Mammography Chapter 3 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology

What is the primary function of the mammory glands?

production of milk

What are Morgagni's tubercles?

protrusions of nipple

Seperating the breast from the pectoral muscle is a fatty are called the?

retromammory space

The breast meets the abdominal wall at apporximatley the?

seventh rib

What is a lymph node?

small kidney shaped organ which is a part of the lymphoid tissue. Lymph nodes lie at intervals along the lymphatic vessel and are seen mammographiclly as ovoid structures with a lucent center or hilum.

Where does the posterior group lie?

subscapular vessels

On shich two attachements is the beast most secure?

superior and medial

What division of the nervous system controls the involuntary ejection of milk in response to suckling action?

sympathetic

TDLU

terminal ductal lobar unit and is the most distal end of the ductal system. It can further divide into the exralobular terminal ductal and intralobular ductal unit.

What is palliative treatment?

treatment used to relieve or alleviate the pain or symptoms of a disease without actually curing the disease.

Tail of spence?

upper outer quadrant of breast which extends toward axilla. Thickest portion of breast.

Which vessel would be more superficial, arteries or veins?

veins

What are the fibrous bands that predominate the upper parts of the breast are called what?

Cooper's ligaments

What is the Intralobular terminal lined with and what glands are located here?

Cuboidal cells. Alveolar glands are located here which holds the acinus, the milk production element of the breast.

Where does the lymphatic drain in medial breast?

Internal mammory lymph nodes

What is the process by which the breast loses its supporting structure to fat?

Involution

There are superficial veins and Deep veins. Where do both of these drain?

Superficial run longitudinal and transverse patters just under skin surface. Deeper veins drain behind the nipple. The largest of deep veins drain directly into axillary veins.

In which area is the skin of the breast thinnest?

at the approach of the nipple

Where is glandular breast tissue most commonly found?

central extending laterally toward axilla in upper outer quadrant.

What are Lactiferrous ducts?

Ducts within the breast conveying milk to the nipple.

Where do the deep lymphati vessels carry lymph to?

Drain glandular tissue which follows the path of blood vessels

Where does the anterior group lie?

deep below pectoralis major lower boarder of pec minor

What is the function of the lymphatic system in the breast?

Drain waste and excess intersitial fluid from cells and tissue spaces and return it to the blood. Lymphatic system is also responsible for the transportation of hormones. Also immune response.

What is the most common site for metases from breast cancer?

axillary lymph nodes

What is the name given to the milk producing elements of the breast?

Acinus

What are the negative effects of hormone replacement therapy?

1. Breast cancer 2. Asthma 3. Dementia 4. Heart attaks 5. strokes 6. blood clots

Location of breast:

1. Upper extent- 2nd or 3rd rib 2. Lower extent- 6th or 7th rib 3. Medial extent- mid sternum 4. lateral extent- midaxillary line. Latissumus dorsi muscle.

What are the positive effects of hormone replacement therapy?

1. relieves symptoms of menopause 2. Hot flashes 3. sleep disturbances 4. fatigue 5. osteroporosis 6. insomnia

what are the four quadrants the breast can be divided into?

1. upper outer quadrant 2. upper inner quadrant 3. lower outer quadrant 4. lower inner quadrant

On average, how many lobes are found in an adult female breast?

15 to 20 lobes

How many lobes are the breast composed of?

15 to 20. Each lobe consists of tree like patterns of radiating ducts exiting the nipple at which holds the fuctional, milk producing gland called alveolar glands.

How many axillary lymph nodes are there and what are the 5 groups they are arranged in?

20 to 30. 1. Anterior group 2. Posterior group 3. Lateral group 4. Central group 5. Apical group

What is the approximate size of a lymph node?

2cm

How much do the axillary lymph nodes drain in general?

3/4

What is the Lactiferrous sinus?

A Ampulla in the connecting duct immediatly behind the nipple orifice. The ampulla is a pouch like structure that holds milk.

Latissimus dorsi muscle

A broad triangular muscle located on the inferior part of the back. It arises from the lower half of the spine and the iliac crest and inserts at the front of the upper part of the humerus. It is the widest and most pwerful muscle of the back.

What affect will lactation have on the ducts and aveioli?

Aleveli and laciferous dects become dilated and distended

Lateral group?

Along axillary vein

What is a lobule?

Also called a ductile or the terminal ductal unit. The TDLU's are further divided into extralobular terminal duct and Intralobular terminal duct.

what is Lobule?

Also called the terminal ductule lobular unit, it lies at the end of the branching tree of ducts. It holds the alveolar glands which are the milk producing elements of the breast.

Retromammary space?

Area of fatty tissue seperating the breast from pectoral muscle.

The fibrous bands that predominate in the upper breast and support the breast structure are called?

Cooper's ligaments

What is involution?

