psych chap 1,2,4,5,6,7,13
which of the following accurately defines higher - order conditioning
the use of a conditioned stimulus as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
which of the following best describes the process of encoding
transforming information for retention in memory
which of the following lies at the core of flashbulb memories
emotion
what parts of declartive memory stores an "autobiographical" record of personal experiences?
episodic memory
which of the following is the best definition of the Limbic System?
A set of brain structures that play important roles in regulating emotion and memory
How does a pyschological drug dependence differ from a physical drug dependence
A pyschological dependence is when a person compulsively uses a drug to maintain the feeling of comfort or well being
which of the following is the best defintion of Oxytocin
A hormone relaesed by the pituitary gland that plays a broad role in social bonding
Which of the following is a definition of psychiatrist ?
A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
which of the following statements describes habitation
A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus
a technique that records activity llevels in various areas of the brain is called---
A functional meganetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan
which theory propses that dreams are how brians process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
which of the following is a disadvantage of correlation research
Cause-and-effect relationships cannot be confirmed
Gil entered a competition with his friends that requires him to recite the winner of each of the 1,230 game played in the NBA by the end of the current season progressed, Gil divided the list of winning teams by months, weeks, and days that the games were played. Gil's encoding strategy which strategy?
Chunking
the left and right sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by what structure?
Corpus callosum
which is a non-experimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated?
Correlational research
what is a subtance that creates a sense of euphorias and relaxtions by lowering anxiety and reducing tension
Depressant
which of the following is associated with poor health and marked by persistant negative emotions, including anxiety, depression, and hostility?
Disease- prone personality
which of the following terms refers to progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug
Drug tolenance
in freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person, are referred to as
Dynamic unconscious
which of the following detects weak brain wave signals and records them on a moving sheet of paper or a computer screen?
EEG
which of the following describes a field of study that only focuses on whole Units of thinking, learning, and perception?
Gestalt psychology
Which of the following drug types is also twchnically a stimulant but differs in its effect on the user by stimulating changes in perception
Halluciogen
which of the following is a treatement approach to drug addiction that seeks to reduce the negative consequences of addiction without necessarily requiring drug abstience?
Harm reduction stategy
Which part of the limbic system is involved in storing memories?
Hippocampus
once a person enters into the stages of sleep, what woukd be the primary difference between his or her behavior in Stage 4 and his or her behavior in Stage 1?
In stage 4, the sleeper's brain waves are almost pure slow-wave delta, meaning they are in a state of oblivian
which of the following is an advantage of the survey method of conducting research
It allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered
The information that forms a flashbulb memory becomes intensely consolidadted by triggering the
Limbic system
which of the following is there first step of the scientific method?
Make observations
what is the ability to think about thinking called
Metacognition
which of th e following is a state of awareness that oposses concentrative meditation due to its widening the users attention span openness to all his or her surrounding enviroment
Mindfulness meditation
which of the following is an insulating material that covers some axons
Myelin sheath
which one of the following is the name for a type of cell in the nervous system that transmits information?
Neuron
--------- is the broader field of biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system
Neuroscience
which of the following is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a method of conducting research
Observations may be biased, and causes cannot be conclusively identified
which following refers to past experience, motives, context,or suggestions that prepare you to percieve in a certain way?
Perceptutal expectancy
Evolutionary psychologists would focus on which of the following
Physical features that help plant sand animals adapt to their environment
which of the following accuratelt characterizes the executive functions of the brain?
Processes that allow us to regulate and coordinate our own thought processes
The Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts is called
Psychoanalysis
What is the effect that explains why alcholholics have horrible nightmares after they quit drinking?
REM rebound
During which stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) do the first signs of psychosomatic disorders begin to appear?
Resistance
which of the following refers to the electrical charge of an inactive neuron?
Resting potential
What is functionalism?
School of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations
Which of the following refers to the process of fully developing personal potentials?
Self- actualization
where does maintenance rehersal occur?
Short-term memory
which of the following is a network linking the spinal cord with the body and sense organs?
