase of 45 percent in ten years. Furthermore, older people spend almost 13 percent of their total expenditures on health care, more than two times more than younger individuals.

Death among adults ages 25 to 34

A. Leading causes of death among young adults ages 25-34: 1. Accidents 2. AIDS 3. Cancer 4. Heart disease 5. Suicide 6. Murder 7. Gender and SES differences *At age 35, this reverses and illness and disease become more likely causes (for the 1st time since infancy). B. Accidents and Sex 1. Men are more apt to die from accidents than women. C. Race 1. African Americans have twice the death rate of Caucasians. D. Murder 1. Murder rate in the U.S. is significantly higher than in any other developed country. a. U.S rate = 21.9 per 100,000 men b. Japanese rate = 0.5 murders per 100,000 men Murder is the fifth most frequent cause of death for young White Americans (1 in 131 chance in lifetime) 2. Murder is the most frequent cause of death for African Americans (1 in 21 chance in lifetime) 3. In some areas of the country, a young black male has a higher probability of being murdered than a soldier in the Vietnam War had of being killed! 4. African American male: 1 in 21 chance of being murdered in his lifetime 5. European American male: 1 in 131 chance 6. Murder rates also depend significantly on racial factors. Although murder is the fifth most frequent cause of death for young adult white Americans, it is the most likely cause of death for African Americans, and it is a significant factor for Hispanic Americans.

Binge Drinking

A. Men and Women 1. For men, binge drinking was defined as consuming five or more drinks in one sitting; for women, the total was four or more. B. Teenagers 1. Binge drinking in teenagers linked to damaged brain tissue.

Childhood Threats

A. Most children in the United States have reasonably healthy bodies. B. Childhood Illness 1. 7 to 10 colds and other minor respiratory illnesses in each of the years from age three to five 2. Minor illness permits children to understand body better, learn coping skills, and develop empathy for others who are sick C. Behavioral Concerns Increasing numbers of children are being treated for behavioral problems. 1. Use of Medication a. (See image) Although there is no clear explanation as to why the use of stimulants and antidepressants has increased among children, some experts believe that medication is a quick-fix solution for behavior problems that may in fact represent normal difficulties. D. Physical Injury 1. Accidents pose the greatest risk for children. 2. Why are Children prone to injuries? a. High levels of physical activity b. Curiosity c. Lack of judgment 3. Before the age of 10, children have twice the likelihood of dying from an injury than from an illness. 4. Children in the United States have a 1 in 3 chance every year of receiving an injury that requires medical attention. 5. Individual differences a. Gender b. Cultural c. Socioeconomic E. Safety 1. Safeguarding the childhood environment can decrease injury. a. Lead Poisoning 1.) Some 14 million children are at risk for lead poisoning, according to the Centers for Disease Control 2.) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has called lead poisoning the most hazardous health threat to children under the age of 6 F. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) 1. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep 2. SIDS strikes about 1 in 2,500 infants in the United States each year 3. Although it seems to occur when normal patterns of breathing during sleep are interrupted, researchers have been unable to discover why that might happen 4. In the United States, SIDS rates have dropped dramatically as parents have become more informed and now put babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. SUID: Sudden Unexplained Infant Death.

Facets of Addiction

A. Psychological addiction 1. Depend on drugs to cope with everyday stress of life; prevent adolescents from confronting - and potentially solving - problems that led them to drug use in the first place B. Biological addiction 1. Presence in body becomes so common that body is unable to function in their absence; causes physical - and potentially lingering - changes in nervous system; drug intake no longer may provide a "high," but may be necessary simply to maintain the perception of everyday normalcy

