Psych 353 Exam 2

peer interactions in adolescence

HS students spend nearly 30% of their waking hours with peers peers have a stronger influence on whether teens use alc, tobacco, and drugs

gender schema theory

The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity.

gender similarities hypothesis

boys and girls are more alike than different on most (but not all) variables (hyde 2005)

mother-stepfather families

most common boys usually adjust quickly whereas girls adapt less favorably older children and teens of both sexes display more problems most conflicted = stepfather and stepdaughter relationships

gender

social assignment or self-categorization as male or female (or possibly neither or a different category)

cooperative play

truly playing together, turns, script

popular prosocial popular aggressive

two types of popular children

aggressive rejected withdrawn rejected

two types of rejected children

neglected

unpopular but not actively rejected kind of forgotten

birth defects physical or intellectual disabilities irritable/negative temperaments difficult baby and "helpless" mother

4 characteristics of the child that is mostly likely to become abused/neglected

family income inter parental conflict parenting parents' well being

4 mediators of the link between divorce and children's adjustment (lansford 2009)

onlooker behavior parallel play associative play cooperative play

4 types of play in 3-5 year olds (mildred parten 1932)

popular average controversial rejected neglected

5 categories of social acceptance

target physical abuse and neglect rather than sexual which is hard to prove and prevent begins at birth target multiple risk factors multifaceted sensitive to family culture

5 effective things the nurse family partnership does

poverty single parenthood parental unemployment dangerous neighborhoods with limited access to social services cultural or social context

5 environmental factors that makes abuse more likely to happen (ecology of child maltreatment)

peers who are passive bystanders parental hostility and lack of warmth harsh discipline and a lack of parental monitoring tolerance of early aggressive behavior exposure to marital conflict or violence physical abuse hostile siblings

7 factors associated with bullying

joint physical or legal custody

_____ or _____ associated with better adjustment than sole custody (bauserman 2002)

nurse family partnership

a home visit program that begins during pregnancy and continues until children are 2 years old experiment parents had 48% fewer reports of child maltreatment

friendship

a mutually agreed-on relationship characterized by loyalty, intimacy, and trust

hetherington, bridges, and insabella 1998

a transactional model of child adjustment following divorce and remarriage LOOK AT

28%

according to child trends, ____% of children reported that they had been bullied

rejected

actively disliked receive many least votes

peer in school years

all about fitting in pretend play peaks around age 6 gender segregation found worldwide

milestones in gender development - infancy

babies categorize males and females based on perceptual cues by 6-9 months by 2, they have formed gender related expectations about objects and activities

sex

biological distinction between males (XY) and females (XX)

joint legal custody

both parents retain and share responsibilities about decisions even if child mainly resides with one parent

milestones in gender development - early childhood

by 2.5, children label peoples gender by using words (boy, girl) preschoolers very rigid in adopting gender stereotypes by 3, children associate toys and activities with a specific gender

consequences of maltreatment

by 3 mo, abused babies show fearfulness, anger, and sadness when interacting with mothers maltreated infants are at high risk of type D attachment memories are vague and lacking detail impacts child's immune system higher rates of heart disease in adulthood diagnosed more often with psychiatric disorder in adolescence and adulthood

milestones in gender development - middle childhood

by 6, children have attained a sense of gender constancy children become more flexible about gender stereotypes and attitudes by 9-10, they know gender roles are social conventions not biological outcomes

probably not. peer status is very stable over time

can peer status change?

onlooker behavior

child is an observer

withdrawn rejected

children are disliked because of their passive and socially awkward behavior

popular prosocial

children at every age are well liked because they are "kind, trustworthy, and cooperative"

more

children in stepfamilies have _____ emotional problems than children in intact families or divorced families

tuition enactive experiences observational learning

children learn about gender via 3 pathways (social cognitive theory)

victims of bullying

children that tend to be withdrawn rejected with no friend to support them at risk for depression, low self esteem and school failure

popular aggressive

children who are "athletic, cool, dominant, arrogant, and aggressive" emerge around the 5th grade

gender segregation

children's tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers

chumships

close friendships that are important for leaning respect, equality and reciprocity

cognitive perspectives

cognitive development theory (gender constancy) gender schema theory

a lot of overlap

despite some consistent gender differences, there is _________________ between men and women with most differences being very small (hyde 2005)

channeling

differential encouragement of toys, activities, skills, and chores

parents' role in gender typing

direct verbal comments about expectations differentially reinforce various activities treat and supervise children differently

social comparison

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

biological factors

evolution neuroscience (genes, hormones, and the brain)

sole custody

exclusively with either mom or dad

child neglect

failure of a responsible adult to provide for a child's physical, medical, educational and emotional needs

findings highlight emotion regulation as a risk or protective factor linking child maltreatment and later psychopathology vis-a-vis peers

findings from Kim and Cicchetti (2009) study on child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer acceptance and rejection, and psychopathology

