Psych 3300 Final
According to studies of non-twin relatives, the average heritability coefficient for most traits is about ________.
.20
Imagine that you could draw a flat horizontal line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y. Which of the following is the closest value to the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?
0
Imagine that you could draw a line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y that slopes upward from left to right. Which of the following is a possible value for the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data?
1.0
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals.
100; 50
According to recent research, what is the minimum amount of time required for an observer to identify traits associated with personality disorders?
30 seconds
Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental personality traits.
5
What gene seems to be related to the trait of neuroticism?
5-HTT
According to a recent study of blogs, the expression of happiness seems to peak in the life span between the ages of ________.
50 and 60
Assume that you are studying 200 participants, all of whom are sick. An experimental drug is given to 100 of them; the other 100 are given nothing. If the correlation between taking the drug and living is .26, then ________ percent of those who got the drug would still be alive at the end of the study.
63
What seems to be the connection between accurate self-knowledge and mental health?
Accurate self-knowledge seems to be a hallmark of mental health.
If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to use S data?
All of the above.
An IQ test yields what kind of data?
B
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
B
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
B
Which city in the United States had the lowest "heart" score, according to a recent survey?
Boston
The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes an aspect of personality. These cards are sorted into categories by the respondent.
California Q-Set
According to evolutionary psychology, which of the following does NOT account for individual differences?
Certain levels of maladaptive traits such as neuroticism ensure that populations are not so excessively large that it threatens the survival of the group.
________ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception, memory, and thought to the study of personality.
Cognitive
How should you act in everyday life according to the "transparent self" theory of psychological health?
Conceal very little from those around you.
What gene seems to be related to the trait of sensation seeking or novelty seeking?
DRD4
What book marked the beginning of evolutionary thinking?
Darwin's Origin of Species
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam. What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?
Do your best to relate the material to something that is personally relevant.
Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror. Andrew is experiencing ________.
Eigenwelt
All of the following are objections to evolutionary theorizing EXCEPT:
Evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complicated because it involves too many basic principles.
What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions?
First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
Personality psychology has a variety of theoretical perspectives that are sometimes seen as competing with each other. Regarding this diversity, a major theme of this textbook is:
Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
A researcher asks parents to report on the personality characteristics of their children. This is an example of ________ data.
I
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
I
According to William James, the ________ does the thinking and sensing, whereas the ________ is the object of thoughts about the self.
I; me
What is the biggest confound in a typical parenting study that examines the correlation between parenting practices and the behaviors of offspring?
In most studies of parenting, parents and kids share genetic material.
Which of the following is NOT one of Funder's conclusions?
It is impossible to translate experimental results into effect sizes.
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
It is not controlled.
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to rationally constructed personality scales?
Items are selected with the aid of statistical analyses such as item response theory (IRT).
Individuals from ________ are least likely to demonstrate consistencies in emotional experience across situations.
Japan
Why might an individual from Japan lack a pervasive need for self-regard?
Japanese individuals are more likely to tie individual well-being to group well-being.
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.
L
Which of the following is an objective test?
MMPI
Which theorist would most likely make the statement that stress is valuable for optimal psychological development?
Maddi
Based on research, the resident of which of these cities will probably score the highest on openness?
Miami, Florida
What does the acronym MMPI stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
According to research described in the text, how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?
Narcissism might be more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem
Which of the following is NOT a currently discussed explanation for narcissistic behavior?
Narcissists are actually shy and timid but believe that these traits reflect personal weaknesses.
Which of the following is NOT a concern with the typical strategy used to evaluate the effects of Rogerian psychotherapy?
No measurable variables have been used to evaluate Rogerian therapy.
According to the text, which of the following is considered to have an individualist-horizontal society?
Norway
Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?
Once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop.
Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding ego-dystonic afflictions?
People with such problems are not interested in treatment.
According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?
Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts
Which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?
Persons and situations interact to predict behavior.
What is the name of the newer, shorter version of the TAT?
Picture Story Exercise
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data.
S
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?
S and B
According to previous research about cultural differences in person-based descriptions, which of the following might be a way someone in India would describe another individual?
She does nice things for people.
Imagine your new roommate makes her bed carefully each morning. What might you infer with some accuracy about her personality?
She is conscientious.
According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.
Stop; Go
According to recent research about personality and energy drink preferences, those high in self-monitoring would likely prefer which brand of energy drink in a consumer taste test study?
