Psych 353 Exam 2
peer interactions in adolescence
HS students spend nearly 30% of their waking hours with peers peers have a stronger influence on whether teens use alc, tobacco, and drugs
gender schema theory
The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity.
gender similarities hypothesis
boys and girls are more alike than different on most (but not all) variables (hyde 2005)
mother-stepfather families
most common boys usually adjust quickly whereas girls adapt less favorably older children and teens of both sexes display more problems most conflicted = stepfather and stepdaughter relationships
gender
social assignment or self-categorization as male or female (or possibly neither or a different category)
cooperative play
truly playing together, turns, script
popular prosocial popular aggressive
two types of popular children
aggressive rejected withdrawn rejected
two types of rejected children
neglected
unpopular but not actively rejected kind of forgotten
birth defects physical or intellectual disabilities irritable/negative temperaments difficult baby and "helpless" mother
4 characteristics of the child that is mostly likely to become abused/neglected
family income inter parental conflict parenting parents' well being
4 mediators of the link between divorce and children's adjustment (lansford 2009)
onlooker behavior parallel play associative play cooperative play
4 types of play in 3-5 year olds (mildred parten 1932)
popular average controversial rejected neglected
5 categories of social acceptance
target physical abuse and neglect rather than sexual which is hard to prove and prevent begins at birth target multiple risk factors multifaceted sensitive to family culture
5 effective things the nurse family partnership does
poverty single parenthood parental unemployment dangerous neighborhoods with limited access to social services cultural or social context
5 environmental factors that makes abuse more likely to happen (ecology of child maltreatment)
peers who are passive bystanders parental hostility and lack of warmth harsh discipline and a lack of parental monitoring tolerance of early aggressive behavior exposure to marital conflict or violence physical abuse hostile siblings
7 factors associated with bullying
joint physical or legal custody
_____ or _____ associated with better adjustment than sole custody (bauserman 2002)
nurse family partnership
a home visit program that begins during pregnancy and continues until children are 2 years old experiment parents had 48% fewer reports of child maltreatment
friendship
a mutually agreed-on relationship characterized by loyalty, intimacy, and trust
hetherington, bridges, and insabella 1998
a transactional model of child adjustment following divorce and remarriage LOOK AT
28%
according to child trends, ____% of children reported that they had been bullied
rejected
actively disliked receive many least votes
peer in school years
all about fitting in pretend play peaks around age 6 gender segregation found worldwide
milestones in gender development - infancy
babies categorize males and females based on perceptual cues by 6-9 months by 2, they have formed gender related expectations about objects and activities
sex
biological distinction between males (XY) and females (XX)
joint legal custody
both parents retain and share responsibilities about decisions even if child mainly resides with one parent
milestones in gender development - early childhood
by 2.5, children label peoples gender by using words (boy, girl) preschoolers very rigid in adopting gender stereotypes by 3, children associate toys and activities with a specific gender
consequences of maltreatment
by 3 mo, abused babies show fearfulness, anger, and sadness when interacting with mothers maltreated infants are at high risk of type D attachment memories are vague and lacking detail impacts child's immune system higher rates of heart disease in adulthood diagnosed more often with psychiatric disorder in adolescence and adulthood
milestones in gender development - middle childhood
by 6, children have attained a sense of gender constancy children become more flexible about gender stereotypes and attitudes by 9-10, they know gender roles are social conventions not biological outcomes
probably not. peer status is very stable over time
can peer status change?
onlooker behavior
child is an observer
withdrawn rejected
children are disliked because of their passive and socially awkward behavior
popular prosocial
children at every age are well liked because they are "kind, trustworthy, and cooperative"
more
children in stepfamilies have _____ emotional problems than children in intact families or divorced families
tuition enactive experiences observational learning
children learn about gender via 3 pathways (social cognitive theory)
victims of bullying
children that tend to be withdrawn rejected with no friend to support them at risk for depression, low self esteem and school failure
popular aggressive
children who are "athletic, cool, dominant, arrogant, and aggressive" emerge around the 5th grade
gender segregation
children's tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers
chumships
close friendships that are important for leaning respect, equality and reciprocity
cognitive perspectives
cognitive development theory (gender constancy) gender schema theory
a lot of overlap
despite some consistent gender differences, there is _________________ between men and women with most differences being very small (hyde 2005)
channeling
differential encouragement of toys, activities, skills, and chores
parents' role in gender typing
direct verbal comments about expectations differentially reinforce various activities treat and supervise children differently
social comparison
evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
biological factors
evolution neuroscience (genes, hormones, and the brain)
sole custody
exclusively with either mom or dad
child neglect
failure of a responsible adult to provide for a child's physical, medical, educational and emotional needs
findings highlight emotion regulation as a risk or protective factor linking child maltreatment and later psychopathology vis-a-vis peers
findings from Kim and Cicchetti (2009) study on child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer acceptance and rejection, and psychopathology
gender constancy
gender is consistent overtime
gender-role flexibility