gender constancy

gender is consistent overtime

gender-role flexibility

gender roles become more relaxed in adolescence

gender-role intensification

gender roles become more rigid over time in adolescence

milestones in gender development - adolescence

gender roles may become more rigid or more relaxed during this time cross gender friendships becoming increasingly common friendship intimacy increases, however it is more common in girls than boys

average

half of children get both good and bad votes fall in the middle

family functioning

how well children adapt depends on the quality of _________

gender identity

image of oneself as male or female and as having characteristics and interests appropriate for their behavior

long term effects of divorce

improved adjustment after 2 years boys and children with difficult temperaments at greater risk father's involvement affects adjustment

sex trafficking protocol child soldiers protocol

in 2000, the UN passed 2 addendums to the CRC

sexual abuse

inappropriate sexual activity between an adult and a child for the perpetrator's pleasure or benefit girls 4x as likely 25% by a parent

warning signs of maltreatment

injuries that are unlikely to be accidents; repeated injuries fantasy play with violent or sexual themes slow physical growth; lack of appetite ongoing somatic complaints no close friendships hostility toward others; bullying hyperviligance frequent absence from school frequent change of address and caregivers fearful (not joyful) upon seeing parental caregiver

short term effects of divorce

instability and conflict; drop in family income parental stress and disorganization consequences affected by: age, temperament, child sex

child maltreatment

intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18

associative play

interact, might share, not yet mutual or reciprocal

bullying

involves repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm can include physical, verbal, relational, cyber

1. notice social cues 2. interpret social cues 3. formulate social goals 4. generate possible problem solving strategies 5. evaluate probable effectiveness of strategies 6. enact response ---> peer evaluation and response

ken dodge's model 6 steps

aggressive rejected

largest group children are disliked because of their antagonistic, confrontational, and often impulsive behavior more belligerent not good at social perspective taking combat ready

bullies

not rejected, they tend to be high status and powerful socially perceptive but lack empathy often troll for potential targets before choosing a victim

most

often blended families are the ____ conflicted

father-stepmother families

often leads to reduced father child contact children in fathers' custody often react negatively girls and step mothers slow to get along at first, more positive interactions later

doesn't do much to alleviate poverty

one limitation of the nurse family partnership

joint physical custody

parents make decision together and share custody roughly 50/50

socializers

peers are important _____ who influence children's values and behaviors

physical abuse

physical injury or maltreatment by a responsible person that harms or threatens a child's health or welfare

cognitive and self socialization

princesses and superheroes curvilinear patterns in which ______ and _______ factors might best explain this phenomenon (halim 2016)

gender typing

process of developing gender roles or gender linked preferences and behaviors valued by society

controversial

receive a lot of votes both positive and negative prosocial and infuriating

peer acceptance

refers to likability or the degree to which a child is viewed by age mates as a worthy social partner

more

research suggests boys are ___ rigid in gender typing than girls

wegge et al 2016 study of middle school students on traditional bullying, cyberbullying, peer acceptance, and perceived popularity

results found cyberbullying associated with subsequent increases in perceived social popularity of the perpetrators conclusions are cyberbullying can be a means of enhancing social status in early adolescence

transgender children showed a clear pattern - they viewed themselves in terms of their expressed gender and showed preferences for their expressed gender patterns mirrored cisgender control groups findings suggest that transgender children are NOT confused, delayed, pretending, or being oppositional

results from olson et al (2015) transgender children study

parallel play

sitting next to peer but no play together

social and cultural influences

social cognitive theory bioecological model

bully victims

some aggressive rejected children are bullied

bugental et al 2002 prevention and intervention

study which assisted at risk parents achieve more realistic interpretations of their children's behavior consisted of home visits with trained professionals program was successful

age temperament child sex

the impact of divorce is moderated by 3 individual characteristics

olson et al (2015)

the study: implicit and explicit measures examined gender cognition in 5 to 12 year old transgender children

social cognitive theory (bussey and bandura 1999)

this theory depicts a triadic model of reciprocal causation - personal, environmental, and behavioral - that influence gender typing

convention on the rights of the child (CRC)

widely ratified human rights treaty in history passed by the UN in 1989

loneliness and alienation difficulties in school and with teachers behavioral and emotional problems physical health problems

4 consequences of peer rejection

family (parents, siblings) teachers peers social/cultural context

4 factors that play a role in becoming girls and boys

buffers

high intelligence and an easy temperament can be _____ in the face of divorce

biological factors cognitive perspectives social and cultural influences

3 theoretical perspectives of gender

popular

1/3 of children received a lot of 'liked most' votes

each member of the dyad affirms the friendship relationship derives primarily from mutual affection friendship is voluntary - not obligatory

3 defining features of friendships (rubin, fredstrom, and bowker 2008)

motor performance measures of sexuality aggression

3 exceptions to Hyde's gender similarities hypothesis

biological predispositions children's goals in social interactions social cognitive skills

3 factors affecting peer acceptance

distressed couple relationship a history of abuse in the family social isolation

3 risk factors most commonly associated with child abuse and neglect