PSYCH 3100 Personality Psychology - Chapter 6

List the 5 reason why Freud's and neo-analytic theorists are important today:

*1.* The psychodynamic school included many *"big-picture" theorists*. *2.* Many of the ideas described by Freud and others are *pervasive in popular culture*. *3.* Freud's work *was generative*, meaning it led to a lot of research. *4.* Similarly, many modern research topics have deep roots in psychodynamic thought. (ex: self-control, narcissism, attachment theory) *5.* Psychodynamic and neo-analytic thinkers explore ideas that are difficult to measure empirically with today's technology.

*Denial*

*Not acknowledging* unconscious content. - a mechanism of defense - is very common Ex: Imagine someone who is homophobic but also has unconscious homosexual impulses. - He denies the impulses by stating "I am not attracted to men."

*Projection*

*Seeing one's own* unconscious content *in others* rather than oneself. - involves projecting your feelings onto someone else, much like a movie projector onto a screen (you're the movie projector, and the other person is the screen) - a mechanism of defense Ex: Imagine someone who is homophobic but also has unconscious homosexual impulses. - instead of acknowledging his own homosexual impulses, he believes someone else has them instead. The unconscious "I love him" becomes the conscious "he loves me."

Karen Horney

*questioned* both the *male-centric ideas* of psychoanalysis and its emphasis on childhood as the primary source of neurosis (mental illness). - most notable *critiques was of Freud's* idea of penis envy, which she thought was significantly exaggerated. - she argued that men actually had a strong desire for an ability possessed solely by women: the ability to give birth. - also developed a *model* of personality that focuses *on coping with anxiety*

Challenges to Freudian Theories

- Freud's theories are difficult to prove or disprove. - they are not parsimonious (meaning simple or straightforward) - has also been rightly criticized for not empirically testing his theories. ( but his ideas led to research)

LO 6.1 Discuss some of the basic concepts common to the various psychodynamic approaches.

- They focus on the role of the unconscious as well and the conscious mind. - They are interested in the dynamic conflicts between these different aspects of the mind and how these conflicts can be resolved. - Finally, psychodynamic thinkers tended to have "grand theories" or comprehensive models of the person.

Dream Analysis: You forget to set your alarm to go see your parents over the weekend and end up also getting lost. So you decide to go back to your dorm and spend the night with friends. What is the unconscious, conscious, and preconscious?

- Your *unconscious* wish to hang out with your friends and your *conscious* desire to see your parents conflicted. - Your *preconscious* kept this unconscious wish out of your conscious mind, but the wish still came out in your dreams and actions (like sleeping in and getting lost)

What are examples of indirect ways of exploring the unconscious?

-examining dreams or free associations (saying whatever comes into your head) - using projective personality tests such as Rorschach inkblots - measuring reaction time to words or images - creating art - examining transference (the way the client perceives the therapist).

The two attitudes of the ego:

1. Extraversion vs 2. introversion

Horney's model of coping with anxiety using one of three techniques:

1. Moving toward 2. Moving against 3. Moving away

The four functions of the ego are:

1. Thinking vs 2. feeling 3. Intuition vs 4. sensation - Jung believed that each of these functions can also exist within one person.

What are Freud's models of the human psyche?

1. Topographical model 2. Structural model

*Basic fault*

A lack of connection between the child and mother that can later impact adult relationships. - The child with this fault grows up feeling something is missing inside and becomes an adult who has a difficult time forming close relationships.

*Object relations theory*

A model for understanding individuals by examining how they think about other people. - This school of thought led to an emphasis on understanding relationships with other people as central to psychology and personality. - associated with several theorists; Ronald Fairbairn, Melanie Klein, Donald Winnicott, and Michael Balint.

*Free association*

A psychoanalytic technique involving saying whatever comes into your head.

*Hysteria*

A psychological disorder characterized by unexplained physical symptoms such as blindness, fainting, or paralysis.

*Mandala*

A squared circle; a classic representation of the Self in Jungian theory. - it is a powerful image of the Self because it represents the union of opposites (the square and circle together)

*Defense mechanisms*

Are psychological processes that keep us from consciously experiencing things that could cause us suffering - Strategies used to keep unconscious thoughts from the conscious mind.