Risks across the Lifespan

A. Risks 1. Coronary Heart Disease a. More men die in middle age of diseases of the heart and circulatory system than from any other cause. b. Both genetic and experiential characteristics are involved. c. Evidence suggests that some psychological factors are also related to heart disease. 1.) People with TYPE A BEHAVIOR PATTERN, which is characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility, are more susceptible to heart disease. a.) They engage in polyphasic activities—multiple activities carried out simultaneously. b.) They are easily angered and become verbally and nonverbally hostile if prevented from reaching their goals. 2.) By contrast, people with TYPE B BEHAVIOR PATTERN, which is characterized by noncompetitiveness, patience, and a lack of aggression, have less than half the risk of coronary ?disease that Type A people have. 2. Cancer a. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in middle age. b. Many forms of cancer respond well to treatment. c. Cancer is unchecked cell growth. d. Cancer is associated with several risk factors. 1.) Genetics (family history of cancer) raises the risk. 2.) Poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to sunlight, exposure to radiation, and exposure to occupational hazards such as certain chemicals raise the risk. e. Treatment of cancer can take a variety of forms. 1.) Radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to destroy a tumor. 2.) Chemotherapy involves the controlled ingestion of toxic substances meant to poison the tumor. 3.) Surgery may be used to remove the tumor. 4.) Early diagnosis is especially crucial in middle age, when risks increase for certain cancers. 3. Common Physical Disorders in Older Adults a. Arthritis 1.) Arthritis typically begins after the age of 40, and diabetes is most likely to occur in people between the ages of 50 and 60, particularly if they are overweight b. hypertension 1.) Hypertension (high blood pressure) is one of the most frequent chronic disorders found in middle age 2.) Sometimes called the "silent killer" because it is symptomless, hypertension, if left untreated, greatly increases the risk of strokes and heart disease 3.) For such reasons, a variety of preventive and diagnostic medical tests are routinely recommended for adults during middle adulthood c. Psychological and Mental Disorders in Older Adults 1.) Depression is characterized by intense sadness, pessimism, and hopelessness. 2.) Some psychological problems such as anxiety may be caused by inappropriate drug doses or drug interactions. 3.) The most common mental disorder of old people is DEMENTIA, a broad category covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning. d. The most common form of dementia is ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, which is a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion. 1.) The symptoms appear gradually. a.) unusual forgetfulness b.) trouble recalling particular words during conversation c.) First recent memory goes, then older memories follow. d.)Eventually, total confusion is seen, along with the inability to speak intelligibly or to recognize family and friends. e.) Toward the end, patients experience loss of muscle control and confinement to bed. 2.) Alzheimer's occurs when production of the protein beta amyloid precursor protein, a protein that normally helps the production and growth of neurons, goes awry. 3.) No known triggers are understood to cause Alzheimer's; it runs in families. 4.) Diet and high blood pressure may increase susceptibility. 5.) There is no cure for Alzheimer's.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A. SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) 1. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep 2. SIDS strikes about 1 in 2,500 infants in the United States each year 3. Although it seems to occur when normal patterns of breathing during sleep are interrupted, researchers have been unable to discover why that might happen 4. In the United States, SIDS rates have dropped dramatically as parents have become more informed and now put babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. SUID: Sudden Unexplained Infant Death.

Solid Foods: When and What?

A. Solids 1. Solid foods are gradually introduced to infants' diets. 2. Introduction is one at a time to permit monitoring of preferences and allergies. 3. Order is typically cereal, fruit, and then vegetables, followed by other foods. 4. Weaning, the gradual cessation of breast or bottle feeding, occurs slowly. 5. Timing varies greatly.

Alzheimer's Disease

A. The most common form of dementia is ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, which is a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion. 1.) The symptoms appear gradually. a.) unusual forgetfulness b.) trouble recalling particular words during conversation c.) First recent memory goes, then older memories follow. d.)Eventually, total confusion is seen, along with the inability to speak intelligibly or to recognize family and friends. e.) Toward the end, patients experience loss of muscle control and confinement to bed. 2.) Alzheimer's occurs when production of the protein beta amyloid precursor protein, a protein that normally helps the production and growth of neurons, goes awry. 3.) No known triggers are understood to cause Alzheimer's; it runs in families. 4.) Diet and high blood pressure may increase susceptibility. 5.) There is no cure for Alzheimer's. B. The Biology of Alzheimer's Disease 1. Production of the protein beta amyloid precursor protein—a protein that normally helps the production and growth of neurons—goes awry. 2. This produces large clumps of cells that trigger inflammation and deterioration of nerve cell. 3. Brain shrinks, and several areas of hippocampus and frontal and temporal lobes show deterioration. 4. Certain neurons die, which leads to shortage of various neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine. C. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease 1. No cure 2. Treatment deals only with the symptoms 3. Drugs effective for only half of Alzheimer's patients 4. Many spend the remainder of their lives in nursing homes 5. While understanding of the causes of Alzheimer's is incomplete, several drug treatments for Alzheimer's appear promising, although none is effective in the long term. The most promising drugs are related to the loss of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) that occurs in some forms of Alzheimer's disease. Donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and tacrine (Cognex) are among the most common drugs prescribed, and they alleviate some of the symptoms of the disease. Still, they are effective in only half of Alzheimer's patients, and only temporarily. 6. As victims lose the ability to feed and clothe themselves, or even to control bladder and bowel functions, they must be cared for 24 hours a day. Because such care is typically impossible for even the most dedicated families, most Alzheimer's victims end their lives in nursing homes. Patients with Alzheimer's make up some two-thirds of those in nursing homes.