Superstar Energy
Based on recent research, what is likely to happen when an aggressive person plays a competitive multiplayer video game?
The aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players.
Which of the following is NOT a major limitation of the factor analytic approach?
The factors are only as good as the criterion groups used to validate the measure.
Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding structured interviews?
The method corrects for many of the limitations of S data.
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean?
The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this literature?
The results of the existing studies are mixed.
Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
The smaller the sample size, the easier it is to find a significant effect.
Doug has known Dan for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Dan since he joined Jim's department at Acme Advertising Agency 2 months ago. According to Colvin and Funder's (1991) study of the boundaries on the acquaintanceship effect, if both Doug and Jim are asked to predict how Dan will behave during a presentation at work next week, whose predictions will be more accurate?
The two predictions will be about equally accurate.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the relative consistency of emotional experiences in Japan and the United States?
There is little evidence for differences in relative consistency between members of these two groups.
________ consists of your biological experiences and ________ consists of your psychological experiences.
Umwelt; Eigenwelt
I am preparing for a test in psychology, and I tell you, "I'm sure that I'm going to fail. I'm going to study all night, and I'll just be happy with anything higher than a C." You are preparing for the same test and you say, "Oh, come on. We've been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading—we just need to review everything tonight and I'm sure we'll do well on the test." What would research concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes?
We will get about the same grades on the test.
A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the explanation for this finding?
Women are better than men at knowing what the average person is like.
Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology________.
a common obligation to try to understand the whole person
What symptom is associated with Capgras syndrome?
a failure to feel an emotional response to loved ones
One difficulty that early researchers encountered in identifying the good judge of personality was that ________.
a good judge in one context was not always a good judge in other contexts
Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder's theory, Julie would most likely be ________.
a high self-monitor
In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate?
a lifelong best friend
Individuals with amnesia are ________, which suggests that accurate self-knowledge ________ memories of specific life events.
able to provide accurate self-reports of personality; exists separately from
David McClelland would argue that a culture that emphasizes children's stories such as "The Little Engine That Could" has a high need for________.
achievement
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
actually reflects or measures what you think it does
The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach ________.
address different sets of questions about human psychology
Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of stability in their personality traits?
adults between the ages of 50 and 70
Nerves that send messages from the body to the brain are called ________, whereas nerves that carry messages from the brain to the body are called ________.
afferent nerves; efferent nerves
Mrs. Garcia often invites her family and friends to her house for lunches and parties. She is also involved with the people in her church group and in the Parent-Teacher Association at her child's school. According to McClelland's view of motivations, Mrs. Garcia is high in ________ motivation.
affiliation
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
aggregate your measurements
Increasing the number of items on a test makes it a better instrument according to which principle?
aggregation
Which trait seems to be related to a quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses according to recent research?
agreeableness
The two basic criteria for evaluating the validity of a personality judgment are ________.
agreement and behavioral prediction
What term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence?
alexithymic
In order to improve personality research, researchers can ________.
all of the above
Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs?
all of the above
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________.
all of the above
The large number of trait terms in the English language indicates that ________.
all of the above
Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process?
all of the above
What term refers to different forms of the same gene?
allele
Studies of cross-cultural gender differences in the Big Five tend to find that ________.
although the direction of gender differences is similar, the size of the gender differences is larger in more-developed societies than in less-developed societies
What term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?
amae
What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?
ambulatory assessment
Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to ________.
an optimal experience
According to Sartre, angst can be analyzed into three separate sensations. What are they?
anguish, forlornness, despair
Sam is schematic for agreeableness. When he is asked to make judgments about whether he is friendly, kind, and modest, he will ________.
answer more quickly than someone aschematic for this trait
According to the DSM, which disorder is particularly difficult to assess with self-reports?
antisocial
Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________.
are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?
assessment
Which stage of the realistic accuracy model probably has the fewest limitations when it comes to making self-judgments?
availability
Linda thinks that her friends will like her only if she is thin, attractive, and cheerful. Rogers would say it is unlikely that Linda will ________.
become a fully functioning person
According to the text, the purpose of personality traits is to predict ________.
behavior in the long term
A teacher is mistakenly told that one of his students is intellectually gifted. However, by the end of the year, this student has actually made substantial gains in her standardized test scores. This is an example of what psychological phenomenon?
behavioral confirmation
The field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives is called ________.
behavioral genetics
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.