During menopause, atrophy of mammory structures begins. Breast loses glandular tissue and supportive and connective tissue to fat.

Using clock notation, the 4 o clock position on the right breast will represent which area on the left?

Eight o clock

What is the Extralobular terminal duct lined with?

Elastic tissue lined by columnar cells.

What system in the body has the most impact in directing devleopment and regulating body functions?

Endocrine

What is Gynecomastia?

Enlargement of the male breast due to growth of the ducts and supporting tissue.

What does the term parity refer to?

If a woman carries a pregnancy to a point of 20 weeks before gestation regardless of outcome.

What is Klinefelters sydrome?

Instead of having 46 chromosomes, the patient has 47. Most typically in males. Doubling of the X chromosomes results in large breasts, small testes, sparse facial hair, inability to produce sperm.

What rare disorder in men is characterized by abnormal chormosome pattern with poorly developed sex organs that men are 20 times more likely to develop breast cancer?

Klinefelters syndrome

Males with what syndrome are more prone to develop breast cancer?

Klinefeters syndrome

The duct that drains milk directly to the exterior is called the?

Lacterous duct

What are Montgomerys glands?

Large modified sebacous glands on the areola of the breast. They secrete a fatty fluid that lubricates and protects the nipple during nursing and also have smooth muscles that cause the nipples to become erect when stimulated.

Central group?

Lying in axillary tissues . Most palpable.

What are some factors affecting breast tissue composistion?

Menarche, hormonal fluctuation, pregnancy, lactation, menopause, weight gain or loss

The specialized sweat glands found on the areola are called?

Montgomery glands

What glands become more prominent during pregnancy and lactation?

Montgomerys glands. the glands secrete fatty lubricant which protects the nipple during nursing.

What are the protrusions on the surface of aerola called?

Morgagnis tubercles

What is the inframammary crease?

Most inferior aspect of the breast when it meets the anterior abdominal wall.

Serratus anterior muscle?

Originates on surface of upper eight ribs on lateral aspect of the chest and inserts along entire anterior length of medial border of scapula.

What do andrenal steroids control?

cell metabolism

The muscle immediatly posterior to the breast is the?

Pec major

When is the retromammary space seen and where is it located?

Seen in mediolateral oblique projections . Seperates the breast from pectoral muscle.

What is Cooper's ligaments?

Strands of connective tissue that run between the skin and deep fascia to support the lobes of the breast. They start at the most posterior portion of the breast and extend outward to attach to the anterior fascia of the skin.

What are hormones?

Substances that are released by a gland or organ in one part of the body, then tavel through the blood stream to regulate the activity or secretions of cells in another part of the body.

Where does the breast get the majority of its blood supply from?

The axillary artery via its lateral thoracic and acromiothoracic branches and from the internal thoracic artery.

What is a fibrocystic breast?

The breast develops thickening of the alveoli in addition to one or more cysts. Cysts are fluid filled sacs. Fibrocystic breasts are often lumpy, swollen and tender, espeically a week before menustration begins.

What is the upper extent of the breast?

The clavicle at second and third rib

What is Involution?

The process that begins at menopause as the breast loses its supportive tissue to fat, to produce a smaller breast or a larger more pendulous one.

Why are lymphatic vessels thinner than veins and have more valves?

There is no heart to pump the lymph so therefore the valves force a one way flow.

How do lymphatic vessels work?

They start as lymphatic capillaries located between the cells. They are closed at one end and unite to form larger lymphatic vessels.

Within the breast, there are both superficial and deep plexus of lymphatic vessels. Where does the superficial vessels carry lymph to?

To axillary nodes via the pectoral node.

How does the lymphatic drain in lateral breast?

To pectoral group then to axillary nodes

What is chemotherapy?

Using drugs to treat cancer that may have spread throughout the body.

Are veins or arteries larger?

Veins.

What influences the development of mammory tissues?

Within first two weeks of conception, the corpus luteuma and placenta both produce estrogen and progesterone which influence this.

What is located in the upper outer quadrant?

extends towards the axilla, is known as the axillary tail, tail of breast, or tail of spence.

The retromammary spae is filled with a layer of what type of tissue?

fatty or adipose

what does estrogen control?

growth of ducts

Pectoralis major muscle?

large, thick, fan shaped muscle located anterior portion of the upper parts of chest, immediatly posterior to the breast. Originating medial clavicle and lateral sternum and streching upward and laterally to insert in the bicipital groove.

What does progesterone control?

lobular development

What does prolactin control?

lobular development during pregnancy

Apical group?

lying above the pectoralis minor at apex of axilla and behind clavicle.

What is Acinus?

milk producing element of the breast located within alveolar glands

What is the terminology used to describe a woman who has borne more than one child?

multiparity

Sebaceous glands?

oil secretting glands in the skin