Psych 372

subgoal

A step that brings a person closer to achieving a long-term goal.

deception

A trick; an attempt to make someone believe something that is not true

Which of the following definitions is correct?

-evolutionary perspective focuses on social behaviors as evolved adaptations that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce -sociocultural perspective focuses on how social behavior is influenced by group level factors, such as social class and nationality -social learning perspective focuses on past experiences with direct and indirect rewards and punishments -social cognitive perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences

naturalistic observation

recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings

IRB (Institutional Review Board)

Board that reviews research proposals for ethical violations/procedural errors

adaptations

a characteristic that is well designed to help an animal survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Aadhira comes from a culture in which family groups are commonly considered more important than just one person and in which people are taught to put the needs of others before their own needs. Aadhira comes from what kind of culture? a. a social culture b. a collectivistic culture c. an individualistic d. a cultural script

a collectivistic culture

Goals

a desired outcome; something one wishes to achieve or accomplish

debriefing

a discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and participant reactions at the completion of the study

representative sample

a group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe

Motives

a high-level goal fundamental to social survival

correlation coefficient

a mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables

Self-concept

a mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves

Schema

a mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals

Exemplar

a mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual

experiment

a research method in which the researcher sets out to systemically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant

hypotheses

a researcher's prediction about what he or she will find

social norm

a rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior

survey method

a technique in which the researcher asks people to report on their beliefs, feelings, or behaviors

social learning perspective

a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors

social cognitive perspective

a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences

evolutionary perspective

a theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predisposition that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce

confound

a variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable

According to Kelley's (1973) covariation model, we are particularly likely to infer that a behavior reflects something about an actor's internal disposition when consensus is (1)__________, distinctiveness is (2)__________, and consistency is (3)__________. a. (1) low, (2) low, (3) high b. (1) high, (2) high, (3) low c. (1) high, (2) high, (3) high d. (1) low, (2) low, (3) low

a. (1) low, (2) low, (3) high

On a recent survey, Pierre was asked to indicate on a 7-point scale (very bad to very good) how he was feeling right now. What kind of a measure was used to assess Pierre's emotional state? a. a self-report measure b. a physiological measure c. a behavioral measure d. an emotional measure

a. a self-report measure

According to your text, research on counterfactual thinking suggests that an Olympic athlete who received a bronze medal (i.e., third place) would feel ___ than an athlete who received a silver medal (second place). a. better b. worse c. about the same d. worse initially, then better later

a. better

According to your textbook, the use of cognitive "shortcuts" to efficiently process and simplify social information is driven by which goal of social cognition? a. conserving mental effort b. accurately understanding the self c. managing self-image d. accurately understanding others

a. conserving mental effort

According to your text, when people experience negative feelings (e.g., sadness) they should be ___ likely to use cognitive shortcuts and ___ likely to think accurately, compared to when people experience positive feelings (e.g., happiness). a. less; more b. more; equally c. more; less d. equally; less

a. less; more

People can act as situations in which of the following ways: a. mere presence, affordances, and communicating descriptive norms b. injunctive norms, scripted situations, pluralistic ignorance c. motivation, knowledge, and feelings d. attitudes, emotions, and mood

a. mere presence, affordances, and communicating descriptive norms

Dana wants Anna's opinion about a guy she's considering dating. Dana shows Anna his instagram profile, an in most photos he is wearing a backwards hat, has a sport-team or Greek letters on his shirts, and is drinking and partying. Based on the photos, Anna tells Dana that the guy seems like a typical frat (fraternity) boy. Anna was most likely using which cognitive heuristic to form an impression of the guy? a. representativeness heuristic b. anchoring and adjustment heuristic c. availability heuristic d. judgement heuristic

a. representativeness heuristic

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

case study

an intensive examination of an indivudal or group

which of these methods uncover correlations but do not establish causes?

archival method, naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys

which of the following are examples of correlation without necessary causation?

as ice cream consumption increases, the number of reported shark bites increases

Self-report measures

asking a simple series of questions

Your textbook specifically states that expectations help us conserve mental effort by____ a. "helping us avoid having to consider the situation in our judgement of others" b. "providing an initial rough estimate of behavior that we can later adjust" c. "narrowing our focus to social information that is most relevant" d. "saving us the effort of having to evaluate each new situation form scratch"

d. "saving us the effort of having to evaluate each new situation from scratch"

According to correspondent inference theory (Jones & Davis, 1965), people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether the behavior was (1) ___, the behavior's consequences were (2) ___, the behavior was (3) ___, the behavior occurred despite (4) ___. a. (1) intentional, (2) foreseeable, (3) freely chosen, (4) behavior consistent forces b. (1) intentional, (2) foreseeable, (3) freely chosen, (4) countervailing forces c. (1) intentional, (2) freely chosen, (3) foreseeable, (4) countervailing forces d. (1) foreseeable, (2) intentional, (3) freely chosen, (4) behavior-consistent forces

b. (1) intentional, (2) foreseeable, (3) freely chosen, (4) countervailing forces

Your text describes a study in which Bartholow, Sestir, and Davis (2005) examined the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior. Specifically, they tested whether a person-situation interaction between the type of video game participants' played in the lab (violent or non-violent) and participants' level of experience at playing violent video games (experienced or inexperienced) influenced differences in aggressive behavior towards another player. In this study, ___ is the person-level variable, and ___ is the situation-level variable. a. type of video game (violent or non-violent); level of experience (experienced or inexperienced) b. level of experience (experienced or inexperienced); type of video game (violent or non-violent) c. level of experience (experienced or inexperienced); aggressive behavior d. type of vide game (violent or non-violent); aggressive behavior

b. level of experience (experienced or inexperienced); type of video game (violent or non-violent)

