psych 340 f

imagery neurons?

neurons that fires when one imagines a neuron

Temporary ambiguity

...

Conceptual peg hypothesis

A hypothesis, associated with Paivio's dual coding theory, that states that concrete nouns create images that other words can hang onto, which enhances memory for these words

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

A network model of mental operation that proposes that concepts are represented in networks that are modeled after neural networks. This approach to describing the mental representation of concepts is also called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach. See also Connectionist network. see also Connectionist network

Epiphenomenon

A phenomenon that accompanies a mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism. An example of an epiphenomenon is lights that flash on a mainframe computer as it operates.

Unilateral neglect

A problem caused by brain damage, usually to the right parietal lobes, in which the patient ignores objects in the left half of his or her visual field.

Tower of Hanoi problem

A problem involving moving discs from one set of pegs to another. It has been used to illustrate the process involved in means-end analysis

Mutilated checkerboard problem

A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person's ability to reach a solution

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization? a. Superordinate b. Typical c. Subordinate d. Basic

A) animal,vegtable,and minearl are example of the superordinate level of categorization

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus: a. SKY. b. All of these would have similar response times. c. SPY. d. ANT.

A) the particpants would respond to the word sky bc none of its meaning are similar to double means of the other words

The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ________ representations. a. verbal b. spatial c. propositional d. symbolic

B)the mental spatial apporach shows visual imagery uses spatial representation

Instrument inference

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech.

Anaphoric inference

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence. See also Causal inference; Instrument inference

Causal inference

An inference that results in the conclusion that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a previous clause or sentence

What are the 3 types of inferences?

Anaphoric-conecting objects/people from one senctenes to another Instrumental- the instrument that was used Causual-what event caused another

The word "bad" has ________ phoneme(s). a. one b. three c. four d. two

B) bad has 3 phoneme

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT: a. associations. b. propositions. c. visualizations. d. rhymes.

B. Pegword Technique does not use propostion

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that: a. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. b. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. c. neither kiwi nor banana are likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. d. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana.

B. Since banna has a higher trypically rating than kiwi, the word fruit will have a larger priming effect for banna than kiwi

7 Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another. b. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection. c. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem. d. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify.

B.the most difficult part in the proccess of analogical problem solving is NOTICING the analgous relationship

In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ________ condition. a. well-defined b. high-pressure c. ill-defined d. low-pressure

Belilocks and Carrs relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving shows ppl with HIGH WORKING memory perform best in lLOW PRESSUER

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. b. Lydia is a U.S. Senator. c. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. d. Lydia is a U.S. Senator and active in the feminist movement.

C. She is a congresswoman

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be: a. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. b. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. c. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. d. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.

C. a task where particpants rate the extene to which each member reps the category title

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ________ in playing the game. a. mental chronometry b. mental synthesis c. inner audition d. visual imagery

C. is using inner audition bc she is hearing it in her mind

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. divergent thinking b. perceptual segregation c. analogies d. anaphoric interference

C.Analogies

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Experts often get off to a slower start than novices. b. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. c. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. d. Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles.

C.Being an expert in a field only aids problem solving in their field of expertise

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates? a. Semantic network theory b. Enhancement due to priming c. Parallel distributed processing theory d. The prototype approach

C0 the PARREL DISTRIBUTED THEORY IS MOST SIMILAR TO HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORKS

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. Communication b. All of these make human language unique. c. Governed by rules d. Hierarchical structure

Communication is not a characteristic that makes human language unqie

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ________ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units. a. graceful degradation b. error verification c. spreading activation d. back propagation

D) BACK PROPAGATION is when an error signal is transmitted from output towards the input signals

remise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I didn't study. Conclusion: Therefore, I didn't get a good grade. This syllogism is an example of: a. affirming the antecedent. b. affirming the consequent. c. denying the consequent. d. denying the antecedent.

D.Denying the antecedent

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ________ reasoning. a. descriptive b. deductive c. conjunctive d. inductive

Deductive

What are the 3 approaches to knowledge?

Defintioal-does it match the category defientio Examplar-multiple examples Protoyope-how similar is it to the one protoype

Im thinking of a sandwhihch in my head ,which of my neurons are firing?

Imagery Neurons

What is special about kanzi the chimp?

It was never directly taught sign lanugage or had it reinforced

What was the Tannenhauds experiment?

It was the experiment with the apples to see how the environment directions

What is the Sapir Hypotheses?

Language influences thought

Mental simulation

Models that people create about what will happen following different decisions

Noam Chomsky proposed that: a. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. b. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. c. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. d. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Noam Chomsky believe that humans are gentically programmed to get and use language

Analogical paradox

Participants in psychological experiments tend to focus on surface features in analogy problems, whereas people in the real world frequently use deeper, more structural features

concrete nouns are easier to remember than abstract ones is the result of what experiment?

Pavio

Who beleived the underlying mechanism behind imagery is propostional? Plyshnor Kosslyn

Pylyshyn

Insight

Sudden realization of a problem's solution

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. instrumental inferences b. environmental context c. the cooperative principle d. local connections

Tanenhaus experiment with the apple and the towel shows the importance of environmental context

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Network b. Exemplar c. Prototype d. Typicality

The categorization approach which is an average of past members is the PROTOTYPE

Kosslyns mental walk test proved?

a relathiponship between imagery and perception

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that: a. damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation. b. it is either functioning at 100 percent, or it is not functioning at all. c. it can be set to operate at "low efficiency" or "high efficiency" depending on the demand of the current task. d. it loses information at a very slow rate.

a) GRACEFUL DEGRDATION describes how system that has been damages doesnt completey disrupt its operatin

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a. The tacit-knowledge explanation b. Depictive representations c. The results of scanning experiments d. None of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial).

a) Tacit-knowledge is used against the idea that imagery is spatial bc the people already know that it takes longer the further the distance

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify ________ for the problems. a. a single correct answer b. initial states c. analogies d. schemas

a) its hard to specify a single correct answer for ill-defined problems

ou are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? a. The group with 10 years of English instruction. b. The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects. c. The group with one year of English instruction. d. Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

a) the group which would ahave the greatest phonemic restoration effect would be the one w/ 10 years of english

9 /Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ________ inference. a. anaphoric b. narrative c. instrument d. analogic

a)When you use information from a sentense and connect to another sentence you are usign anaphoric inference

PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to: a. follow the order of events in the story. b. identify events that were described in the story. c. all of these d. understand individual words.

a. Follw the order of events in the story

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: a. the solution is immediately obvious. b. the goal state is not clearly defined. c. the initial state is not clearly defined. d. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state.

a. Scenario is not a problem bv the solution is immediately obvious

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n): a. availability heuristic. b. conjunction rule. c. confirmation bias. d. permission schema.

a.Avaiability heurisitc

People tend to overestimate: a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. b. subjective utility values following a decision. c. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. d. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree

a.Negative feelings will occur folowing a decision mroe so than positive feelings

The permission schema is an example of a(n): a. pragmatic reasoning schema. b. opt-in procedure. c. subjective utility. d. illusory correlation.

a.Pragmatic Reasonin Schema

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people: a. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. d. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome

a.can cite serverl reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

The typical purpose of subgoals is to: a. solve insight problems. b. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. c. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis

b)the purpose of the "subgoals" is to bring the problem solver close and closer to goal state

9 The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects is an example of: a. the role of insight in creativity. b. divergent thinking. c. convergent thinking. d. the means-end analysis.

b. Finke used divergent thinking to help people create useful objects.

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results: a. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b. support the word frequency effect. c. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. d. contradict the word frequency effect.

c) langue affects ones perceptions of colors

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves ________ processing and imagery starts as a ________ process. a. top-down; top-down b. top-down; bottom-up c. bottom-up; top-down d. bottom-up; bottom-up

c.Perception uses bottum up and imagery uses top down

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories? a. 6-7 months b. 1 year c. 2 months d. 3-4 months

d) 3-4 months

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT: a. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness. b. imagery is not required for thinking. c. thought is impossible without an image. d. imagery requires a special mechanism.

d) Early researchers of imgaergy didnt believe that imagary requires a special mechanism

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the ________ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the ________ level. a. superordinate; subordinate b. superordinate; basic c. basic; subordinate d. subordinate; basic

d) experts arev able to name the plants on a more specific suborindate level while non expert are more vauge at the basic level

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. The radiation problem b. Mutilated checkerboard problem c. Tower of Hanoi problem d. Two-string problem

d) the two string problem showed how functional fixedness can hinder a solution of a problem

/Kosslyn's island experiment used the ________ procedure. a. priming b. mental walk c. categorization d. mental scanning

d)Kosslyns island experiment used mental scanning

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to: a. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. b. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. d. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.

d)the Metcalfe and Wiebe experiment used "warmth judgement" to show a difference between how people solve insight and non insight problems

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated: a. how easy mental rotation is for humans. b. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. c. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. d. that imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

d)the image rotation experiment is important bc it shows that imagery and perception might have the same mechanism

The validity of a syllogism depends on: a. the truth of its conclusion. b. the truth of its premises. c. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion. d. its form.

d. its form.

/A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? a. 4 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

d.3

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ________, she will use a ________ strategy. a. losses; risk-aversion b. losses; risk-taking c. gains; risk-taking d. gains; risk-aversion

d.gains/risk aversions

/Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context: a. immediately affects the activation of word meanings so that only the meaning fitting the sentence is ever activated. b. causes the meaning fitting the sentence to be activated first, followed by later activation of the other meaning. c. exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed. d. has no effect on the activation of the word meanings.

excerts its influence after all meanings of words have been addressed

Propsitional Relationship

relationships can be represented by abstract symbols

The mental stiumlation apporach from the pulley experiment shows whihch type of apporach? Spatial or Propsitional

spatial