Who had the greatest impact on modern thinking, not just in personality psychology, but in religion, storytelling, and the arts?

Carl Jung

*Individuation*

Carl Jung's term for the process of psychological development; or becoming an individual; *realizing one's true self*. - involves changing the center of your psychological universe from your ego to the Self. - *Jung* believed that this process was more complex and took much longer because it involved archetypes and the collective unconscious. - *Freud* thought this process occurred primarily during childhood

*Collective unconscious*

Carl Jung's term for the unconscious archetypes shared by all humans. - was filled with psychological structures universal across cultures and times, called archetypes

*Personal unconscious*

Carl Jung's term for the unconscious of the individual. - Jung believed that Freud's id and super-ego were this

Name the 3 main neo-analytic theorists:

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney

*Moving toward*

Connecting with others as a way of dealing/reducing with anxiety. Ex: Mark goes to social and community groups to keep his anxiety at bay.

LO 6.5 Evaluate the defense mechanisms and explain criticisms of Freudian theories.

Defense mechanisms are processes that keep unconscious content out of conscious awareness. Examples are denial, reaction formation, and projection.

*Reaction formation*

Disguising unconscious content by *turning it into its opposite*. - he consciously experienced the opposite of his unconscious feelings - it involves not just denying your feelings, but acting as if you feel the opposite. - a mechanism of defense Ex: Imagine someone who is homophobic but also has unconscious homosexual impulses. - So, instead of loving gay men, he hated them and said horrible mean things about them.

Freud believed that _______ were the "royal road" to understanding the unconscious

Dreams

LO 6.4 Discuss the relevance of dream interpretation in psychodynamic theory.

Dreams are a pathway to understanding the unconscious mind. This process is called dream interpretation.

*Day residue*

Experiences from the day incorporated into a dream's manifest content; dream symbols - the brain uses this disquise technique to protect your sleep.

Name an example of conflict between the conscious and unconscious:

For example, your unconscious mind may want one thing but your conscious mind may want another. If this conflict is bad enough—say, unconsciously wanting approval for who you are, but consciously choosing partners who aren't likely to appreciate you—you might end up in therapy.

Explain Freud's dream about thirst:

Freud is thirsty in his sleep. He wants to quench his thirst, but to protect his sleep, he dreams of drinking. Sometimes these dreams allow him to sleep through the night; at other times, the thirst is so powerful that he wakes up and has to drink water.

LO 6.6 Appraise the empirical evidence that appears to support Freud's theories, as well as the criticism.

Freud's theories are difficult to operationalize and test empirically. Many of his central ideas are inconsistent with modern psychology. Yet several of his ideas, often in a modified form, have been tested successfully.

What did Freud see as the center of the psyche? What did Jung see as the center?

Freud: the ego was the center Jung: the self was the center, ego orbiting it

*Judging versus perceiving*

Functions added to Carl Jung's types by Myers and Briggs; being planful versus more spontaneous. - added by Briggs - judging type, prefers to have things planned and settled. the perceiving type, is more spontaneous and likes to do things on the fly.

*Moving against*

Gaining control in a competitive world through exploitativeness and aggressiveness. Ex: Molly doesn't trust the world and sees it as a dangerous place. She tries to overcome and control her world by starting a company and putting her competitors out of business.

*Anal expulsive*

Gaining pleasure from releasing the bowels. - In children: going potty on themselves after being asked if they have to go to the bathroom - In adults: low conscientiousness

*Anal retentive*

Gaining pleasure from retaining the bowels. - In children: refusing to go potty - In adults: high conscientiousness + power motive

*Extraversion versus introversion*

Getting energy from social situations versus being alone, in Jungian theory. - the two *primary attitudes* of the ego according to Jung - extraverts are energized from contact with others and introverts are drained or depleted by interactions with others.

*Oral fixation*

Having libido attached to the mouth. - when libido gets stuck on oral behaviors and does not move on - 3-year-old is still using a pacifier

*Hero's journey*

Joseph Campbell's model of individuation, including a descent and a return. - The protagonist leaves home, goes on an adventure, descends into a literal or figurative underworld, and returns with a gift for society. - Jung thought that growing as a person meant embarking, at least in some way, on a hero's journey.

