Psych Ch 2 Quiz Bank

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent, dependent

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

The scientific process is _____, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?

closer to -1

which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

closer to 0

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

established only using evidence collected through empirical research

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Peer reviewers ____.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

_____ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliablity

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

large and randomly selected

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling, random group assignment

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample, population, generalization

a _________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

scatterplot

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as _____

scientific method

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

since the cases are so specific, the potential to apply what's learned to the average person may be very limited small sample size

Research shows that people who make cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

-1 to +1

______ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation

______ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability

_____ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

____ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

confirmation bias

A(n) ______ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The ______ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ____ in order to resolve the ____ in the study.

debrief participants, deception

The ____ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ____

detailed information

In a ______ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double blind

Researches are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a _____ study.

double blind

An intelligence test yields that same results when administered on three operate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has _____ reliability and _____ validity.

high, low

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory coorelation

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

A(n) ______ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

The Tuskegee Syphillis Study was ethically problematic because _____

participants were not allowed to seek medical treatment

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

placebo effect

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

_____ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

A(n) _______ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

there is relationship between major gender and intended major

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. Wha tis the most serious flaw of this design?

they have not defined happiness or how it will be measured

a negative correlation means

variables move in opposite directions or an inverse relationship

Which of the following would be the best example of a valid naturalistic observation study in driving behavior?

watching footage obtained from cameras set up unobtrusively on various streets