PSYCH 312 Exam #4
What do you learn when you calculate the squared multiple correlation coefficient? a. the slope of the line that best fits the data in the scatter plot. b. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the regression constant. c. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the set of predictor variables. d. the simple (bivariate) correlation between the DV (y) and the predictor that explains the most unique variance.
c. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the set of predictor variables.
A _______ _______ will tell you the statistical relationship that exists between two variables.
correlation coefficient
A t-test can be used when ____ and an ANOVA needs to be used when _____. a) Comparing three or more conditions; Comparing two conditions b) The study used a between-subjects design; The study used a within-subject design c) The study used a within-subject design; The study used a between-subjects design d) Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions
d) Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions
A researcher designed an experiment in which four independent variables were manipulated. Which of the following is most likely to describe his design? a. 1 × 4 b. 2 × 4 c. 4 × 4 d. 2 × 2 × 4 × 3 e. none of these could describe his design
d. 2 × 2 × 4 × 3
If we divide the total sum of squares by (n - 1), we get a. SSwg b. MSbg c. SStotal d. MStotal e. MSwg
d. MStotal
While a correlational analysis allows ____, a regression analysis allows _____. a. Multiple predictor variables; Only one predictor variable b. Only one outcome variable; Multiple outcome variables c. Multiple outcome variables; Only one outcome variable d. Only one predictor variable; Multiple predictor variables
d. Only one predictor variable; Multiple predictor variables
β1 = the ______________ of the line that best fits the data in the scatter plot. It's also called the _______________________ _______________________
slope, regression coefficient
Name the three types of multiple regression: __________________________________________
standard, stepwise, hierarchical
WITHIN subject factors: ____ measures, different treatment _____, ______ different things.
temporal, conditions, rating
β0 is the ____________ intercept of the line that best fits the data in the scatter plot. It's also called the ___________________________ ____________________________.
y, regression constant
linear regression b0 is known as
y-intercept
The benefit of a mixed-factorial design is ...
you need fewer people!!!
In the population, the y-intercept is denoted as __________and the slope is denoted as __________.
β0, β1.
TRUE OR FALSE.... Though regression is related to correlation, the former has a different purpose than the latter.
TRUE
Repeated measures require _______ subject variables.
Within
The formula for a regression line is
Y' = b0 + b1x
Dr. Puterschmidt's study is an example of a _____ design because _____. a) One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated b) One-way design with multiple conditions; More than one independent variable is manipulated c) Factorial design; Only one independent variable is manipulated d) Factorial design; More than one independent variable is manipulated
a) One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated
What does the independent t-test test assume? a) The sampling distribution is normally distributed. b) The data are normally distributed c) There are no differences between the mean scores. d) The means of two sets of scores are correlated
a) The sampling distribution is normally distributed.
Researcher tend to regard correlations at or below _____ to be weak, and _____ moderate and ______ strong
.10 .30 .50
In a simple linear regression model, they intercept term is the mean value of y when x equals
0
Imaging you come up with the following equation for predicting y from x: y = 2 + 2x. If you test a new person and that person scores a "5" on the x variable, what is the predicted score on the criterion variable?
12 (because y = 2 + 2*5)
The phrase 2x2 tells us that the design has how many IVs? How many levels? A 3x3? A 4x2?
2 IVs each with 2 levels; 2 IVs each with 3 levels; 2 IVs one with 4 levels and the other with 2
In the scatterplot below, what is the value of β0? a. 2.4 b. 3.5 c. 4
2.4
Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable? A. Interactions can be studied. B. Internal validity can be high. C. A repeated measures design can be used. D. A between-subject design can be used.
A. Interactions can be studied.
A factorial design involves: A. manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment. B. specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable. C. having multiple dependent measures. D. using one independent variable or factor.
A. manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.
analysis of variance, hypothesis testing procedure used to evaluate mean difference between two or more treatments.
ANOVA
In a simple linear regression analysis the quantity that gives the amount by which Y (dependent variable) changes for a unit change in X (independent variable) is called the A) Coefficient of determination B) Slope of the regression line C) Y intercept of the regression line D) Correlation coefficient E) Standard error
B) Slope of the regression line
In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use: A. factorial designs. B. three or more levels of the independent variable. C. more than one dependent variable. D. a mixed factorial design.