LO 6.7 Describe the theories of Carl Jung and where Jungian ideas appear in modern psychology.

Jung's main contributions were archetypes, the collective unconscious, and his model of personality including extraversion and introversion and the four functions of thinking, feeling, intuition, and sensation.

*Repression*

Keeping the unconscious impulses or wishes *completely out of consciousness* by pushing it away. - This is different from denial because in denial someone acknowledges the possibility of the impulses and then discards them; in repression, *people are not aware of the impulses*. - a mechanism of defense - is *key to all defense mechanisms* Ex: Imagine someone who is homophobic but also has unconscious homosexual impulses. - the homosexual impulse is first repressed (repression) and then taken a step further when it is reversed and turned into homophobia (reaction formation).

*Displacement*

Moving a troubling impulse onto a different, less threatening object. - Displaced anger is common - a mechanism of defense Ex: Angry at your boss for being unfair so you punch a wall or yell at your kids.

Did psychodynamic and neo-analytic thinkers conduct personality science the way we do today.?

No; Psychodynamic theory used a "big-picture" approach and relied far *less on empirical data* than modern personality researchers.

*Repressive coping*

Not allowing your anxiety to become fully conscious. - high social desirability & low neuroticism Ex: someone who says they are not scared of scary movies but fidgets in his seat the entire time.

LO 6.3 Describe the stages of psychosexual development.

Psychosexual development describes the movement of libido throughout the child's mind and body. Stages include oral, anal, phallic, and genital.

Who was Anna O. and what did she contribute?

She was a hysteria patient of Breuer & Freud, whom they unsuccessfully cured but it sparked *Freud's lifelong quest to understand how psychological conflicts can cause neurotic symptoms and how these symptoms can be treated. *

*Structural model*

Sigmund Freud's model of the mind with three parts: the id (or "it"), the ego (or "I"), and the super-ego (or "above I").

*Topographical model*

Sigmund Freud's model of the mind/psyche that highlights the conflict between the pleasure principle and the reality principle. - 3 Parts: the conscious mind, unconscious mind, and the preconscious mind.

*Libido*

Sigmund Freud's term for sexual psychic energy. - Freud believed that it begins its influence in childhood and shapes the adult personality. - it can become attached to an object—in other words, obsessed with it. - Freud's version of a life force - Latin term meaning "lust or desire."

*Talking cure*

Sigmund Freud's term for the treatment of hysteria by talking in therapy sessions. - This was designed to create a situation where their minds could wander, free from external constraints.

Who is the most important psychodynamic thinker?

Sigmund Freud; who developed psychoanalysis.

*Preconscious mind*

The *barely conscious* part of our minds that engages in censorship - keeping the unconscious out of conscious awareness. - Between the two extremes of the conscious and unconscious

*Intuition versus sensation*

The *irrational functions* in Jungian theory. - The intuitive type likes to see the patterns in issues, even if that involves big leaps in logic. The sensation type, however, relies on concrete connections.

*Thinking versus feeling*

The *rational functions* in Jungian theory. - the thinking type likes to think through issues, and the feeling type relies on feelings.

*Self*

The archetype at the center of the collective unconscious; Jung believed that ____ was at the core of the psych, with the ego orbiting around it.

*Shadow*

The archetype of the *same sex* as the individual. - is the personification of the *"dark side" of the ego* - as some overlap with the Freudian id

*Anal stage* - (Toddlers (1-3 years)

The attachment of libido to the anus. - Potty training

*Phallic stage* - (Preschool/kindergarten (4-6 years)

The attachment of libido to the genitals. - Oedipal and Electra complexes

*Oral stage* - (Infancy (0-12 months)

The attachment of libido to the mouth. - Everything goes in the mouth

*Cathexis*

The attachment of libido to thoughts, objects, or parts of the body. - ex: foot fetish

*Inferiority complex*

The belief that one is of lower status or weaker than others. - some people will psychologically compensate for this perceived inferiority by behaving as if they were strong and powerful.