Preventive Care

A. Types 1. BP: Used to detect hypertension, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, or kidney disease. 2. Cholesterol: Used to detect high cholesterol levels, which increase risk of heart disease. 3. Eye Exam: Used to determine If glasses required and check for eye disease. 4. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy or Double Contrast Barium Enema or Colonoscopy: A procedure using a scope or x-ray to detect cancer of the colon and rectum. 5. Fecal Occult Blood Screening: Detects unseen blood in stool, which is early warning sign for colon cancer. 6. Rectal Exam (Digital): Examination of prostate or ovaries to detect cancer. 7. Urinalysis Screening: Examination to detect presence of excess protein in urine. 8. Immunizations: Tetanus: Protection against infection after injury. 9. Influenza (Flu): Protection against the influenza virus. 10. Pneumococcal: Protection against pneumonia. 11. Self Breast Exam/ Breast Exam by provider: Examination to detect changes in breast that may indicate cancer. 12. Mammogram: Low-dose x-ray used to locate tumors for early detection of breast cancer. 13. Pap Smear: Test that takes small sample of cells to detect cervical cancer or precancer cells. 14. Pelvic Exam: Examination to detect pelvic abnormality. 15. Prostate Specific Antigen: Blood test used to detect cancer of the prostate gland. 16. Testicular Self-Exam: Examination to detect changes in testicles that may indicate cancer.

Sexuality

C. Sexuality 1. Ongoing Sexuality a. Sex contributes to wellness across the lifespan, even despite some age-related changes in sexual functions. b. Amount of testosterone declines 30 to 40 percent from late the 40s to the early 70s. (1) Men typically need more time to get an erection as they age. (2) In women, the walls of the vagina become less elastic and thinner and the vagina shrinks, potentially making intercourse painful. 2. The Climacteric and Menopause a. FEMALE CLIMACTERIC: starting about age 45, women transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so. b. This period lasts about 15 to 20 years. c. The most notable sign is MENOPAUSE, the cessation of menstruation. d. The process may begin as early as age 40 or as late as age 60. e. Perimenopause is the period beginning around 10 years prior to menopause when hormone production begins to change. f. It was once thought that about 10% of women had psychological problems associated with menopause such as depression. It is now believed that women's expectations about menopause may affect their experience of menopause. 3. Men experience some changes during middle age that are collectively referred to as the MALE CLIMACTERIC, the period of physical and psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age. a. The most common change is the enlargement of the prostate gland. (1) By age 40, 10% of men have enlarged prostates. (2) Symptoms are problems with urination, including difficulty starting to urinate and frequent need to urinate during the night. (3) Sexual problems that increase with age include erectile dysfunction. (4) Men also undergo psychological development in middle adulthood, but the link to physical changes remains a more open question.

Cancer

Cancer is associated with genetic and environmental risks Poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol use, exposure to sunlight, exposure to radiation, and particular occupational hazards Early treatment is related to higher survival rate Many forms of cancer respond quite well to medical treatment, and 40 percent of people diagnosed with the disease are still alive 5 years later; but second leading cause of death in U.S. Therapy: radiation, chemotherapy, surgery. Detection: breast examination, mammogram, testicle exam Takes a variety of forms Radiation therapy involves the use of radiation to destroy a tumor Chemotherapy involves the controlled ingestion of toxic substances meant to poison the tumor Surgery may be used to remove the tumor Early diagnosis is crucial Mammography, a weak X-ray, is used to detect breast cancer. Women over 50 should routinely have one.- Younger women have denser breasts and the problem of false positives increases. Mammograms are expensive. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer is also related to psychological factors. Mammography, a weak X-ray, is used to detect breast cancer. Death rate of women with breast cancer was much lower for those who had a "fighting spirit" or those who denied they had the disease. People with close family ties are less likely to develop cancer. Cancer patients who are habitually optimistic report less physical and psychological distress. Participating in group therapy reduces anxiety and pain and increases survival rates. A positive psychological outlook may be related to a tendency to adhere to a strict treatment regimen.