B. three or more levels of the independent variable.
In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design A. interaction B. multiple correlation C. factorial D. independent groups
C. factorial
After plotting the data point s on a scatter diagram, we have observed an inverse relationship between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y). Therefore, we can expect both the sample slope and the sample __________ to be a negative value.
Correlation coefficient
After plotting the data point s on a scatter diagram, we have the relationship to be falling to the right between the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y). Therefore, we can expect both the sample _____ and the sample _____________ to be negative values. A) Intercept, slope B) Slope, SSE C) Intercept, correlation coefficient D) Slope, correlation coefficient E) Slope, standard error of estimate
D) Slope, correlation coefficient
________The least squares regression line minimizes the sum of the A) Differences between actual and predicted Y values B) Absolute deviations between actual and predicted Y values C) Absolute deviations between actual and predicted X values D) Squared differences between actual and predicted Y values E) Squared differences between actual and predicted X values
D) Squared differences between actual and predicted Y values
In simple regression analysis, if the correlation coefficient is a positive value, then A) The Y intercept must also be a positive value. B) The coefficient of determination can be either positive or negative, depending on the value of the slope. C) The least squares regression equation could either have a positive or a negative slope. D) The slope of the regression line must also be positive. E) The standard error of estimate can either have a positive or a negative value.
D) The slope of the regression line must also be positive.
Such a design in which two or more IVs are manipulated
Factorial design
Which type of multiple regression allows you to statistically control for the effect of confounds or to assess whether a variable mediates the effect of another variable on a DV?
Hierarchical
What are phi and Cramér's V used for? a) They are measures of the strength of association between two categorical variables. b) They can be used as remedies when the assumption of expected frequencies has been violated. c) They are used as a correction when the assumption of independence has been violated. d) They are measures of the strength of association between two continuous variables.
a) They are measures of the strength of association between two categorical variables.
If the calculated value of F is .89 and the critical value of F is 4.36, what is likelihood that the researcher will make a Type I error? a. .00 b. .05 c. .89 d. it depends on the value of beta e. 1.00
a. .00
15. What is the maximum possible value of R2? a. 1.00 b. .00 c. the coefficient of determination d. 1 minus the regression constant e. -1.00 or +1.00
a. 1.00
An experiment with two independent variables, each of which has three levels would be indicated as a _______ design a. 3 × 3 b. 2 × 2 × 2 c. 1 × 2 d. 2 × 3 e. 3 × 2
a. 3 × 3
TRUE OR FALSE... Bivariate regression is used more often to "predict" than to "explain." a. True b. False
a. True
What happens to the overall likelihood of making a Type I error as the number of dependent variables increases? a. Type I error increases b. Type I error decreases c. Type I exceeds Type II error d. Type II exceeds Type I error
a. Type I error increases
In "standard" multiple regression, a. each independent variable is evaluated for the unique variance it predicts in the DV b. independent variables that are correlated may not be identified as predictors of the DV even if they are correleated with the DV c. Both a and b. d. each independent variable is entered into the equation in a separate step (not all at once)
a. each independent variable is evaluated for the unique
The calculated value of F is based on the ratio of between-groups variance to ________ variance. a. error b. systematic c. total d. reliable e. squared
a. error
The simplest possible mixed factorial design a. is a 2 × 2 design b. has two conditions c. has one independent variable d. involves no random assignment e. can test two interactions
a. is a 2 × 2 design
The effect of a single independent variable is a (an) a. main effect b. within-participants effect c. participant variable d. interaction e. moderator
a. main effect
When graphed, interactions appear as _________ lines. a. nonparallel b. curved c. two d. parallel e. perpendicular
a. nonparallel
One drawback of measuring the dependent variable both before and after the independent variable is manipulated is a. pretest sensitization b. carryover effects c. Type II error d. null findings e. none of the above
a. pretest sensitization
A multiple regression analysis in which predictor variables enter the regression equation according to their ability to predict unique variance in the criterion variable is called a regression analysis. a. stepwise b. hierarchical c. partial d. standard e. cross-lagged
a. stepwise
The effect of the independent variable is reflected in the a. sum of squares between-groups b. mean square within-groups c. degrees of freedom d. grand mean e. alpha-level
a. sum of squares between-groups
The first step in interpreting a significant interaction is to a. test the simple main effects b. inspect the means for the main effects c. conduct an ANOVA d. do follow-up or post hoc tests e. test the interaction
a. test the simple main effects
When a significant interaction is obtained in a mixed or expericorr design, a. the participant variable is a moderator variable b. main effects should never be interpreted c. the effect of the independent variable is essentially correlational d. main effects should be interpreted e. a higher-order design should be used
a. the participant variable is a moderator variable