behaviorist
When an individual who has a good relationship with his or her mother is exposed to the subliminal message "Mommy and I are one," he or she will likely feel ________ without knowing why.
better
The ________ signal shows differences in brain activity levels in one condition versus another condition in an fMRI experiment.
blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)
Judgments of your personality by others ________.
both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like
Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that ________.
both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior
George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________.
build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world
According to psychiatrist Kurt Schneider, unusually extreme personality attributes that ________ are the defining features of personality disorders.
cause major problems for the afflicted person or for others
According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are produced by the Big Five traits?
characteristic adaptations
Concepts that are readily available in the mind on such a frequent basis that they become part of one's personality are said to be ________.
chronically accessible
Research has shown that some personal constructs are more readily called to mind than others. These constructs are considered ________.
chronically accessible
Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically ________.
claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining
"Losing face" is a primary danger in a(n) ________ culture.
collectivist
A good judge of personality seems to be high in ________.
communion
According to the text, which characteristic of cultures might be the most difficult to judge?
complexity
According to Rogers, believing that others value you based only on intelligence, success, or attractiveness can lead to ________.
conditions of worth
It has been suggested that the only way psychologists can address the generalizability issue is to ________.
conduct research using participants from around the world
Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of ________.
conscientiousness
Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes?
conscientiousness
Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks?
conscientiousness
Which of the following attributes seem to be consistently related to being a good judge of personality?
conscientiousness and intelligence
Cultural tightness is analogous to the personality traits of ________.
conscientiousness and intolerance for ambiguity
What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models?
conscious and unconscious
The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests.
consensus validation
According to the text, ________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information, whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.
consensus; accuracy
According to the ecological approach, differences in ecology generate differences in ________, which in turn shapes ________.
culture; socialization
Everything you think you know about your traits and abilities resides in the ________.
declarative self
The projections from nerves that receive stimulation are called ________.
dendrites
Although the DSM states that the ________ personality is frequently reported, recent data suggest that it is fairly rare.
dependent
According to the DSM-IV classification scheme, what are the Cluster C disorders?
dependent, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive
Which of the maladaptive personality traits proposed for the DSM-V bears the closest resemblance to low extraversion in the Big Five?
detachment
The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to ________.
determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation
To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.
develop a questionnaire
According to the text, which therapy has sometimes been effective for treating borderline personality disorder?
dialectical behavioral therapy
Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________.
differ from one individual to another; all humans share
Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________.
different from each other; similar to each other
Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have ________.
different strategies, leading to the same behavior
The United States is a(n) ________ culture.
dignity
The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.
direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable
According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.
disappointment; fear
Which of the maladaptive personality traits proposed for the DSM-V bears the closest resemblance to low conscientiousness in the Big Five?
disinhibition
According to DeYoung's theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of plasticity?
dopamine
Robert is a stable, well-adjusted person. His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially, "what you see is what you get." Robert would most likely be ________.
easy to judge accurately
In Triandis's model, the distinctive tasks a culture needs to accomplish and the physical layout and resources of its land are called the culture's ________.
ecology
Historically, personality psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of personality variables, whereas social psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of situational variables.
effect size; statistical significance
The items in the California Q-Set were derived from ________.
efforts by researchers to develop a list of items that would adequately describe personality
What are essential traits according to Jack Block?
ego control/ego resiliency
According to Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, damage to the right frontal lobes impairs a person's ________, which then impairs his or her ________.
emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is not important
Some cross-cultural researchers compare average levels of traits across cultures. For example, Chueng and Song (1989) found that Chinese participants generally described themselves as higher on ________ when compared to an American sample.
emotional reserve
Which of the following approaches to test construction is the most atheoretical?
empirical
Studies focused on ________ are interested in learning how early experiences shape genetic expression.
epigenetics
The notion that humans could be improved through selective breeding is called________.
eugenics
The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
expectancy
Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________.
expectancy effects
Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as ________.
expectancy effects
Jeff has decided to go on a diet, but unfortunately Jeff's mother has made his favorite dessert, apple pie. After a big dinner, his mother brings out the pie and Jeff cannot resist having two pieces. In Epstein's terminology, Jeff's ________ won out over his ________.
experiential system; rational system
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. She randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film clips. The other half of her participants are assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and are forced to watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
experimental
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
experimental
The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to ________.
explain whole, functioning persons and real life concerns
A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the fundamental feature of what trait?
extraversion
Attractiveness is associated with what trait?
