psych ch 7

27. (p. 248) Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should _____. A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college B. move back home with her parents and commute to college C. drop out of college D. should indulge in fixations

A. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

4. (p. 244) Why are computers considered to be an oversimplified model of the mind's processing of information? A. Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing. B. Computer information is far too complex for such a comparison to be accurate. C. Computer information is too mathematically based for such a comparison to be accurate. D. Computers are currently unable to perform tasks better than humans.

A. Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

37. (p. 251) _____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I knew it all along effect." A. Hindsight bias B. Confirmation bias C. Selection bias D. Intervention bias

A. Hindsight bias

43. (p. 253-254) Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking? A. Mindfulness and open-mindedness B. Fixedness and divergent thinking C. Heuristics and creativity D. Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

A. Mindfulness and open-mindedness

33. (p. 249-250) _____ uses established rules to draw conclusions, whereas in _____, such rules are not established, and we may not know the consequences of the decisions. A. Reasoning/decision making B. Heuristics/algorithms C. Creativity/reasoning D. Heuristics/reasoning

A. Reasoning/decision making

23. (p. 247) When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems? A. Speed and efficiency B. Mental set C. Accuracy D. Precision

A. Speed and efficiency

13. (p. 246-247) In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems _____. A. are vague and/or ill defined B. suggest obvious operations C. provide clear definitions D. are beyond the average person's ability to solve

A. are vague and/or ill defined

45. (p. 253) Mindfulness involves _____. A. being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities B. being receptive to other ways of looking at things C. having a strong ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways D. the tendency to ignore information about general principles

A. being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities

15. (p. 247) Recognizing problems involves _____. A. being aware of and open to experiences B. functional fixedness C. artificial intelligence D. using heuristics

A. being aware of and open to experiences

5. (p. 243) Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of _____, a task that only humans can perform. A. developing new learning goals B. prescribing medical treatments C. evaluating loan applications D. diagnosing medical illnesses

A. developing new learning goals

3. (p. 243) When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____ and cognition is described as its _____. A. hardware/software B. software/hardware C. hardware/hard drive D. software/RAM

A. hardware/software

29. (p. 249) Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using _____. A. inductive reasoning B. deductive reasoning C. critical thinking D. descriptive reasoning

A. inductive reasoning

30. (p. 249) Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of _____. A. inductive reasoning B. deductive reasoning C. algorithms D. artificial intelligence

A. inductive reasoning

26. (p. 248) Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Monique has _____. A. overcome functional fixedness B. used a heuristic to solve her packing problem C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem D. used subgoaling to obtain the appropriate packing materials

A. overcome functional fixedness

21. (p. 247) Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their _____. A. speed of processing B. information processing capacity C. creativity D. scope

A. speed of processing

17. (p. 247) You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. Your apartment is a mess and you have nothing to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of _____. A. subgoaling B. using algorithms C. using heuristics D. prototype

A. subgoaling

9. (p. 246) According to _____, when people evaluate whether a particular object reflects a certain concept, they compare the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties. A. the prototype model B. the availability heuristic C. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence D. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

A. the prototype model

6. (p. 245) _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. A. Algorithms B. Concepts C. Semantics D. Heuristics

B. Concepts

11. (p. 246) _____ may help us to generalize, whereas _____ may help us accomplish a goal. A. Problem solving/concepts B. Concepts/problem solving C. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) D. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms

B. Concepts/problem solving

50. (p. 254) _____ produces the single best solution to a problem. A. Deductive reasoning B. Convergent thinking C. Divergent thinking D. Inductive reasoning

B. Convergent thinking

47. (p. 254) _____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. A. An algorithm B. Creativity C. A heuristic D. Fixedness

B. Creativity

32. (p. 249) _____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Algorithms D. Heuristics

B. Deductive reasoning

12. (p. 246) Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? A. Evaluate solutions B. Find and frame problems C. Develop good problem-solving strategies D. Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

B. Find and frame problems

25. (p. 248) _____ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. A. Pessimism B. Humility C. Egocentrism D. Self awareness

B. Humility

44. (p. 253) _____ is a characteristic of good critical thinkers. A. Pessimism B. Humility C. Egocentrism D. Rigidity

B. Humility

36. (p. 251) Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them? A. She will read both the editorials that she agrees with and those that she doesn't to get a balanced view of issues. B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with. C. She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get an idea of what the other perspectives on issues may be. D. She will not read any of the editorials.

B. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with.