When he goes to his job interview at a very high-end store, Pablo discards his casual jeans and t-shirt. He shaves, combs his hair, and wears a suit. What term best describers the behavior Pablo is engaging in? a. an affordance b. self-presentation c. person-situation fit d. socialization

b. self-presentation

According to your text, which of the following is a way that researchers can be confident that they are accurately assessing a person's feelings? a. when the person assures the researcher that they are experiencing the feeling b. when multiple methods of measurement provide converging evidence of what the person is feeling c. when the feeling is associated with brain activity d. when the person uses emojis to describe their feeling

b. when multiple methods of measurement provide converging evidence of what the person is feeling

Clara asks a classmate about his grade on the last exam so she can better assess her own performance. What behavior best describes what Clara is engaging in? a. an affordance b. self-presentation c. a scripted situation d. a social comparison

d. a social comparison

which of the following is not an ethical risk in social psychological research?

debriefing

The four core processes involved with understanding the self and others involve: (1) ___, which means to consciously focus on certain aspects of our social environments; (2) ___, which means to give meaning to the information in focus; (3) ___, which means forming impressions and making decisions about the information in focus, and (4) ____, which means storing information for future use. a. (1) memory, (2) judgement, (3) interpretation, (4) attention b. (1) interpretation, (2) judgement, (3) attention, (4) memory c. (1) attention, (2) interpretation, (3) judgement, (4) memory d. (1) attention, (2) judgement, (3) interpretation, (4) memory

c. (1) attention, (2) interpretation, (3) judgment, (4) memory

Baum and Davis, two researchers, conducted an experiment about social life in a campus dorm. Your text describes how they made a change to the situation that resulted in more friendships between the students who lived on that floor of the dorm. What about the situation did Baum and Davis change? a. they created more friendships b. they encouraged a positive emotional state in the students c. they put lounge areas in the middle of the floor d. they cleaned and repainted the dorms

c. they put lounge areas in the middle of the floor

the study of virtuous behaviors and optimal group performance directly links social psychology with

cognitive neuroscience

According to your text, no matter how motivated people are to think accurately, people require sufficient __________ to be accurate.

cognitive resources

to say that social psychology is the ultimate bridge discipline means that the field:

connects multiple perspectives on social behavior, from biology, anthropology, economics, and other disciplines

demand characteristic

cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave

situation

environmental events or cirmcstances outside the person

observer bias

error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors her she does not expect

archival method

examination of systematic data originally collected for other purposes (such as marriage licenses or arrest records)

Knowledge of a specific episode,event or individual is a(n)_, where a(n) _ is knowledge of the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events, or individuals.

exemplar; schema

Attitude

favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event or ourselves

person

features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations

which of the following are types of experimental methods?

field experiment

which example demonstrates a person-situation interaction?

men are more likely to help in emergencies that require heroic action; whereas women are more likely to help when emotional support is needed

According to the text, what the connection between everyday gals (such as making an impression on the boss or getting a date) and fundamental motives (such as gaining status or establishing social ties)?

fundamental goals link our everyday goals to their ultimate functions

social psychology is the study of:

how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people

psychological test

instrument for assessing a person's abilities, cognitions, or motivations

Which of these factors is a limitation of an experiment?

low external validity

Emotions

relatively intense feelings characterized by psychological arousla and complex cognitions

Self-esteem

our attitude toward ourselves

descriptive method

procedure for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state (including naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies, surveys and psychological tests)

Moods

relatively long-lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets

invasion of privacy

revealing personal information about an individual without his or her consent

theory

scientific explanation that connects and organizes existing observations and suggests fruitful paths for future research

A(n) ___ theorist would be relatively more interested in similarities between people in different societies, whereas a ___ theorist would likely focus more on differences across societies.

social cognitive, social learning

Automaticity

the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it's put into motion

culture

the beliefs, customs, habits, and languages shared by the people living in a particular time and place

reliability

the consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test

validity

the extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure

internal validity

the extent to which an experiment allows confide testaments about cause and effect

generalizability

the extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases

external validity

the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances

correlation

the extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another

Motivation

the force that moves people toward desired outcomes

field experimentation

the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings

random assignment

the practice of assigning participants to treatments so each person has an equal chance of being in any condition

natural selection

the process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring

Priming

the process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use

Attention

the process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environmental or ourselves

Counterfactual thinking

the process of imagining alternative, "might have been" versions of actual events

Social comparison

the process through which people come to know themselves by comparing their abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with the of others

Reflected appraisal process

the process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them

Self-perception process

the process through which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes

self-regulation

the process through which people select, monitor , and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals

self-presentation

the process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us

Chronically accessible

the state of being easily activated, or primed, for use

social desirability bias

the tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable

sociocultural perspective

the theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups

independent variable

the variable manipulated by the experimenter

dependent variable

the variable measured by the experimenter

Which of the following best describes scientific theories?

theories are scientific explanations that connect and organize existing observations

which of the following is true?

unlike environmental psychologists, social psychologists focus on personality determinants of behavior

collective self

where a person derives his or her identity in large measure from a social group