Psych 240 Ch 4 review

Which of the following studies specifically highlights that action can guide perception and perception can guide action?

the visual cliff designed by eleanor and james gibson

what becomes necessary in terms of environment once infants master the pincer grip?

careful monitoring because they often put in their mouth everything they can pick up

The process of encasing axons in a layer of fat cells, which helps increase the speed and efficiency of information processing is ____

myelination

in order to meet the demands of a task and make a decision about what to do in a certain environment, infants, and children combine _____and_____

perception and action

The perception of the frequency of a sound is a description of ____ perception sensitivity sensation pitch

pitch

What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development? ability to hold utensils postural control eye-hand coordination spatial skills

postural control

before babies can hold onto furniture and "walk" around the room by grasping onto objects, they must have _____ the ability to crawl postural control parental encouragement eye-hand coordination

postural control

Being able to control your head in order to look at an object is an example of the dynamic nature of: moro reflex voluntary grasping posture vision

posture Posture is more than just holding still and straight. Posture is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles,

the laboratory procedure constructed by gibson and walk (1960) to determine whether or not an infant could perceive depth is called ______

the visual cliff

which of the following statement is correct regarding the visual acuity of infants? a newborn is capable of 20/40 vision an infants visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult visual stimulation can increase an infants visual acuity a six month old infants visual acuity is approximately the same as that of a three month old

an infants visual acuity by one year of age approximates that of an adult

An infant hears a new sounds and responds with interest. After repeated exposure to the same sound, one can expect the infant to _____ its responsiveness to the sound terminate maintain increase decrease

Decrease

The name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus is _______

Habituation

reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain

both hemispheres

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called ______

Lateralization

True or False: Experience is necessary for color vision to develop normally

True

In the high-amplitude sucking method, babies gradually lose interest in hearing the same sound, so their sucking rate decreases increases remain the same stops and often leads to crying

decreases

Neuroscientists believe that repeated experience ______ prunes neurons knits neurons together intro circuits generates new neurons depress neural circuitry

knits neurons together intro circuits

the current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is _____

the dynamic system view

Baby natalie has just mastered climbing up three stairs into her kitchen from the living room using her hands and legs. Based on what we know about gross motor development, which of these is natalie probable age? 9months 24months 6months 15months

15 months By 13 to 18 months, toddlers can pull a toy attached to a string and use their hands and legs to climb a number of steps. By 18 to 24 months, toddlers can walk quickly or run stiffly for a short distance, balance on their feet in a squatting position while playing with objects

True or false: from birth to age 2, the areas of a baby brain develop at the same pace

False, At birth, the newborn's brain is about 25 percent of its adult weight. By the second birthday, the brain is about 75 percent of its adult weight. However, the brain's areas do not mature uniformly.

True or False: Some researchers have found that there are distinct psychological differences between breast fed and bottle fed infants

False: no psychological differences have been found between breast and bottle fed infants

The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and _____

Frontal

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding newborn sleep? The typical newborn sleeps 16-17 hours per day. Newborns must sleep 18 hours a day to maintain optimum health in the first few months of life. Infants vary in their preferred times for sleeping and their patterns of sleep. Sleep totals for newborns are very variable and can range from 10 to 21 hours per day.

Newborns must sleep 18 hours a day to maintain optimum health in the first few months of life.

When infants grip with the whole hand, it is known as the _____ grasp

Palmar grasp infants grip with the whole hand, which is called the palmar grasp. toward the end of the first year, infants also grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger, which is called the pincer grip.