16. (p. 247) You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem-solving strategy of subgoaling, you would do which of the following? A. You would cram the night before the test. B. You would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence. C. You would decide who should be your study partner. D. You would study the learning objectives for each chapter instead of reading the chapters.

B. You would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence.

19. (p. 247) A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. A. subgoal B. algorithm C. heuristic D. fixation

B. algorithm

46. (p. 254) Open-mindedness involves _____. A. being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities B. being receptive to other ways of looking at things C. the tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information D. the tendency to ignore information about general principles

B. being receptive to other ways of looking at things

34. (p. 251) The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as _____. A. hindsight bias B. confirmation bias C. intervention bias D. selection bias

B. confirmation bias

31. (p. 249) Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with a few of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these particular students will also be rich and snobby, he is using _____. A. inductive reasoning B. deductive reasoning C. critical thinking D. artificial intelligence

B. deductive reasoning

49. (p. 254) Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business. Lionel is asking his employees to engage in _____. A. convergent thinking B. divergent thinking C. heuristic thinking D. functional fixedness

B. divergent thinking

38. (p. 251) Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred seems to be demonstrating _____. A. overconfidence bias B. hindsight bias C. selection bias D. deductive reasoning

B. hindsight bias

1. (p. 243) Cognitive psychology is the study of _____. A. motivation and emotion B. mental processes C. abnormal functioning D. social relationships

B. mental processes

10. (p. 246) A prototype is a _____. A. strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem B. representation of the average or ideal member of a concept C. tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them D. the way in which information is processed and manipulated in the decision making process

B. representation of the average or ideal member of a concept

39. (p. 252) If you spend the day imagining the outcome of the upcoming football game, and then a friend asks you what your favorite sport is and you say "football" even though before today basketball was actually your favorite, you have used and/or experienced _____. A. confirmation bias B. the availability heuristic C. hindsight bias D. timing bias

B. the availability heuristic

48. (p. 254) _____ produces many solutions to the same problem. A. Deductive reasoning B. Convergent thinking C. Divergent thinking D. Inductive reasoning

C. Divergent thinking

24. (p. 247) Developing a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the solution occurs during which step of the problem-solving process? A. Finding and framing the problem. B. Developing problem-solving strategies C. Evaluation of solutions D. Redefining problems over time

C. Evaluation of solutions

20. (p. 247) Claudia is trying to cook her mother's famous lasagna. She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. Claudia is using a(n) _____. A. heuristic B. subgoal C. algorithm D. category

C. algorithm

40. (p. 252) The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. attention bias B. simulation heuristic C. availability heuristic D. representativeness heuristic

C. availability heuristic

7. (p. 246) Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _____ of sports. A. heuristic B. morphemes C. concept D. algorithm

C. concept

28. (p. 249) People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is known as _____. A. deductive reasoning B. subgoaling C. inductive reasoning D. problem spacing

C. inductive reasoning

2. (p. 243) Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except _____. A. problem solving B. reasoning C. telepathy D. decision making

C. telepathy

8. (p. 246) Which of the following is true of concepts? A. Concepts prevent us from generalizing. B. Concepts are independent of experiences and objects. C. Concepts complicate the memory process. D. Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

D. Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

35. (p. 251) Cathy just got transferred to a new department, but she has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable, critical person. According to the confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department? A. She will forget about the things she has thought about her new supervisor. B. She will look for positive behaviors on the part of her supervisor. C. She will tell the new supervisor what she has thought. D. She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

D. She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

22. (p. 247) What is the primary disadvantage of using algorithms? A. They only work for large problems. B. They are very similar to trial-and-error. C. Correct solutions are not guaranteed. D. Solutions may take a long time.

D. Solutions may take a long time.

42. (p. 252) _____ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. A. Hindsight bias B. Confirmation bias C. The availability heuristic D. The representativeness heuristic

D. The representativeness heuristic

41. (p. 252) The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information is known as _____. A. Bonferroni inequalities B. false discovery rate C. Boole's inequality D. base rate fallacy

D. base rate fallacy

14. (p. 246) According to the textbook, _____ is the first step in the problem-solving process. A. developing good problem-solving strategies B. evaluating solutions C. rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time D. finding and framing the problem

D. finding and framing the problem

18. (p. 247) The good strategy for subgoaling is to _____. A. work forward in your planning, first creating a subgoal closest to the start and finally creating a subgoal close to the final goal B. not create more than two subgoals C. not create fewer than ten subgoals D. work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort

D. work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort