Psych ch 2 practice

D) test cause-and-effect relationships.

14. Scientists use laboratory experiments primarily to A) create the most naturalistic conditions possible. B) generate initial information about whether two variables are related. C) replicate case studies. D) test cause-and-effect relationships.

A) a combination of results from many related studies.

15. A meta-analysis is A) a combination of results from many related studies. B) an alternative to the strong inference approach. C) the most common analysis in correlational research. D) the most common analysis in experimental research.

C) randomization.

16. Treatment-outcome researchers attempt to prevent initial differences between treatment and control groups by using A) statistical inference. B) placebo controls. C) randomization. D) double blinding.

D) representative samples.

17. The presence of adoring groupies at a small local club make a rock band confident they will become world famous. They should probably pay more attention to the importance of A) reliability. B) frequency distributions. C) effect size. D) representative samples.

D) The mean of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and president earn huge salaries.

18. You accept a job selling high-end knives door-to-door on commission because you were informed that company employees, on average, earn $60,000 a year. After three months of making less than $1,000 a month, you learn that most other salespeople are making less than $20,000 a year. If the company has 20 sales people, two managers, and one president, how can the company's claim still be correct? A) The median salary is higher than the mean salary. B) The modal salary is higher than the mean salary. C) The median of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and the president earn huge salaries. D) The mean of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and president earn huge salaries.

C) Heights of all adult men in America

19. Which of the following samples would produce a nearly normal distribution? A) The number of men and women in the country B) Incomes in a small company with many low-level employees and two high-paid executives C) Heights of all adult men in America D) Scores on a very easy test

B) one or more individuals are studied in great detail.

2. In case study research, A) researchers interview a representative sample of people about a topic of interest. B) one or more individuals are studied in great detail. C) people are carefully observed in real-world situations. D) subjects are polled about their beliefs and opinions.

B) provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study.

22. Ethical principles require researchers to A) explain the hypothesis they will be testing before participants begin a study. B) provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study. C) refrain from conducting research on animals. D) have their research design approved by a group of people similar to the proposed participants.

D) experimental

Research that involves intentional manipulation of variables is called _______ research. A) correlational B) case study C) descriptive D) experimental

C) should retain her hypothesis for now.

Results from a recent experiment are consistent with a researcher's expectation that exposing people to unfamiliar groups reduces prejudice. This means that the researcher A) has proven her theory. B) has proven her hypothesis. C) should retain her hypothesis for now. D) needs to follow up with correlational studies.

degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results

reliability

findings truly represent the phenomenon you are claiming to measure

validity

B) poor; not testable

"Green is the prettiest color" is a _______ hypothesis because it is _______. A) poor; not true B) poor; not testable C) good; testable D) good; true

C) Which article the women read

11. A research team is investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read an article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read an article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. Then all women in the study take a challenging math test. Researchers time the test and score the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following is the independent variable? A) Women's scores on the math test B) Women's beliefs about their math abilities C) Which article the women read D) How long it takes women to complete the math test

C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment.

12. In a phobia treatment study, the participants spend three hours facing their fears. Post-treatment scores show significant improvement in overall distress levels when handling the feared objects, so the treatment is judged as effective by the researcher. To improve the study's design, the researcher can A) increase the length of time for the treatment component. B) repeat the study with a new set of participants for a more representative sample. C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment. D) change to a correlational design since it is unethical to have participants experience fear as part of a study.

C) researchers failed to inform participants that they had a treatable disease.

23. The Tuskegee syphilis study is famous because A) it was the first use of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled research. B) it demonstrated the psychological effects of syphilis infection. C) researchers failed to inform participants that they had a treatable disease. D) measures were so low in reliability and validity that the data had no value.

D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.

24. Deception in psychological research A) has never been considered ethical. B) has not been allowed since the Tuskegee study. C) is not possible because it interferes with the legal requirement of informed consent. D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.

D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals.

25. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is responsible for all of the following except A) evaluating the rationale for a proposed study. B) ensuring researchers have minimized animal stress and pain. C) inspecting animal care facilities. D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals.

B) unconscious bias.

26. Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments show that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical résumés. This is an example of A) explicit bias. B) unconscious bias. C) poor validity. D) negative skew.

B) survey research.

27. To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, visitors were asked every day for six weeks to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of A) naturalistic observation. B) survey research. C) case study research. D) experimental research.

D) Independent

29. In experimental research, which of the following variables is controlled by the researcher? A) Confounding B) Experimental C) Dependent D) Independent

A) naturalistic observation.

3. A manager at a science museum wants to identify the most popular exhibits, so once every hour for six weeks she has volunteers count the number of people standing in front of each exhibit. This is an example of A) naturalistic observation. B) correlational research. C) case study research. D) experimental research.

D) statistical significance

30. Whether depression levels are truly lower in a treatment group than in a control group is assessed by determining the _______ of the difference in scores between groups. A) variance B) validity C) statistical inference D) statistical significance

A) reliable and valid.

31. A self-report measure of the personality trait of agreeableness produces very similar scores each time the same person completes it. It is also strongly correlated with whether family members describe a person as friendly and cooperative. This measure appears to be A) reliable and valid. B) valid but not reliable. C) reliable but not valid. D) neither reliable nor valid.

A) determine whether a proposed study is ethical.

32. The key purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to A) determine whether a proposed study is ethical. B) identify the most appropriate statistical analyses for a study. C) punish unethical researchers. D) evaluate whether a researcher's conclusions match the data.

D) studies.

33. A meta-analysis most typically focuses on a multitude of A) theories. B) hypotheses. C) phenomena. D) studies.

A) Survey research

4. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political orientation and belief in climate change? A) Survey research B) Case study research C) Naturalistic observation D) Experimental research

D) The closer a correlation is to 0.00, the weaker the relationship.

5. Which of the following is true about the strength of a correlation? A) Positive correlations are stronger than negative correlations. B) Negative correlations are stronger than positive correlations. C) The closer a correlation is to 1.00, the weaker the relationship. D) The closer a correlation is to 0.00, the weaker the relationship.

A) predicting behavior.

6. Correlations are most useful for A) predicting behavior. B) discovering the cause of behavior. C) explaining outcomes. D) testing treatments.

D) -0.75

7. Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value? A) +0.50 B) +0.30 C) 0.00 D) -0.75

B) spurious correlation.

8. As the number of pirates in the world has decreased, the mean global temperature has increased. This is an example of a A) non-linear relationship. B) spurious correlation. C) strong inference. D) meta-analysis.

A) a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

9. A hypothesis is A) a testable prediction about the relationship between variables. B) a simple explanation for a psychological finding. C) an observed relationship between independent and dependent variables. D) an unprovable assumption about psychological processes.

A) double-blind trial.

In a depression-treatment study, neither the participants nor the researcher know who is taking medication and who is taking a sugar pill. This is an example of a A) double-blind trial. B) confound. C) research design with low validity. D) research design with low reliability.

A) independent variable.

To test the impact of mood on generosity, a researcher has half of his participants watch a depressing movie and half watch a comedy. Then the researcher asks all participants for help moving boxes to another room. In this study, mood is the A) independent variable. B) dependent variable. C) confound. D) covariant.