9 and 12

Guidelines of the American Academy of pediatrics suggest that babies should start eating solid foods between ___________________months

Menopause

Hormone Therapy (HT) Women's expectations about menopause relate to their experience of menopause Variations by race and culture Using Hormone Therapy (HT), symptoms are alleviated and variety of problems are reduced, such as: Osteoporosis Heart disease Colon cancer Stroke Skin elasticity There may be risks associated with HT. Breast cancer Abnormal blood clots Cancer of the uterine lining About 10 percent of women had psychological problems associated with menopause. Depression Anxiety Crying spells Lack of concentration Irritability It is now believed that women's expectations about menopause relate to their experience of menopause. Indian women have few symptoms and look forward to the social advantages of being past the childbearing age. Mayan women also have few symptoms and look forward to the freedom of being past childbearing age. Estrogen and progesterone used to alleviate menopausal symptoms: Pro Changes ratio of "good" cholesterol to "bad" cholesterol Decreases thinning of bones Associated with reduced risk of stroke and colon cancer Con Increases risk of breast cancer and blood clots Higher risk for pulmonary embolism and heart disease In Hormone Therapy (HT), estrogen and progesterone are administered to alleviate the worst of symptoms experienced by menopausal women. Not simple all-or-nothing proposition; some women are simply better candidates for HT than others. Decision may be age related.

Exercise

Involvement in active exercise program retards effects of aging, producing several important outcomes. Many benefits accrue from maintaining a high level of physical activity throughout life.

Bulimia

Is an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed by purges of the food through vomiting or the use of laxatives.

Psychological and Mental Disorders

Major depression Drug-induced psychological disorders Dementia Some 15 to 25 percent of those over age 65 are thought to show some symptoms of psychological disorder, although this represents a lower prevalence rate than in younger adults. The behavioral symptoms related to these disorders are sometimes different in those over 65 than those displayed by younger adults. Major depression is characterized by feelings of intense sadness, pessimism, and hopelessness. Some studies suggest that the rate of depression actually may be lower during late adulthood. One reason for this contradictory finding is that there may be two kinds of depression in older adulthood: depression that continues from earlier stages of life and depression that occurs as a result of aging. The most common mental disorder of elderly people is dementia, a broad category of serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning, which encompasses a number of diseases. Although dementia has many causes, the symptoms are similar: declining memory, lessened intellectual abilities, and impaired judgment. The chances of experiencing dementia increase with age. Less than 2 percent of people between 60 and 65 years are diagnosed with dementia, but the percentages double for every 5-year period past 65. Almost one-third of people over the age of 85 suffer from some sort of dementia. There are some ethnic differences, too, with African Americans and Hispanics showing higher levels of dementia than Caucasians.

Male Climacteric

Male changes during middle age Period of physical and psychological change relating to male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age Enlargement of the prostate gland Problems with urination, including difficulty starting to urinate and frequent need to urinate during night Men still produce sperm and can father children through middle age

Poverty and Race

Members of black, American Indian, and Hispanic households are more likely to live in poverty than members of white and Asian families

fertility

Menopause marks the end of a woman's natural _______________________

Obesity and Country

Obesity is particularly prevalent in the United States. The world average weight for adults is 137 pounds; in the United States, the average is 180.