Somatic nervous system
what kind of nerves carry sensory and motor messages in and out of the column that transmits information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?
Spinal nerves
which of the following refers to the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal ?
Sympathetic nervous system
extinction of a learned response can result from ----
TERMINATING reinforcement
how is consciousness defined in the field of psychology
The awareness of one's internal thoughts and external surroundings
which of the following best describes cultural relativity
The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which is occurs
How is behaviorism defined?
a school of of thought is psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptation
what is a response chain in operant conditioning
a series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement
the first stage of general adaption sydrome (GAS) is called-----
alarm reaction
which of the following accurately describes a neural network?
an interlinked collection of neurons that processes information in the brain
what enables information to move from sensory memory into short-term memory?
attention
an interdisciplinary approach to acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interacts to influence human behavior and mental processes is called
biopsychology model
A norrowing in the information channel that links the senses to perception is known as a ----
bottleneck
pairing a stimulus that DOES not produce a reflexitive response with a stimulus that DOES eliect a reflexive response will likely cause which of the following to occur?
classical conditioing
which of the following refers to someone who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
clinical psychologist
which of the following ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the direction and strength of association
coefficient of correlation
mirror neruons get their name because they become active when a person -----
does a motor action or watches someone else do the same action
Telling a friend about the time you went hang gliding in the Alps would be classifed as a
explicit, episodic
which of the following best conveys the current perspective on using eyewitness testimony in the legal system?
eyewitness testimony must be verified or corroborated by other sources before it can be used to make decisions in a court of law.
weapon focus is a form of inattention blindess whereby a witness ---
fails to notice details of the attacker because scrutiny is fixed on the knife or gun used
a subject will recieve reinforcment only after giving a specific number of correct responses in a ----
fixed ratio schedule
which of the following best describes cognitive learning?
higher - level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation
which of the following is defined as a state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility?
hypnosis
predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationship between variables is known as ----
hypothesis
Length, positon, motion,curvature, or direction is misjudged consistently is a/an ----
illusions
what is the difference between the primary and secondary appraisal of stessors?
in primary appraisal, you decide the relevance of the situation, and in secondary appraisal, you decide HOW to deal with that situation.
personal observation of ones thoughts, feeling, or behavior is called
introspective
which of the following is an advantage of the experimental method of conducting research
it allows powerful controlled observations to be staged
which of the following statements most accurately describes the characteristics of non-rapid eye movement sleep?
it is the deepest early in the night during the first four stages of sleep
any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience is known as---
learning
which of the following are the most definitive exaomles of the effects of meditation
meditation can give you energy and improve digestion
the capacity of the Brain to change in response to experience is called -----
neuroplasticity
chemically related drugs such as heroine, (big H, dope, horse), morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl are called--
opioids
a change in the brain that modifies how we constuct sensory information into perception is known as----
perceptual learning
which of the following refers to the parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord?
peripheral nervous system
where would the memory of how to to ride a bike be stored?
procedural memory
which of the following involves obtaining additional information to check perception
reality testing
hearing an old song that triggers memory, which in turns triggers further associated memories, is an example of----
redintergration
in conditioing, the reinforcemnt of incresignely close approximations of the desired response is called the principal of---
shaping
insomnia, night terrors, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all be classified undee which type of sleep disorder
sleep-wake disorder
which of the following best describes explicit memory
stored information that is counciously retrieved
the study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements is called
structuralism
what is the microscopic gap that separates individual neurons?
synapse
Biopsychology is the study of
the brain, nervous system, and other physical organs of behavior
which of the following best defines neurogenesis
the development of new neurons
when positive reinforcement is being applied, what is the consequence of making a desired response?
the pleasant experiment begins
which of the following is a clear definition of meditation
the practice of training one's mind to alter its state of consciousness
which of the following defines health psychology?
the study of how cognitive and beahavioral principals can be used to prevent illness and promote physical well-being
What is confirmation bias?
the tendency to remember information that fits ones exception while ignoring discrepancies
which of these describes a way to avoid researcher bias
use a double blind study format