*False consensus effect*

The belief that others share your opinions. - belief in which someone overestimates how many people agree with her in part to feel good about her opinions, is somewhat similar to the defense of denial

*Electra complex*

The daughter's love for the father and wish for the mother's death; attributed to Carl Jung.

*Pleasure principle*

The driving force of the unconscious that wants whatever brings pleasure. - This could be food or sex or whacking someone on the head.

*Reality principle*

The goals of the conscious mind, which finds what works in reality.

*Penis envy*

The idea that girls desire to have penises. - which implies that females desired to be males

*Object integration*

The level of unification of an internalized relationship; or whether they can see other people as complex and multidimensional. Ex: Someone with well-integrated object relations realizes that although her loved ones are generally caring and moral, they can also make mistakes and do hurtful things.

*Castration anxiety*

The male child's fear of being castrated by the father because of his sexual desire for his mother.

*Oedipus complex*

The male child's love for the mother and wish for the father's death during the phallic stage. - this creates anxiety in the boy. - Resolved: boy wants to become a strong male like father and then seeks to marry women like his mother - Unresolved: becomes a man overly attached to his mother who can't form healthy relationships with women

LO 6.8 Discuss the importance of Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and the object relations theorists in the history and development of personality theory.

The neo-analytic theorists that included Adler, Horney, and the object relations group examined different drives, such as power, and focused more directly on the importance of childhood relationships.

*Birth order*

The order in which siblings are born, an important concept in Alfred Adler's psychology. - how being an oldest, middle, or youngest child influenced people. - Adler believed that siblings' experiences were wrapped up in power struggles with each other and their parents.

*Manifest content*

The outward content of a dream. - Freud believed that dreams cannot be understood from the content on the surface.

*Unconscious*

The part of the mind outside of conscious awareness. - this includes wishes, drives, and fantasies that are often sexual and aggressive.

*Conscious*

The part of the mind we are aware of; within our usual awareness.

*Censorship*

The process of keeping the unconscious from entering consciousness.

*Neo-analytic theorists*

The psychodynamic theorists who came after Sigmund Freud and took his ideas in new and interesting directions. - In contrast to Freud, neo-analytic theorists *downplayed* the central *role of sex* in psychological conflict. - They also *placed more emphasis* than Freud did *on interpersonal relationships and social context*. - They are a complex group who developed many different *theories about the human psyche generally and personality* in particular. Ex: - Freud - the trunk of a tree that sent out branches in many new and interesting directions. -the group of thinkers: who challenged, and built on the ideas of Freud can be called (branches)

*Latent stage* - (School age (7-11 years)

The quieting of the libido from age 6 until puberty. - Libido dormant

*Anima/animus*

The soul; the archetype of the *opposite sex* of the individual; - the anima/us was an image of the other sex inside of ourselves. - Thus, a man will have a feminine soul (anima) and a woman will have a masculine soul (animus).

*Freud's developmental stages*

The stages children go through as the libido moves through the body. 1. Oral stage (Infancy (0-12 months) 2. Anal stage (Toddlers (1-3 years) 3. Phallic stage (Preschool/kindergarten (4-6 years) 4. Latent stage (School age (7-11 years) 5. Genital stage (Adolescence (12+ years)

*Psychoanalysis*

The study of the dynamics of the mind - developed by Sigmund Freud.

*Analytical psychology*

The study of the personal and collective unconscious developed by Carl Jung.

*Dream interpretation*

The therapeutic technique of uncovering the hidden meaning of dreams.

LO 6.2 Explain Freud's topographical and structural model of personality.

The topographical model includes the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The structural model includes the id, ego, and superego.

*Wish fulfillment*

The unconscious desire to have one's fantasies realized. - Freud believed that all dreams were _____ ____________.

*Latent content*

The unconscious meaning of a dream.

*Transference*

The way the client perceives the therapist.