Enlargement of the Prostate Gland

One change that occurs frequently during the male climacteric is _____________________________

Promoting Good Health in Old Age

People can do specific things to enhance their physical and psychological well-being - as well as their longevity - during old age Eat a proper diet Exercise Avoid threats to health, such as smoking

Health Problems in Older People

People of all ages suffer from cancer, heart disease, and other diseases and illnesses Incidence of these diseases increases with age Rebound is often slower The leading causes of death in elderly people are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Close to three-quarters of people in late adulthood die from these problems. Because aging is associated with a weakening of the body's immune system, older adults are also more susceptible to infectious diseases (Feinberg, 2000). In addition to their risk of fatal diseases and conditions, most older people have at least one chronic, long-term condition (AARP, 1990). For instance, arthritis, an inflammation of one or more joints, afflicts roughly half of older people. Arthritis can cause painful swelling in various parts of the body, and it can be disabling. Sufferers can find themselves unable to carry out the simplest of everyday activities, such as unscrewing the cap of a jar of food or turning a key in a lock. Although aspirin and other drugs can relieve some of the swelling and reduce the pain, the condition cannot be cured. Around one-third of older people have hypertension, or high blood pressure. Many people who have high blood pressure are unaware of their condition because it does not have any symptoms, which makes it more dangerous. Over time, higher tension within the circulatory system can result in deterioration of the blood vessels and heart, and can raise the risk of cerebrovascular disease, or stroke, if it is not treated.

Sexuality in Old Age

Related to physical and mental health and previous sexual activity Evidence suggests that people are sexually active well into their 80s and 90s Previous sexual activity increases the desire for sex Having sex regularly is associated with lower risk of death Sex in Old Age: Use It or Lose It Evidence suggests that people are sexually active well into their 80s and 90s. Good physical and mental health are necessary. Previous sexual activity increases the desire for sex - "Use it or lose it." Studies show that 43 percent of men and 33 percent of women over age 70 masturbate. Two-thirds of men and women over age 70 had sex with their spouses on average about once a week. It takes men longer to get an erection and women's vaginas become thin and inelastic, and they produce less lubrication.

Sex in Middle Adulthood

Sexuality remains an important part of life for most middle-aged people Frequency of sexual intercourse decreases with age Adults have more freedom Women no longer need to practice birth control Although frequency of sexual intercourse decreases with age, sexual activities remain vital part of most middle-aged adults' lives. With children grown and away from home, middle-aged adults have more freedom.With menopause, women no longer need to practice birth control. Men typically need more time to get erection. Volume of fluid in ejaculation and production of testosterone declines. In women, walls of vagina become less elastic and thinner and the vagina shrinks, potentially making intercourse painful.

Female Climacteric

Starting about age 45, the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so. Lasting about 15 to 20 years. Most notable sign is Menopause, the cessation of menstruation. Process may begin as early as age 40 or as late as age 60. Production of estrogen and progesterone drop. Symptoms such as "hot flashes," headaches, feeling dizzy, heart palpitations, and aching joints are common during menopause. Half of women report no symptoms at all. Perimenopause is period beginning around 10 years prior to menopause when hormone production begins to change. After year without a menstrual period, menopause is said to have occurred

Fitness: Longevity

The greater the fitness level, as measured by adherence to the U.S. Health and Human Services guidelines met, the higher the gains in life expectancy due to physical activity.

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The study of the relationships amoung the brain, immune system, and psychological factors.

A sense of control over one's living environment

Which of the following is a psychological factor in determining a person's susceptibility to serious illness as aging occurs?

Psychological Consequences of Menopause

Women who expect to have difficulties during menopause are more likely to attribute every physical symptom and emotional swing to it. Women with more positive attitudes may be less apt to attribute physical sensations to menopausal physiological changes. Attribution of physical symptoms may affect perception of rigors of menopause—and ultimately actual experience of period. Women in non-Western cultures often have vastly different menopausal experiences from those in Western cultures. Early research Menopause was linked directly to depression, anxiety, crying spells, lack of concentration, and irritability Current research Normal part of aging that does not, by itself, produce psychological symptoms Effects influenced by personal and cultural expectations of menopause

Effects of Diet (children)

a. Some relationship exists between infant size and nutrition. b. Social and emotional functioning at school age is related to diet. (1) Children who eat more nutrients than their peers are advantaged. (a) more involved with peers (b) more positive emotions (c) less anxiety More eagerness to explore new environments More persistent in frustrating situations Generally higher energy levels c. Cognitive performance is also linked to diet. d. Malnutrition or undernourished diets dampen curiosity, responsiveness, and motivation to learn. 5. Best eating practices for children involve offering a variety of foods low in fat and high in nutritional content. a. The iron content of foods is important. b. Allow children to develop their own taste preferences.