In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis a. the researcher determines the order in which variables enter the analysis b. predictor variables that account for more variance in the outcome variable enter the regression equation first c. variables are entered into the regression equation in sets d. only variables that increase R2 enter the regression equation e. only predictor variables that predict unique variance in the outcome variable enter the equation
a. the researcher determines the order in which variables enter the analysis
In the analysis of a two-way factorial design, how many main effects are tested? a. two b. three c. four d. eight e. it depends on the number of conditions
a. two
Why are researchers reluctant to conduct a median-split procedure to assign participants to groups? a. valuable information is lost b. the independent variable cannot be manipulated c. interactions can not be tested d. systematic variance increases e. all of the above
a. valuable information is lost
Which kind of analysis allows for more inferential tests, a correlational analysis or a regression analysis? a. A correlational analysis b. A regression analysis
b. A regression analysis
In standard multiple regression a. the variables are standardized before analysis b. all predictor variables are entered at the same time c. only standardized measures are used d. the regression coefficients are all 1.00 e. none of the above
b. all predictor variables are entered at the same time
Analyses such as ANOVA and MANOVA are used to a. analyze correlational designs only b. analyze data from both experimental and nonexperimental designs c. analyze data from true experiments only d. avoid having to analyze differences between group means e. generate scatterplots
b. analyze data from both experimental and nonexperimental designs
The median-split procedure is used to a. manipulate independent variables b. classify participants into groups on a participant variable c. assign participants to levels of an independent variable d. interpret main effects e. test simple main effects
b. classify participants into groups on a participant variable
In some studies, regression is used to "predict"; in other studies, regression is used to "_____." a. adjust b. explain c. hypothesize d. prove
b. explain
A between-within factorial design a. has only one independent variable b. has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design c. is an expericorr factorial design d. is a cross-over design e. is a matched-subjects design
b. has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design
The simplest possible experimental design a. has one condition b. has two conditions c. uses random assignment d. is a multi-level experiment e. has two independent variables
b. has two conditions
A multiple regression analysis in which predictor variables are entered into the equation in an order predetermined by the researcher is called a ____________ regression analysis. a. stepwise b. hierarchical c. partial d. standard e. cross-lagged
b. hierarchical
Factor is sometimes used as a synonym for a. condition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. interaction e. level
b. independent variable
If a significant main effect involves an independent variable with two conditions, the main effect is interpreted by a. testing the simple main effects b. inspecting the means c. conducting an ANOVA d. doing follow-up or post hoc tests e. testing the interaction
b. inspecting the means
A one-way experimental design a. uses a single group of participants b. involves one independent variable c. tests a single hypothesis d. includes only one dependent variable e. contains only one experimental condition
b. involves one independent variable
Independent variable is to participant variable as a. randomized groups is to repeated measures b. manipulated is to measured c. mixed is to assigned d. main effect is to interaction e. cause is to effect
b. manipulated is to measured
Designs in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after the independent variable is manipulated are a. randomized groups designs b. pretest-posttest designs c. matched-subjects designs d. one-way designs e. temporal designs
b. pretest-posttest designs
If the calculated value of F is 6.56 and the critical value of F is 4.36, the researcher will a. make a Type I error b. reject the null hypothesis c. conclude that the group means do not differ d. perform a t-test e. conclude that confounding has occurred
b. reject the null hypothesis
An interaction is present when a. participants in one condition differ from participants in all other conditions b. the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable c. there are as many main effects as independent variables d. the effects of two main effects combine e. one independent variable affects another independent variable
b. the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable
Which of the following is an advantage of matched-subjects designs over randomized groups designs? a. fewer participants are needed b. the experimental groups are more likely to be similar c. they are easier to conduct d. pretest sensitization is less likely e. fewer experimental conditions are needed
b. the experimental groups are more likely to be similar
In a two-way design, a. there is one main effect and two interactions b. there are two main effects and one interaction c. there are two main effects and two interactions d. there are four main effects and four interactions e. the number of main effects and interactions depends on the number of conditions
b. there are two main effects and one interaction
In a 3 × 4 factorial design, _____ main effect(s) can be examined. a. one b. two c. seven d. twelve e. this cannot be determined from the information given
b. two
How many effects will there be from a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA? a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) It will vary depending on how many levels of your independent variable there are.