gender roles become more relaxed in adolescence
gender-role intensification
gender roles become more rigid over time in adolescence
milestones in gender development - adolescence
gender roles may become more rigid or more relaxed during this time cross gender friendships becoming increasingly common friendship intimacy increases, however it is more common in girls than boys
average
half of children get both good and bad votes fall in the middle
family functioning
how well children adapt depends on the quality of _________
gender identity
image of oneself as male or female and as having characteristics and interests appropriate for their behavior
long term effects of divorce
improved adjustment after 2 years boys and children with difficult temperaments at greater risk father's involvement affects adjustment
sex trafficking protocol child soldiers protocol
in 2000, the UN passed 2 addendums to the CRC
sexual abuse
inappropriate sexual activity between an adult and a child for the perpetrator's pleasure or benefit girls 4x as likely 25% by a parent
warning signs of maltreatment
injuries that are unlikely to be accidents; repeated injuries fantasy play with violent or sexual themes slow physical growth; lack of appetite ongoing somatic complaints no close friendships hostility toward others; bullying hyperviligance frequent absence from school frequent change of address and caregivers fearful (not joyful) upon seeing parental caregiver
short term effects of divorce
instability and conflict; drop in family income parental stress and disorganization consequences affected by: age, temperament, child sex
child maltreatment
intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18
associative play
interact, might share, not yet mutual or reciprocal
bullying
involves repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm can include physical, verbal, relational, cyber
1. notice social cues 2. interpret social cues 3. formulate social goals 4. generate possible problem solving strategies 5. evaluate probable effectiveness of strategies 6. enact response ---> peer evaluation and response
ken dodge's model 6 steps
aggressive rejected
largest group children are disliked because of their antagonistic, confrontational, and often impulsive behavior more belligerent not good at social perspective taking combat ready
bullies
not rejected, they tend to be high status and powerful socially perceptive but lack empathy often troll for potential targets before choosing a victim
most
often blended families are the ____ conflicted
father-stepmother families
often leads to reduced father child contact children in fathers' custody often react negatively girls and step mothers slow to get along at first, more positive interactions later
doesn't do much to alleviate poverty
one limitation of the nurse family partnership
joint physical custody
parents make decision together and share custody roughly 50/50
socializers
peers are important _____ who influence children's values and behaviors
physical abuse
physical injury or maltreatment by a responsible person that harms or threatens a child's health or welfare
cognitive and self socialization
princesses and superheroes curvilinear patterns in which ______ and _______ factors might best explain this phenomenon (halim 2016)
gender typing
process of developing gender roles or gender linked preferences and behaviors valued by society
controversial
receive a lot of votes both positive and negative prosocial and infuriating
peer acceptance
refers to likability or the degree to which a child is viewed by age mates as a worthy social partner
more
research suggests boys are ___ rigid in gender typing than girls
wegge et al 2016 study of middle school students on traditional bullying, cyberbullying, peer acceptance, and perceived popularity
results found cyberbullying associated with subsequent increases in perceived social popularity of the perpetrators conclusions are cyberbullying can be a means of enhancing social status in early adolescence
transgender children showed a clear pattern - they viewed themselves in terms of their expressed gender and showed preferences for their expressed gender patterns mirrored cisgender control groups findings suggest that transgender children are NOT confused, delayed, pretending, or being oppositional
results from olson et al (2015) transgender children study
parallel play
sitting next to peer but no play together
social and cultural influences
social cognitive theory bioecological model
bully victims
some aggressive rejected children are bullied
bugental et al 2002 prevention and intervention
study which assisted at risk parents achieve more realistic interpretations of their children's behavior consisted of home visits with trained professionals program was successful
age temperament child sex
the impact of divorce is moderated by 3 individual characteristics
olson et al (2015)
the study: implicit and explicit measures examined gender cognition in 5 to 12 year old transgender children
social cognitive theory (bussey and bandura 1999)
this theory depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation - personal, environmental, and behavioral - that influence gender typing
convention on the rights of the child (CRC)
widely ratified human rights treaty in history passed by the UN in 1989
loneliness and alienation difficulties in school and with teachers behavioral and emotional problems physical health problems
4 consequences of peer rejection
family (parents, siblings) teachers peers social/cultural context
4 factors that play a role in becoming girls and boys
buffers
high intelligence and an easy temperament can be _____ in the face of divorce
biological factors cognitive perspectives social and cultural influences
3 theoretical perspectives of gender
popular
1/3 of children received a lot of 'liked most' votes
each member of the dyad affirms the friendship relationship derives primarily from mutual affection friendship is voluntary - not obligatory
3 defining features of friendships (rubin, fredstrom, and bowker 2008)
motor performance measures of sexuality aggression
3 exceptions to Hyde's gender similarities hypothesis
biological predispositions children's goals in social interactions social cognitive skills
3 factors affecting peer acceptance
distressed couple relationship a history of abuse in the family social isolation
3 risk factors most commonly associated with child abuse and neglect