psych ch 6
According to classical-conditioning theory, phobias develop as the result of
generalization of a fear experience.
Negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar in that both
generalization of a fear experience.
After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, balloons are the ______________ and her fear is the______________.
CS; CR
Studies of the role of dopamine have shown that which of the following pairs are distinct processes?
liking and wanting
During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The spectators all cringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain of the fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, the action of ______________ might underpin the spectators' behavior.
mirror neurons
In a study on the biological bases of learning, a lab rat is given a drug thatblocks dopamine activity in its brain. The rat is then placed in an operantchamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement.We should expect that the rat will have
more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.
Fred racked up a $200 cell phone bill from his texting last month, and his parents are furious. They take away his phone for two weeks to teach him that he must reduce his texting. Fred's parents are using
negative punishment.
After getting badly sunburned, Stanley heads out for another day at the beach, this time slathering on sunscreen to avoid getting the same painful reaction. In this case, Stanley's use of sunscreen has likely been acquired byway of ______________.
negative reinforcement
Giovanni's dog Luna won't heel. To teach him to heel, Giovanni puts a choke chain and a leash on the dog somewhat tightly and goes for a walk. When Giovanni says "Heel" and Luna walks next to him, Giovanni loosens the choke chain. Now Luna heels much more often than before, due to
negative reinforcement.
Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes prediction error between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) . Which of the following statement is correct about the connection between CS and US?
All of the answer options are correct.
What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning requires learning that two events are related, whereas operant conditioning demonstrates that behavior leads to a consequence.
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward.
What does the occurrence of spontaneous recovery tell you about the functional properties of extinction?
Extinction is a form of new learning, but it only inhibits rather than deletes the learned association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.
How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious learning?
In vicarious learning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior.
Jack's parents caught him returning home late from a date and grounded him for a month. Robert was also caught arriving home late from a date, but his parents told him that as long as he gets home on time on subsequent dates, they will give him a higher allowance (though they will remove this increase if they catch him coming home late again). Neither set of parents catches every time their teenager gets home late. Why would we expect Robert to be home on time more often than Jack on future dates?
Jack is receiving intermittent reinforcement, while Robert is receiving continuous reinforcement.
What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment?
Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior.
Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles.Given that she is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her?
She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.
Erica is driving to work when she hears a loud police siren. She automatically turns off her car radio and looks for the siren so she can pull over if needed. How is this an example of non associative learning?
The key is that Erica is responding to the siren after only hearing it one time
A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a(n) ______________ and the blink was a(n)______________.
US; UR
The Premack principle explains why
a favored activity can be used to reinforce a less favored activity.
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
a smoker who does not react to the smell of smoke in his home
A candidate for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing Democrats. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting.
classical conditioning
A candidate, Carl Paladino, for governor of New York State once mailed trash-scented campaign flyers to discourage people from backing his opponents. He was most likely trying to use ___________ to influence voting.
classical conditioning
What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur?
conditioned stimulus presentation → unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response → after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response
Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that Group of answer choices
conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.
John wants to teach his pet to do a trick. Based on the partial-reinforcement extinction effect, what type(s) of reinforcement should he use if he wants to ensure enduring, stable behavior?
first continuous, then partial
After the 15th of the month, Alicia looks at her bank account and is always excited to see her paycheck deposited. Alicia receives her paycheck on a __________ schedule.
fixed interval
Libby is drawing. She places her red pencil behind her ear to use another colored pencil. After a minute Libby doesn't feel the pencil behind her ear anymore and she forgets it is there. Libby is most likely experiencing
habituation
Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. When Han is subject to classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) is _____; the unconditioned stimulus (CS) is _______; the unconditioned response (UR) is _____; and the conditioned response (CR) is _____.
hot water; the toilet flushing; feeling pain; feeling afraid
In a parent-and-infant swimming class, parents blow air on their infant's face and then blow bubbles in the water. Subsequently, the infant blows bubbles in the water. The infant is engaging in ______________.
imitation
After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break.While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with the solution."Aha!" moments such as this are a form of ______________ learning that occursin the apparent absence of reinforcement.
insight
Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later,your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of______________, your older daughter has acted as a ______________.
observational learning; model
Both Tolman's operant conditioning research of three groups of rat running mazes (no food reward group, regularly reward group, and no food until day 11 group) and Bandura's vicarious learning research of three groups of children watching a model hitting a doll (control group, reward group, and punishment group) demonstrated that reward affects ___________.
performance more than learning
Jill gets mad when her roommate, Brenda, uses Jill's stuff. Lately, when Jill catches Brenda using her stuff, Jill will play very loudly a song that Brenda hates. Now, Brenda is using Jill's stuff much less, due to the effect of
positive punishment.
Lisa is a kindergarten teacher who wants her students to cooperate with each other. So, when the students help each other, Lisa praises them. The students soon help each other more, as a result of
positive reinforcement.
Dion was hiking in the woods when he spotted a snake. Without thinking about it, he abruptly turned around and returned to the parking area. Biological______________ can partially explain Dion's behavior.
preparedness
When using shaping to train a crow to pick up trash, it is important to reinforce ________.
successive approximations of the desired behavior
Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every two weeks. He decides to cram for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the law of effect,the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been______________.
reduced
Shaping is
rewarding behaviors that increasingly resemble the desired behavior.
The tag on the back of Michael's shirt is very itchy. He keeps scratching his back and pulling at the tag, but it continues to bother him. Michael is most likely experiencing
sensitization.
When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrot flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he has been afraid of all birds.Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of______________.
stimulus generalization
Recall the story about Han's being classically conditioned. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through
stimulus generalization.
Han takes a shower in his family's new apartment. He gets the water perfect—not too hot, because that hurts! Then Han hears his son flush the toilet. The water gets very hot, which makes Han feel a lot of pain. After this happens a few times, Han feels afraid when he hears a toilet flush while he is in the shower. Soon, Han notices that when he is in the shower and hears water running through the pipes, he feels afraid. Han is now most likely experiencing learning through _______. After a few months, Han has had enough! He asks his son to flush the toilet many times when Han is showering with very cold water so that Han no longer feels afraid of the toilet flushing. Han is attempting to perform on himself a learning procedure called ________.
stimulus generalization; extinction
Timmy is trying to get a toy that comes in some boxes of breakfast cereal. He keeps opening boxes of cereal, knowing that if he opens enough boxes, he will eventually find a toy. Timmy is being reinforced on a __________ schedule.
variable ratio
When one learns the consequences of an action by watching another person perform the action, this type of learning is called ________ learning.
vicarious