c) 3
Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA compares: a) Several means when there are two independent variables, and the same entities have been used in some of the conditions. b) Two means when there are more than two independent variables, and the same entities have been used in all conditions. c) Several means when there are two independent variables, and the same entities have been used in all conditions. d) Several means when there are more than two independent variables, and some have been manipulated using the same entities and others have used different entities.
c) Several means when there are two independent variables, and the same entities have been used in all conditions.
The multiple correlation coefficient is symbolized by ___. a. r b. r2 c. R d. R2
c. R
Why do researchers not conduct several t-tests to analyze experiments that have more than two conditions? a. the means will be invalid b. the sample size is too small c. Type I error is inflated d. the power of the analysis is low
c. Type I error is inflated
If the independent variable had absolute no effect on participants' responses, all of the variance in the data is _______ variance. a. reliable b. between-groups c. error d. dependent e. mean square
c. error
A researcher wants to know how people with low versus high self-esteem react to receiving success versus failure feedback on a laboratory task. What kind of design will she use? a. randomized groups b. multi-level c. expericorr d. between-within e. split-plot
c. expericorr
Which of the following is an advantage of repeated measures over randomized groups designs? a. order effects are possible b. the experimental groups are likely to be more random c. fewer participants are needed d. fewer experimental conditions are used e. repeated measures designs have no advantages over randomized groups designs
c. fewer participants are needed
To identify which means differ following a significant F-test, researchers use a. sum of squares b. t-tests c. follow-up tests d. ANOVA e. interaction tests
c. follow-up tests
How many interactions are tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 design? a. two b. three c. four d. eight e. twenty-four
c. four
In the analysis of a factorial design with two independent variables, the total variance is partitioned into ________ components. a. two b. three c. four d. eight e. it depends on the number of dependent variables
c. four
A factorial design a. has more than one dependent variable b. allows the researcher to test only for main effects c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables d. is a type of one-way design e. is not a true experimental design
c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables
The correlation between the criterion variable and the set of predictor variables is the a. coefficient of determination b. regression correlation c. multiple correlation d. partial correlation e. regression coefficient
c. multiple correlation
Within-group degrees of freedom is equal to ________, where n is the total number of participants. a. n b. n - 1 c. n - k d. k(n - 1) e. none of the above
c. n - k
In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, predictor variables enter the regression equation if they a. correlate with the outcome variable b. correlate with one another c. predict unique variance in the outcome variable d. account for more variance than all other variables e. are selected by the researcher
c. predict unique variance in the outcome variable
The effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable is a a. F-ratio b. post hoc effect c. simple main effect d. between-groups effect e. singular effect
c. simple main effect
A multiple correlation can also be called a multiple _____ or _____.
prediction, regression
In a simple linear regression analysis, the correlation coefficient () and the slope (m) _____ have the same sign. A) always B) sometimes C) never
A) always
Is present when the effect of one IV differs across the levels of other IVs (not parallel)
Interaction
a statistical technique in which we use observed data to relate a dependent variable to one or more predictor (independent) variables.
Linear Regression Analysis
is a statistical technique in which we use observed data to relate a dependent variable to one or more predictor (independent) variables.
Linear Regression Analysis
A factorial design will have as many _____ as there are IVs
Main effects
The multiple correlation coefficient is symbolized by the letter ___. It can range from ___ to ____.
