Psych 3

Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer's fear is the

CR

A man loses his superstitious fear of black cats when bad outcomes do not happen after he sees one. What is this process called?

Extinction

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

False memory

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

____ refers to the category of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences.

Operant conditioning

Psychologists regard memory failures (i.e., forgetting) as a(n)

adaptive function that allows the brain to work efficiently

Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her:

amygdala

An inability to transfer and store new information from short term memory to long-term memory is called

anterograde amnesia.

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Your _____ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.

autobiographical

Thorndike's Law of Effect

behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated.

When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of

classical conditioning.

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that is exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept explains this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e., enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the

conditioned stimuli.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the

conditioned stimulus.

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:

constructive memory

Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence:

contributes to increased aggression in children and adults

Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?

distinctiveness

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.

false memory

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.

goal-directed

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience is called

learning

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of:

misinformation effect

Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?

observational learning

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that:

people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates.

Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use

positive reinforcement

Which term refers to the phenomenon in which old memories can work in a forward direction to interfere with new memories?

proactive interference

The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as

punishment

If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to

remember details of your own personal life.

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information.

When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:

retrieval

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Charlene's inability to remember the female pilot's gender may have been influenced by

schemas

_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.

schemas

Penny raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.

stimulus

Milton's boss asks him to come into her office. To determine whether this request is a signal of good or bad news, Milton looks to see if his boss is smiling or frowning and whether the tone of her voice sounds positive or negative. Milton is using _____ to inform his decision.

stimulus discrimination

When an animal that was conditioned to respond to a red light also responds to a pink light, it has experienced

stimulus generalization.

Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this example, the cotton candy represents:

the retrieval cue

Stimulus generalization is strongest when

the stimuli are very similar to each other.