The interpretation of sensory information is called ____

Perception

When sensory stimulation is changing (for instance, seeing the same object at different distances), but perception of the physical world remains the same, an infant is experiencing ________

Perceptual constancy

coordinated grasping requires ______

Perceptual-motor coupling

The recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes is called _________

Shape constancy

which of the following research methods are used to assess an infants attention to sound? check all that apply a)high-amplitude sucking b)visual preference method c)orienting response and tracking d)visual cliff

a)high-amplitude sucking c)orienting response and tracking

according to dynamic systems theory, motor development is an _____ (active/passive) process

active

according to the dynamic systems view, universal milestones in motor skills (crawling, reaching, and walking) are a result of learning through the process of _____ imitation reinforcement adaptation modeling

adaptation

Opportunities for integration offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities are called ____

affordances

Experts believe that the neural pathways that control the leg alteration essential for walking are possibly in place at which age? birth or before 6 months of age 3 months of age 8 months of age

birth or before

which countries tend to stimulate their infants motor skills more than other countries?

developed countries

when can sound first be perceived?

during the last two months of pregnancy

for fine motor skills development to reach optimal level, which of these is most necessary?

exercise of skills

Which of the following does infant Heather use to track a toy that her father is moving in front of her? eyes feet hands mouth

eyes

Human breast milk or an alternative _____ should be the babys source of nutrients during the first four to six months of life

formula

Gross motor skills _____ involve the hands and fingers involve large muscle activities begin with moro reflex develop after fine motor skill development

involve large muscle activities

What is the evolutionary purpose of the moro reflex it is believed to be a way of practicing large motor skills it is believed to be a way of practicing fine motor skills it is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling it is believed to be a way of drawing attention to the baby for protection

it is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling

Neurons are _____ cells that send electrical and chemical signals Nerve muscles fat blood

nerve

the ____ lobes of the brain are responsible for the processing of vision

occipital lobe

The ____ growth pattern involves the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

proximodistal pattern

Which of the following reflexes demonstrates that infants can feel touch? rooting reflex blinking reflex swimming reflex moro reflex

rooting reflex

Cole hears his mother's voice and turns his head toward the sound demonstrating his ability to localize sounds. this tells you that cole is at least ____ months of age

six

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that an infant be breastfed exclusively, for the first ___ months two six nine three

six

_________ _________ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connection are replaced by other pathway or disappear

synaptic pruning

What is the typical age at which infants can stand alone? 8-9 months 10-12 months 18 months 6-7 months

10-12

at birth, an infants brain contains approx _____

100 billion nerve cells

walking is a complex biomechanial process, which takes infants about ____ to achieve

12 months

walking is a complex biomechanics process, which takes infants about ____ to achieve 2 years 6months 18 months 12 months

12 months

sudden infant death syndrome most commonly occurs in infants between the ages of ____ months of age 2 and 4 birth and 2 6 and 8 4 and 6

2 and 4

An infant can distinguish among and show preferences for sweet, sour, and bitter solutions at _________ 12 hours of age 24 hours of age 2 hours of age 72 hours of age

2 hours of age

Babies as young as _____ months of age have shape constancy for objects that are not irregular shaped

3

although it is not fully developed, babies can show size constancy as young as ______

3 months of age

What is recommended amount of calories per day for each pound an infant weighs? 100 25 30 50

50

Which of the following groups would have the most depression in brain activity, based on our understanding of the impact of environment on brain development? A) Children raised in an unresponsive, unstimulating, and underfunded orphanage B) children who are hospitalized for extended periods but who have positive interaction with parents C) Children with low SES who attend a high quality head start day care D) Children who attend a low-quality day care with other children present

A)

Skills that involve finely tuned movements that require finger dexterity are called _____ A) fine motor skills B) adaptive motor skills C) Large motor skills D) gross motor skills

A) fine motor skills gross motor skills involve large muscle activity fine motor skills involve finely tuned movements.