R, 0, 1.00
a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables
regression analysis
the equation that describes how the expected value of y, denoted E(y) is related to x ( E(y) = β0 + β1x )
regression equation
If a researcher wishes to demonstrate that the relationship between x (the hypothesized cause) and y (the hypothesized effect) is NOT due to a confound, the researcher could measure x, y, and the confound and use a ______ analysis to demonstrate that _______. a. Correlational; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound b. Regression; The confound is related to y after statistically controlling for x c. Correlational; The confound is related to y after statistically controlling for x d. Regression; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound
d. Regression; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound
Multivariate analysis of variance is used to a. analyze data from designs with several independent variables b. uncover factor structure c. protect against Type II error d. analyze a set of dependent variables e. conduct a within-subjects analysis
d. analyze a set of dependent variables
MANOVA analyzes a composite variable that is the sum of the weighted dependent variables. This composite variable is the a. discriminant function b. canonical correlation c. factor loading d. canonical variable e. multivariate test
d. canonical variable
Pretest sensitization occurs when a. pilot testing identifies a problem with the independent variable b. participants refuse to participate after the pretest c. pretesting heightens experimenter expectancies d. completing a pretest changes how participants respond to the independent variable e. participants are not randomly assigned to experimental conditions
d. completing a pretest changes how participants respond to the independent variable
If a significant main effect involves an independent variable that has more than two conditions, the main effect is interpreted by a. testing the simple main effects b. visually inspecting the means c. conducting an ANOVA d. doing post hoc tests e. testing the interaction
d. doing post hoc tests
In multiple regression analysis, there is more than one a. criterion variable b. sample c. regression equation d. predictor variable e. correlation
d. predictor variable
In a ________ design, participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups. a. pretest-posttest b. repeated measures c. matched-participants d. randomized groups e. multi-level
d. randomized groups
A researcher randomly assigned participants to one of two groups. Each group was then tested under the same three conditions. This is an example of a ________ design. a. randomized groups b. matched participants c. repeated measures d. split-plot e. multi-level
d. split-plot
A multiple regression analysis in which all predictor variables are entered into the analysis at the same time is called an analysis. a. stepwise b. hierarchical c. partial d. standard e. cross-lagged
d. standard
If we calculate the sum of squares separately for each experimental condition, then sum them, we get a. the total sum of squares b. mean square within-groups c. means square between-groups d. sum of squares within-groups e. sum of squares between-groups
d. sum of squares within-groups
In the regression equation, y = .78 + .67x, .67 is a. the criterion variable b. the correlation c. the regression constant d. the regression coefficient e. the predictor variable
d. the regression coefficient
Imagine you obtain the following regression equation: y = 100 - 5x. If a participant scored 5 on the predictor variable, the predicted value of the criterion variable is a. 5 b. 100 c. 95 d. 25 e. 75
e. 75
Ronald Fisher's contribution to research included a. the F-test b. ANOVA c. a book on research design d. an early book on statistical techniques e. all of the above
e. all of the above
What statistical analysis is used to analyze data from experimental designs that involve more than two conditions? a. t-test b. correlation c. chi-square test d. sum of squares e. analysis of variance
e. analysis of variance
When the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable, a (an) ________ is present. a. between-within effect b. correlation c. main effect d. factorial e. interaction
e. interaction
A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design has ________ condition(s). a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 16 e. none of the above
e. none of the above
F = MSbg / ________ a. SSbg b. MStotal c. dfbg d. alpha e. none of the above
e. none of the above
In the regression equation, y = 5.18 - 1.30x, x is a. the criterion variable b. the correlation c. the regression constant d. the regression coefficient e. the predictor variable
e. the predictor variable
In a regression equation, the regression constant is equivalent to a. the Pearson correlation b. the multiple correlation c. the slope of the line d. the criterion e. the y-intercept
e. the y-intercept
Which of the following is not a participant variable? a. self-esteem b. age c. weight d. IQ e. these are all participant variables
e. these are all participant variables
In a stepwise multiple regression analysis a. the researcher enters the predictor variables in a predetermined order b. the criterion variables enter the equation according to their ability to predict unique variance in the outcome variable c. the variables are measured at two different times d. variables with significant Pearson correlations with the outcome variable enter the equation e. variables that correlate with the outcome variable may not be significant predictors in the regression equation
e. variables that correlate with the outcome variable may not be significant predictors in the regression equation
A design that has 1 active and 1 assigned factor is a _____-_____ design.
mixed factorial
linear regression 'y =
predicted vlaue of Y for a given value of X
linear regression for b1 is known as
slope