extraversion
Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?
extraversion
Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
extraversion
Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best?
face-to-face interviews
Based on research related to self-determination theory, the individual ________ is likely to report the highest level of well-being.
focused on personal growth
Galen suggested that there were ________ basic types of personality, each linked to an excessive amount of a different ________.
four; bodily humor
Evidence from research and from brain damage case studies suggests that the ________ is/are the location of cognitive control, serving to anticipate and plan the future and help to regulate emotions in response to it.
frontal lobes
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
gather as much data as possible
The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________.
general patterns that emerge
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.
generalizability
Dr. Jones uses a wide range of manipulations to frustrate his participants. He then measures aggression by counting the number of times a research participant hits an inflatable "Bobo doll." If this is the only way Dr. Jones measures aggression, the results of his studies may lack ________.
generalizability over responses
Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as _________ at age 3.
guilty and anxious
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives?
harm/care
According to evolutionary theory, a man's greatest worry is that ________.
he is not the biological father of the children that he is supporting
Excess cortisol production might be linked to ________.
heart disease
A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.
helpless
Which brain structure seems to play an important role in memory?
hippocampus
Consistently and vehemently expressing strong opinions just for effect is symptomatic of which personality disorder?
histrionic
According to the DSM-IV classification scheme, what are the Cluster B disorders?
histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
Cross-cultural psychology has examined differences in the way that members of various cultures think. Some research suggests that people from collectivist cultures think more ________ than those from individualistic cultures.
holistically
The technical meaning of reliability concerns ________.
how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
What two topics are covered under the phenomenological approach?
humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth?
hypothalamus
A person with schizotypal personality disorder may believe the president's State of the Union speech contained a specific message for her. What term does the DSM use for this symptom?
ideas of reference
Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called ________ goals.
idiographic
Members of collectivist cultures might be more ________ in the ________ sense than members of individualist cultures.
inconsistent; absolute
Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ________ theory of ability.
incremental
Members of different kinds of cultures may experience emotions differently. People in ________ countries report more self-focused emotions, whereas people in ________ countries are more likely to report other-focused emotions.
individualistic; collectivist
Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called ________.
interneurons
The most touted advantage of the experimental method is that ________.
it allows the assessment of causality
I data are ________.
judgments made by knowledgeable observers
Which of the following is NOT one of the diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
lack of empathy
The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to ________.
limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns
Research suggests that individuals high in which personality attribute are most likely to experience flow?
locus of control
Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next.
low in self-monitoring
The only difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
manipulated; measured
A person with a developmental goal will most likely respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.
mastery-oriented
One objection to the use of vocational interest tests is that these tests ________.
may discourage women or minority group members from joining certain fields
Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ________.
measurement error
A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.
measuring something important
According to the text, the last step in a factor analysis is to ________.
name the factors
Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?
narcissism
According to the textbook, Adolf Hitler exhibited many of the classic signs of which personality disorder?
narcissistic
What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals?
neocortex
Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
neuroticism
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?
never being married by age 40
The Buddhist alternative to existential anguish, forlornness, and despair is ________.
nirvana
Early research on the good judge of personality indicated that the good judge was ________.
none of the above
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
Which of the following traits is largely independent of integrity tests?
openness
Substance use is positively associated with what trait?
openness to experience
Positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes from overcoming important challenges. This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of ________.
optimistic toughness
The courage to face mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life is called ________ by existential philosophers.
optimistic toughness
The tendency to see members of your own group as very different from one another but the members of groups to which you do not belong as very similar to each other is called the ________.
outgroup homogeneity bias
Which hormone seems to play an important role in bonding and romantic attachment?
oxytocin
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that ________.
people are inconsistent
Research findings indicate that one result of Rogerian psychotherapy may be that ________.
people become more like their ideal selves
What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person's life?
personal strivings
Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic?
personality disorders
When personality psychologists measure trait differences in extraversion, what kinds of direct observations are they making?
phenotypic
Kara is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, she will most likely mention her ________ when describing herself.
physical attractiveness
According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.
physician; biologist
What term refers to the idea that the concepts recently activated in the mind influence one's perceptions of the world?
priming
What term describes the exemplar or ideal mental image associated with a particular category?
prototype
Jeff suspects that his roommate's sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden, unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women. Jeff's analysis suggests a ________ approach to personality.
psychoanalytic
Personality psychologists adhering to the ________ approach focus on psychic energy, the workings of the unconscious mind, and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict.