Carter is an infant who loves to eat raisins. he is able to pick the raisin up between his thumb and forefinger. This is known as _____ A) pincer grip b) integrated grasp c) flexible grip d) palmer grasp

A) pincer grip

Which of the following can cause sleep problems in infants? check all that apply a)maternal depression during pregnancy b)parental conflict c)early introduction of solid foods d)tv viewing

A),C),D)

Which of the following are purposes of the sucking reflex? Check all that apply A)The sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self regulating mechanism B)the sucking reflex allows for better digestion of milk/formula C)The sucking reflex has no current purpose but was adaptive in the evolution of the human species D)The sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food

A)The sucking reflex serves as a self-soothing or self regulating mechanism D)The sucking reflex enables newborns to get nourishment before they associate a nipple with food

What are the purposes of reflexes? Check all that apply A)They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment B)They are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day C)They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried D)To help infants learn about their surroundings

A)They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment C)They are survival mechanisms, which are genetically carried

based on what we understand about infant visual ability, which of the following statements is true? As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mothers face than at a strangers face infants cannot discriminate between faces of different ethnic groups until one year of age infants can distinguish between male and female faces of different ethnic groups until one year of age infants can distinguish between male and female faces immediately after birth Infants match voices to face before a preference is shown for the mothers face

As early as 12 hours after birth, infants spend more time looking at their mothers face than at a strangers face

By the end of the first year of life, an infant's improved motor control enable her to eat a diet that _______ A)Has a liquid, smooth texture B)includes a variety of foods C)replaces dairy with meat D)is comprised of the childs favorite foods

B) Includes a variety of foods

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sudden infant death syndrome? A)SIDS is more common if infants sleep in soft bedding B)SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups C)SIDS is more common in infants who experience secondhand smoke D)Infants who have abnormal brain stem functioning have a higher rate of SIDS

B) SIDS is more common in middle socioeconomic groups

Besides balancing weight on one leg, infants must be able to _____ in order to walk upright A) balance on the heel of the foot B) shift the weight from one leg to the other C) balance on the ball of the foot D) curl the toes

B) shift the weight from one leg to the other

Which of the following behaviors/movements are precursors to walking? check all that apply A) the ability to crawl B)forward stepping movements c)alternative leg movements d)the ability to move both arms and legs in coordinated movements

B)forward stepping movements c)alternative leg movements

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the trend towards overweight infants? The rate of overweight younger infants (under 6 months of age) exceeds the number of overweight older infants Concern for infant weight is not a factor until the baby reaches one year of age Infants from higher SES backgrounds are more likely to be overweight Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruit and vegetables

Babies are eating too much junk food and not enough fruit and vegetables

Which of the following is NOT a common way that a researcher identifies whether or not an infant is experiencing habituation and dishabituation? Heart and respiration rates length of time an infant looks at an object sucking behavior Brain wave activity

Brain wave activity

According to research, breast feeding benefits children in which of the following ways? Check all that apply Breast-fed infants are less likely to develop allergies and catch colds Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections Breast-fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections

Breast-fed infants are less likely to become overweight Breast-fed infants have fewer gastrointestinal infections Breast-fed infants have fewer respiratory tract infections

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is less common in babies who _______ are low birth weight are breastfed share a bed with their parents sleep without a pacifier

Breastfed

The physical growth pattern in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top of the body (head) and proceeds from top to bottom is called the _____ growth pattern

Cephalocaudal pattern

During the second year of a toddlers life, parents should place ______ restrictions upon the child in order to support competent motor development A) no B) increasing C) many D) few

D) few

Order the motor development milestones beginning with the earliest motor skill according to the standard sequence of accomplishments. place in order a) sitting while supported on lap or infant seat b) sitting without support c) Standing while holding on to furniture D) standing alone easily E) lying on the stomach and lifting the head

E), A), B), C), D)

True or False: fetuses can detect the human voice but are unable to recognize music or other sounds

False research has shown that infants can detect all sounds during the last two month of pregnancy

A recent analysis found that ____ were the MOST frequent perpetrators of shaken baby syndrome mothers child care providers mothers boyfriends fathers

Fathers

Which of the following statements regarding the sensation of smell in infancy is true? Infants cannot recognize their mother's smell at birth but develop the ability within several days of birth Infants do not develop the sense of smell until two to four weeks after birth Newborns do not show a preference for one smell over another