Physical decline

begins in early 30's.

Alcohol

binge drinking in teenagers linked to damaged brain tissue. ◦ False consensus effect: incorrect assumption that rates are higher than they are. 1. More than 60 percent of college students have consumed at least 1 alcoholic drink during the last 30 days. 2. Binge drinking—drinking 5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more for women in one sitting—is a particularly troubling pattern in college students. a. Fifty percent of males and thirty-nine percent of females report binge drinking in the past two weeks. 3. Why do adolescents drink? a. It is an adult thing to do. b. Maintaining a "macho" image for male athletes c. It releases inhibitions and tension. d. The false consensus effect—an assumption that everyone else is doing it 4. ALCOHOLICS are persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to stop their drinking. a. Teens may be genetically prone to become alcoholics. b. Stress may trigger drinking and alcoholism for some teens.

Height and weight

body fat increases in middle adulthood. Declines in strength. ◦ Exercise: cardio fitness, lung capacity, muscle strength, immune functioning, anxiety and depression, Osteoporosis: bones become brittle and thin, lack of calcium and genetics. Eat calcium and exercise.

Climacteric

female ends childbearing years. Menopause is the cessation of menstruation. Sex hormone levels begin to drop off. Normal part of aging. Expectations influence psychological symptoms. Men: 50's, decline in testosterone and sperm count, enlargement of prostate gland, erectile dysfunction.

Tobacco

fewer smoke today, but on the rise among girls. ◦ Who? Poor children and white children more likely to experiment and start at younger age.

Midlife

generally a period of good health.

SES with Aging and Illness

healthcare

Behavioral problems

increasing number of children treated for psychological or emotional disorders using drugs.

Illegal drug use

influenced by role models and peer pressure. ADDICTIVE DRUGS produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, leading to increasingly powerful cravings. .

Accidents:

injury is greatest risk to children. Children under 10 two times more likely to die from injury than illness. Why? High level of physical activity, curiosity, lack of judgment. ◦ Prone? Boys, those living in urban poverty.

Physical disorders

leading cause of death in elderly are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Most elderly at least one chronic health disorder.

Coronary heart disease

leading cause of death in middle age men. Genetics and environment. Lifestyle choices (smoking, exercise, diet). ◦ Type A behavior: competitiveness, impatience, hostility.

Health

lifestyle decisions lead to environmental or secondary aging, substances, unprotected sex, etc.

Race: Threat to Adults

linked to poverty and violence.

Social Networks with Aging and Illness

loneliness is poison!

Health and illness in Infants/Children

majority of US children relatively healthy. ◦ Benefits of illness: immunity, understand bodies, coping skills, empathy and understanding

Genes with Aging and Illness

many illnesses have a genetic component.

Low SES

means dangerous occupations, poorer health care, crime and pollution, and higher death rate.

Gender: women

more susceptible to nuisance health problems, men to serious illness. Men live more dangerous lifestyles, more likely to die.

Long term stress

physical deterioration. A world of stress:

Psychosomatic disorders

psychological, emotional, and physical contributors (ulcers, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure)

Interest in Sexuality

remains fairly high across life span.

Cancer

second leading cause of death in US. Genetics, environment, lifestyle.

Psychological Factors with Aging and Illness

sense of control over life and environment.

Short term stress

sympathetic activity

Sexual decline

testosterone declines during adulthood. Erectile difficulties. Vaginas become thin and inelastic. STI's still important concern.

30 minutes of moderate exercise at least 5 days a week

the health benefits of exercise are seen after only ___________________________

Sexually transmitted infections (STI)

viral, HIV gay and racial minorities. ◦ HPV: viral, most common STI, genital contact, cancer. ◦ Herpes: viral, sores ◦ Chlamydia: bacterial, burning urination, discharge, pelvic inflammation, sterility. ◦ Gonorrhea and Syphilis: bacterial

Coping strategies for Stress

◦ Problem-focused: change or exit the situation ◦ Emotion-focused: regulate cognitions and emotions ◦ Social support: assistance and comfort ◦ Defensive coping: unconscious, distort or deny! ◦ Emotional insulation: unconscious, block emotions and pain ◦ Substance use: temporary escape, escalation of problems