psychoanalytic
What is another name for ego resiliency?
psychological adjustment
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad?
psychological health
Which of the following is one of the diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder?
rapid mood shifts
When Andrew argues there is no reason to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally correct, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position.
realist
Repeating the items on a grocery list such as "cheese, bread, soda, canned soup, salad dressing, and paper napkins" over and over again in your mind is an example of what process?
rehearsal
The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.
rejected
The reason that objective tests include so many items is to increase the ________ of the test.
reliability
According to recent cross-cultural research, bilingual individuals ________.
reported more conscientiousness when they completed the personality measure in English
The neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with systems that ________.
respond to reward
High neuroticism is NOT associated with which personality disorder?
schizoid
An exceedingly strange individual who strongly believes she has direct contact with extraterrestrial life might have which personality disorder?
schizotypal
Which of the following is the NOT one of the basic stages of emotion?
scripts
According to the text, college students from individualist cultures who failed a test of creativity ________, whereas Japanese students ________.
searched for ways to think well of themselves; did not show this response
According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and Scud missiles, situations ________.
seem to have inconsistent effects
What is the technical name for drugs like Prozac?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Coaches often try to make their athletes believe they have the talent to succeed. What self related concept are the coaches trying to improve?
self-efficacy
According to DeYoung's theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of stability?
serotonin
Wayne tends to suffer from chronic pessimism, is hypersensitive to rejection, worries obsessively, and is prone to sudden bursts of irrational anger. He is exhibiting the symptoms of ________.
serotonin depletion
Studies of endogenous personality descriptors in China and Spain seem to suggest that there are ________ factors in each lexicon.
seven
In his book Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be most accurately predicted from ________.
situations
Flow mostly likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.
skills; challenges
Men who score high on ________ are especially accurate when it comes to judging their mate value, whereas women who score high on ________ are especially accurate when it comes to judging their mate value.
sociosexuality; agreeableness
According to evolutionary biology, altruistic behavior might help assure the survival of one's own genes into succeeding generations primarily because ________.
some of your genes will make it into the next generation if the people who share your genes also survive
Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________.
strengths; faults
According to the text, tests of conscientiousness seem to predict ________ better than they predict ________.
supervisors' ratings of job performance; employee thefts
According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?
talkativeness
A study of the associations between testosterone levels and spectator sports demonstrates that ________.
testosterone can be influenced by the outcome of a sporting event
The trait approach is based on empirical research ________.
that is mostly correlational in nature
Which personality scale could be used to identify individuals who cannot read text?
the CPI Commonality scale
Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy?
the age of the target of the judgment
One difficulty in searching for variables that might predict consistency is that ________.
the effects of such variables are subtle and are sometimes difficult to detect
Personality assessment refers to ________.
the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
What is the precise meaning of a heritability coefficient?
the proportion of total variance in a trait that is due to genetic influences
Which of the following was NOT a study that Funder and Ozer reviewed in their work calculating the size of the situation coefficient?
the reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards
Which finding has been used to support the argument that personality itself has no meaning in collectivist societies?
the relatively few number of trait-related words in Chinese
George Kelly believed that to understand a person, you need to understand his or her personal construct system. This idea is known as ________.
the sociality corollary
The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________.
they are answered differently by different kinds of people
The DSM organizes personality disorders into ________.
three clusters
What term refers to images of very thin slices of the brain?
tomographs
According to the text, what term describes cultures that have only a few socially sanctioned goals and only a few ways to achieve these goals?
tough
Personality psychologists who adhere to the ________ approach focus on identifying, conceptualizing, and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another.
trait
The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences.
trait
The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree.
trait; typological
In observing human behavior, it is impossible to ________.
understand everything about a person all at once
Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and eternal optimists likely ________.
use different strategies but obtain similar ends
Which of the following is the typical way that primary goals, as defined by McClelland, are assessed?
using the Thematic Apperception Test
When we evaluate professional personality judgments, it is typically said that we are evaluating their ________, whereas when amateur personality judgments are evaluated, we are evaluating their ________.
validity; accuracy
A high heritability coefficient can result when the trait ________ across individuals or when genes are important in ________ sense.
varies greatly; an absolute
Salvatore Maddi believed the most severe existential pathology was ________.
vegetativeness
A major advantage of S data is that ________.
you are the world's best expert about your own personality
I data essentially measure ________.
your reputation