Infants cannot recognize their mother's smell at birth but develop the ability within several days of birth

When watching a hockey game, spectators can hear the sound of the stick hitting the puck and see the puck slide across the ice. This ability is known as_____ Multisensory perception Visio-auditory integration intermodal perception temporal-occipital integration

Intermodal perception -involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing. Most perception is intermodal

(____________) is caused by a severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year of life

Marasmus

The____ reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement

Moro reflex

_______ is the term used to describe the process by which unused neural connections are replaced by other pathways or disappear Blooming Fertilizing Trimmin Pruning

Pruning

which of the following is a probable reason why infants spend so much time in REM sleep? REM sleep allows infants to block out noise during daytime sleeping REM sleep is necessary for infants to grow physically REM sleep is tied to breast milk or formula consumption, which is the infants sole form of nutrition REM sleep may be important in promoting brain development in infancy

REM sleep may be important in promoting brain development in infancy

An infant becomes habituated to the patterned picture on the wall. How can dishabituation be achieved? Rotate the photo 90 degrees Play a new sound Put a new blanket in the crib Do nothing: the infant's response will recover

Rotate the photo 90 degrees

A new born infant can habituate to which of the following repeated sensory stimuli? Select all that apply Time Sights Touch Sounds

Sights, touch, sounds

The realization that your mother has the same appearance and does not shrink as you watch her walk away from you (even though she appears to get smaller), means that you understand _________ constancy

Size

Which of the following are the two types of perceptual constancy as noted in your textbook? check all that apply shape constancy distance constancy sound constancy size constancy

Size and shape constancy

From the moment of birth, what type of smells do newborns prefer? The smell of baby powder Smells such as rotten eggs and fish Smells such as strawberry and vanilla They do not sense smells at the time of birth and therefore do not show a preference

Smells such as strawberry and vanilla

__________ _________ death syndrome is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

True or False: the American academy of pediatrics task force on infant positioning and SIDS discourages shared sleeping

True

During the first two years of life, nearly _____ as many synaptic connection are made as will ever be used Twice Five times Twenty times ten times

Twice

During the second year of life, infants gain approx ____ per month a quarter to half a pound a half a pound to 1 1/2 pounds one pound two pounds

a quarter to hold a pound

which of the following groups of mothers would be least likely to breast feed their infants? check all that apply a)african american mothers b)middle and higher income mothers c)mothers under the age of 25 d)mothers without a high school education

a)african american mothers c)mothers under the age of 25 d)mothers without a high school education

Which of the following are reasons why a mother should NOT breast feed? check all that apply a)if the mother is taking a drug that may not be safe for the infant b)if the mother have active tuberculosis c)if the mother is infected with HIV or another infectious disease d)if the mother has a calcium deficiency

a)if the mother is taking a drug that may not be safe for the infant b)if the mother have active tuberculosis c)if the mother is infected with HIV or another infectious disease

The number of overweight U.S infants has increased, partly because they are eating more _____ check all that apply a)sweetened drinks b)fatty foods c)desserts d)dairy substitutes

a)sweetened drinks b)fatty foods c)desserts

Which of the following commonly held beliefs regarding the benefits of breast feeding for the mother was not verified in a recent large scale research review? a) women who breast feed have a lower incidence of ovarian cancer b) women who breast feed have an easier time returning back to prepregnancy weight c) women who breast feed have a lower incidence of breast cancer d) women who breast feed have a small reduction in rates of type 2 diabetes

b) women who breast feed have an easier time returning back to prepregnancy weight

Which of the following elements plays a role in visual perceptual development? check all that apply a)psychological maturation b)developing sensitivity to information c)nature d)nature

b)developing sensitivity to information c)nature d)nature

According to the dynamic systems theory, which of the following are critical to an infants creation of new motor behaviors? check all that apply a)the infants gender and temperament b)development of the nervous system c)the boys physical properties and possibilities d)the infants motivation e)environmental support for the skill

b)development of the nervous system c)the boys physical properties and possibilities d)the infants motivation e)environmental support for the skill