*Ego functions*

The ways the individual interprets the world; ways people perceive and engage with the world - Jung believed that the ego could be divided into different attitudes

*Split-object image*

Thinking about a single person in extreme positive and negative ways. Ex: - mother doesn't return text; you think she is seldf-centered - Mothe rbuys you lunch; you think she is a saint

*Defensive pessimism*

Thinking negative thoughts to *prepare for negative outcomes*; or preparing for the worst. - an extension of freud's idea (but not his idea) - preparation is key or else it is just pessimism.

*Compensate*

To react against perceived inferiority by asserting power.

T/F studies found that defense mechanisms were more likely to protect self-esteem than to defend against unconscious drives.

True

T/F Freud thought that not everything is reality versus pleasure.

True, that is why he came up with the structural model.

T/F much of the personality is not available to conscious inspection

True.

T/F The id is primarily unconscious, but the ego and super-ego exist at both the conscious and unconscious levels.

True.

T/F Babies are clearly born with an id but without a super-ego.

True; babies must learn right vs. wrong (superego)

T/F Freud was said to disagree with the idea of an Electra complex.

True; he actually believe females had penis envy instead.

*Moving away*

Trying to find peace by avoiding others and escaping conflict. Ex: Malik doesn't have a lot of trust in the world, so he does his best to stay out of it. He spends a lot of time alone meditating and making art.

*Archetypes*

Unconscious psychic structures shared by all people; psychological structures universal across cultures and times. - Jung's best known archetypes include the shadow, the anima/us, and the self.

*Genital stage* - (Adolescence (12+ years)

When the child begins adult sexual development in puberty. - Emerging adult sexuality

*Freudian slip*

When what you really think deep down comes out as a slip of the tongue. - ego's momentary fail - accidentally saying ex-boyfriend's name at an inopportune moment with her current boyfriend. (because secretly still in love with him).

Which one does the ego or superego do? - point out that you'll regret the hookup or the donut tomorrow, - will make you feel guilty, ashamed, or anxious.

Your ego might point out that you'll regret the hookup or the donut tomorrow, but your super-ego will instead make you feel guilty, ashamed, or anxious.

Which theorist suggested that some people suffer from an "inferiority complex"? a. Alfred Adler b. Karen Horney c. Sigmund Freud d. Carl Jung

a. Alfred Adler

Ashley's therapist uses the psychodynamic approach. In her last session, her therapist asked her to simply talk freely about whatever comes to her mind. This psychodynamic technique is known as which of the following? a. Free association b. Motivated talking c. General musings d. Projective conversation

a. Free association

What part of your mind, according to Freud, would be responsible for a "Freudian" slip? a. Id b. Conscious c. Ego d. Superego

a. Id

What does it mean to say Freud's work was generative? a. It generated a lot of scientific research. b. It was generated based on empirical research. c. It generated a lot of controversy. d. We still read about it across generations.

a. It generated a lot of scientific research.

What are the first three developmental stages, as described by Freud? a. Oral, anal, and phallic b. Genital, oral, and anal c. Latent, genital, and phallic d. Phallic, oral, and genital

a. Oral, anal, and phallic

Which of the following defense mechanisms involves turning unconscious unacceptable desires into something constructive? a. Sublimation b. Denial c. Repression d. Reaction formation

a. Sublimation

Molly has a dream that she's being chased by a dog. Her therapist tells her that the dogs are a symbol of the fear she has about her upcoming college entrance exams. Being anxious about her entrance exams is, in psychodynamic terms, the dream's a. latent content. b. manifest content. c. idealized content. d. acknowledged content.

a. latent content.

Samantha is normally a very reserved person, who studies all of the time and keeps to herself. She went to a party one weekend, however, and became a wild woman. Jung would say this other side of Samantha is her a. shadow. b. true self. c. anima. d. superego.

a. shadow.

psychodynamic approaches to personality

approaches focus on the interaction and conflict between the conscious and the unconscious - Questions about the stranger and darker aspects of the mind - involves the unconscious mind, as well as the conscious mind.

At what age does the genital stage take place? a. Infancy (0-12 months) b. Adolescence (12+) c. Preschool and kindergarten (4-6 years) d. Toddlerhood (1-3 years)

b. Adolescence (12+)

Which of Freud's theories has been supported by empirical evidence? a. Oedipus complex b. Defense mechanisms c. Penis envy d. Electra complex

b. Defense mechanisms

According to Freud, at what stage is the libido somewhat inactive? a. Phallic b. Latent c. Oral d. Genital

b. Latent

Which school of thought attempts to understand individuals by examining how they think about other people. a. Behaviorism b. Object relations c. Humanism d. Cognitive psychology

b. Object relations

When Senator Smith first took office, he was vocal in denouncing homosexuality and equal rights for gays and lesbians. Years later, he revealed he was gay. What defense mechanism might Senator Smith have been experiencing initially? a. Repression b. Reaction formation c. Projection d. Denial

b. Reaction formation

The id, ego, and superego make up the a. preconscious. b. structural model of the mind. c. unconscious. d. topographical model of the mind.

b. structural model of the mind.

Freud believed that all dreams were a. always basically the same. b. wish fulfillments. c. windows to alternate realities. d. nonsense.

b. wish fulfillments.

In psychodynamic theory, what is a defense mechanism? a. A process by which we evaluate the conscious mind b. A physiological process that automatically prompts perspiration c. A psychological process that helps us avoid suffering d. A biological reflex to avoid injury

c. A psychological process that helps us avoid suffering

Which of the following theorists examined the impact of birth order? a. Carl Jung b. Sigmund Freud c. Alfred Adler d. Karen Horney

c. Alfred Adler

Psychodynamic approaches focus on the interaction and conflict between which of the following? a. Ego and superego b. Nature and nurture c. Conscious and the unconscious mind d. Women and men

c. Conscious and the unconscious mind

What are the three components that make up Freud's topographical model of the mind? a. Spirit, soul, true self b. Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain c. Conscious, unconscious, preconscious d. Id, ego, superego

c. Conscious, unconscious, preconscious

What were the two primary attitudes of the ego, according to Jung? a. Bravery vs. cowardice b. Thinking vs. feeling c. Extraversion vs. introversion d. Masculine vs. feminine

c. Extraversion vs. introversion

Which of the following theorists presented the first and sharpest criticism of Freud's notion of penis envy? a. Carl Jung b. Donald Winnicott c. Karen Horney d. Alfred Adler

c. Karen Horney

What is a primary difference between the psychodynamic theorists and the way personality psychology is conducted today? a. Personality psychology today relies much more on intuition and anecdotal evidence. b. Psychodynamic thinkers collaborated more than researchers do today. c. Personality psychology today relies far more on empirical research. d. Funding for personality research was much more in abundance during Freud's time.

c. Personality psychology today relies far more on empirical research.

Jorge has a crush on Julie, but he frequently says mean and insulting things to her. What defense mechanism best describes his behavior? a. Projection b. Humor c. Reaction formation d. Displacement

c. Reaction formation

Which of the defense mechanisms has considerable empirical evidence? a. Repression b. Sublimation c. Reaction formation d. Displacement

c. Reaction formation

According to Freud, what occurs during the Oedipus complex? a. Brothers become sexually attracted to their sisters and view their parents as rivals. b. Sons become sexually attracted to their fathers and view their mothers as rivals. c. Sons become sexually attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals. d. Daughters become sexually attracted to their fathers and view their mothers as rivals.

c. Sons become sexually attracted to their mothers and view their fathers as rivals.

What is the primary difference between the conscious and unconscious mind? a. The unconscious mind is our mind when asleep and dreaming; the conscious mind is our mind when asleep but not dreaming. b. The unconscious mind is our mind when asleep but not dreaming; the conscious mind is our mind when asleep and also dreaming. c. The unconscious mind is the part outside of our usual awareness; the conscious mind is the part we are aware of. d. The unconscious mind is the part we are aware of; the conscious mind is the part we are not aware of.

c. The unconscious mind is the part outside of our usual awareness; the conscious mind is the part we are aware of.

Molly has a dream that she's being chased by a dog. Her therapist tells her that the dogs are a symbol of the fear she has about her upcoming college entrance exams. Being chased by dogs is, in psychodynamic terms, the dream's a. true content. b. latent content. c. manifest content. d. false content.

c. manifest content.