Which of the following are the two significant ways that neurons change during the first years of life? Check all that apply A) brain cells multiply dramatically b)myelination occurs rapidly c)specialization occurs within various abilities d)connectivity among neurons increases

b)myelination occurs rapidly d)connectivity among neurons increases

Which of the following is an outcome of a mother weaning her infant from breast milk and giving the infant unsuitable and unsanitary cow's milk formula? check all that apply a)greater liklihood for food allergies once on solid foods b)protein deficiency c)malnutrition in the infant d)greater likelihood of childhood obesity e)greater risk of osteoporosis in adult hood

b)protein deficiency c)malnutrition in the infant

Scientists are using which of the following technology to study infant perception? Check all that apply a)Sensory deprivation equipment b)respiration and heart rate equipment c)eye-tracking equipment d)high-speed computer equipment e)video-recording equipment

b)respiration and heart rate equipment c)eye-tracking equipment d)high-speed computer equipment e)video-recording equipment

In terms of sudden infant death syndrome risk, the safest position for a sleeping infant is on their_____

backs, supine position

young infants can use _____ to perceive some sense of depth

binocular cues

The neuroconstructivist view states that which of the following factors influences brain development? Check all that apply Only context biological processes and environmental conditions cognitive development only cognitive development plasticity and context only biological processes

biological processes and environmental conditions cognitive development plasticity and context

Order the following stimuli from most time watched to least time watches as identified in research by fantz a) the color white b) high-contrast color such as red c) black and white pattern d) low-contrast color such as yellow e)faces

e)faces c)black and white pattern b)high contrast color such as red d)low-contrast color such as yellow a)the color white

There are _______ psychological differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants few, if any many no numerous

few, if any

according to a national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected infants, what was the most common vegetable that 15 month olds in the united states ate?

french fries

Isabel is a fourth month old baby who loves to hold onto her rattle. She shales it repeatedly without dropping it. Which reflex is associated with how this behavior became possible More reflex grasping rooting reflex babinski reflex

grasping reflex

which of the following statements accurately illustrates the growth of infants in the first year of life?

infants birth length nearly doubles

A form of malnutrition that usually appears between 1 and 3 years of age is caused by severe protein deficiency, resulting in the infant appearing to be well fed even though he or she is not, is called______ anorexia the wasting away disease marasmus kwashiorkor

kwashiorkor

cody is aware of where his mother is in the house by the sound of her voice. this positioning is known as ____ leveling localization perspective posturing

localization

_______ is the process by which nerve cells are coated with insulation that enhances the speed and efficiency of the information traveling through the nervous system

myelination First, myelination, the process of encasing axons with fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth, even into adolescence

in terms of the motor development milestones, which of the following can we expect to be true? all infants follow the same development pattern of motor accomplishments motor development milestones are genetically based not all infants follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments all babie crawl before they walk

not all infants follow the standard sequence of motor accomplishments

____ behaviors are built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way

reflex

The ___ reflex occurs when the infants cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side that was touched

rooting

fourteen month old sophie began walking at the age of 11 months. she was categorized as an "experienced" walker in a recent research study. The babies in the study have to walk down a risky slope. From what we know about "experienced" walkers, what can we expect of sophie's perfomance?

sophie will pause and evaluate the slope before starting down it

If you were analyzing the results of a sleep study in which the participant began the sleep cycle with REM sleep and spent 50% of the time in REM step, what could you determine about the age of the participant? the subject is most likely an adult the subject is at least 6 months of age the subject is between 2 and 4 years of age the subject is between birth and 3 months of age

the subject is between birth and 3 months of age

The sensation of ____ occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain

vision

Myelination _____ pathways occurs rapidly after birth and is completed in the first six months. Myenlination for ____ pathways is not completed until 4 or 5 years of age

visual, auditory