The unconscious mind is typically governed by the a. the conscious mind. b. will to power. c. pleasure principle. d. logic and reason.

c. pleasure principle.

The Jungian process of individuation is that of a. becoming narcissistic. b. regressing in maturity. c. realizing one's true self. d. isolating feeling from logic.

c. realizing one's true self.

The defense mechanism of _________ involves keeping unconscious impulses or wishes completely out of consciousness. a. denial b. reaction formation c. repression d. projection

c. repression

*Humor* as a defense mechanism

can be *used to release the tension* between the unconscious and the conscious - can also diffuse an uncomfortable situation or help people cope with otherwise negative experiences. - is another somewhat healthy defense mechanism Ex: Imagine someone who is homophobic but also has unconscious homosexual impulses. - Secretly gay Ray loves making penis jokes.

Which theorist claimed there were three primary ways of dealing with anxiety: moving toward, moving away, or moving against it? a. Carl Jung b. Alfred Adler c. Sigmund Freud d. Karen Horney

d. Karen Horney

At what stage might boys experience the Oedipus Complex? a. Oral b. Genital c. Latent d. Phallic

d. Phallic

Your friend tells you that Freud's topographical model of the mind consists of the id and the ego. What would you tell your friend to correct this mistake? a. The topographical model consists of the shadow, the anima, and the animus. b. The topographical model consists of the id, the ego, and also the superego. c. The topographical model consists of unconscious lows and conscious highs. d. The topographical model consists of the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind.

d. The topographical model consists of the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind.

Which of the following statements about psychodynamic theory is false? a. Freud's work was generative, meaning it led to a lot of research. b. The psychodynamic school included many "big picture" theorists. c. Many of the ideas described by Freud and others are pervasive in popular culture. d. There has been no empirical evidence to support Freud's theories.

d. There has been no empirical evidence to support Freud's theories.

According to Jung, the ___________ is filled with psychological structures that are universal across cultures and time. a. preconscious b. superego c. shadow d. collective unconscious

d. collective unconscious

Freud's version of a life force is the a. shadow. b. id. c. anima. d. libido.

d. libido.

A criticism of Freud's ideas is that they are not parsimonious, which is another way of saying they are a. too simple. b. sexist. c. intentionally misleading. d. not straightforward.

d. not straightforward.

For Jung, the anima and animus is a. the same as Freud's conscious and unconscious. b. the precursor to object relations theory. c. our light and dark selves. d. the other sex inside of ourselves.

d. the other sex inside of ourselves.

In psychodynamic theory, the unconscious mind is the a. mind's id. b. determining factor in our sexuality. c. rude part of ourselves. d. thoughts and feelings we are not aware of.

d. thoughts and feelings we are not aware of.

Fill in the blank: Freud suggested ____ __________ as the best way of uncovering the meaning of dreams.

free association

*Sublimation*

involves *turning unacceptable desires into acceptable*, praisworthy ones; channeling unconscious impulses into work. - relatively healthy defense mechanism Ex: Someone who has an unconscious desire to cut people might become a surgeon.

*Superego*

is your conscience. - tells you what is wrong -often acts by administering pain.

*Affiliative humor style*

like to use humor that makes others laugh and *brings people together*.

*Synchronicity*

meaningful coincidences occur in most people's lives - an acausal connecting principle in which things go together but are not causally linked.

*Id*

operates on the pleasure principle, driving you toward sex, food, and aggression. - part of Freud's structural model

*Ego*

operates under the reality principle, navigating the world in a rational way. - part of Freud's structural model - strong ego = high in conscientiousness (can control impulses) Ex: Freud compared this to a chariot driver trying to control the unwieldy, running horses of the id

What are the three main parts of the topographical model?

the conscious mind, unconscious mind, and the preconscious mind.

*Self-defeating humor style*

use humor to *mock oneself*.

*Aggressive humor style*

use humor to *mock or tease others*.

*Self-enhancing humor style*

use humor to help someone look and feel better; *cheer themselves up*

Alfred Adler

was an early colleague of Freud's, Adler focused on the *drive for power*. - two of Adler's better-known theories in relation to drive for power: 1. Inferiority complex 2. Birth order