psych chap 1,2,4,5,6,7,13

which of the following accurately defines higher - order conditioning

the use of a conditioned stimulus as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

which of the following best describes the process of encoding

transforming information for retention in memory

which of the following lies at the core of flashbulb memories

emotion

what parts of declartive memory stores an "autobiographical" record of personal experiences?

episodic memory

which of the following is the best definition of the Limbic System?

A set of brain structures that play important roles in regulating emotion and memory

How does a pyschological drug dependence differ from a physical drug dependence

A pyschological dependence is when a person compulsively uses a drug to maintain the feeling of comfort or well being

which of the following is the best defintion of Oxytocin

A hormone relaesed by the pituitary gland that plays a broad role in social bonding

Which of the following is a definition of psychiatrist ?

A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders

which of the following statements describes habitation

A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus

a technique that records activity llevels in various areas of the brain is called---

A functional meganetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan

which theory propses that dreams are how brians process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

which of the following is a disadvantage of correlation research

Cause-and-effect relationships cannot be confirmed

Gil entered a competition with his friends that requires him to recite the winner of each of the 1,230 game played in the NBA by the end of the current season progressed, Gil divided the list of winning teams by months, weeks, and days that the games were played. Gil's encoding strategy which strategy?

Chunking

the left and right sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by what structure?

Corpus callosum

which is a non-experimental study that quantifies the degree to which events, measures, or variables are associated?

Correlational research

what is a subtance that creates a sense of euphorias and relaxtions by lowering anxiety and reducing tension

Depressant

which of the following is associated with poor health and marked by persistant negative emotions, including anxiety, depression, and hostility?

Disease- prone personality

which of the following terms refers to progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug

Drug tolenance

in freudian theory, the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person, are referred to as

Dynamic unconscious

which of the following detects weak brain wave signals and records them on a moving sheet of paper or a computer screen?

EEG

which of the following describes a field of study that only focuses on whole Units of thinking, learning, and perception?

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following drug types is also twchnically a stimulant but differs in its effect on the user by stimulating changes in perception

Halluciogen

which of the following is a treatement approach to drug addiction that seeks to reduce the negative consequences of addiction without necessarily requiring drug abstience?

Harm reduction stategy

Which part of the limbic system is involved in storing memories?

Hippocampus

once a person enters into the stages of sleep, what woukd be the primary difference between his or her behavior in Stage 4 and his or her behavior in Stage 1?

In stage 4, the sleeper's brain waves are almost pure slow-wave delta, meaning they are in a state of oblivian

which of the following is an advantage of the survey method of conducting research

It allows information about large numbers of people to be gathered

The information that forms a flashbulb memory becomes intensely consolidadted by triggering the

Limbic system

which of the following is there first step of the scientific method?

Make observations

what is the ability to think about thinking called

Metacognition

which of th e following is a state of awareness that oposses concentrative meditation due to its widening the users attention span openness to all his or her surrounding enviroment

Mindfulness meditation

which of the following is an insulating material that covers some axons

Myelin sheath

which one of the following is the name for a type of cell in the nervous system that transmits information?

Neuron

--------- is the broader field of biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system

Neuroscience

which of the following is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a method of conducting research

Observations may be biased, and causes cannot be conclusively identified

which following refers to past experience, motives, context,or suggestions that prepare you to percieve in a certain way?

Perceptutal expectancy

Evolutionary psychologists would focus on which of the following

Physical features that help plant sand animals adapt to their environment

which of the following accuratelt characterizes the executive functions of the brain?

Processes that allow us to regulate and coordinate our own thought processes

The Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts is called

Psychoanalysis

What is the effect that explains why alcholholics have horrible nightmares after they quit drinking?

REM rebound

During which stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) do the first signs of psychosomatic disorders begin to appear?

Resistance

which of the following refers to the electrical charge of an inactive neuron?

Resting potential

What is functionalism?

School of psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations

Which of the following refers to the process of fully developing personal potentials?

Self- actualization

where does maintenance rehersal occur?

Short-term memory

which of the following is a network linking the spinal cord with the body and sense organs?

Somatic nervous system

what kind of nerves carry sensory and motor messages in and out of the column that transmits information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?

Spinal nerves

which of the following refers to the division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal ?

Sympathetic nervous system

extinction of a learned response can result from ----

TERMINATING reinforcement

how is consciousness defined in the field of psychology

The awareness of one's internal thoughts and external surroundings

which of the following best describes cultural relativity

The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which is occurs

How is behaviorism defined?

a school of of thought is psychology that considers behaviors in terms of active adaptation

what is a response chain in operant conditioning

a series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement

the first stage of general adaption sydrome (GAS) is called-----

alarm reaction

which of the following accurately describes a neural network?

an interlinked collection of neurons that processes information in the brain

what enables information to move from sensory memory into short-term memory?

attention

an interdisciplinary approach to acknowledging that biological, psychological, and social factors interacts to influence human behavior and mental processes is called

biopsychology model

A norrowing in the information channel that links the senses to perception is known as a ----

bottleneck

pairing a stimulus that DOES not produce a reflexitive response with a stimulus that DOES eliect a reflexive response will likely cause which of the following to occur?

classical conditioing

which of the following refers to someone who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances

clinical psychologist

which of the following ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 and indicates the direction and strength of association

coefficient of correlation

mirror neruons get their name because they become active when a person -----

does a motor action or watches someone else do the same action

Telling a friend about the time you went hang gliding in the Alps would be classifed as a

explicit, episodic

which of the following best conveys the current perspective on using eyewitness testimony in the legal system?

eyewitness testimony must be verified or corroborated by other sources before it can be used to make decisions in a court of law.

weapon focus is a form of inattention blindess whereby a witness ---

fails to notice details of the attacker because scrutiny is fixed on the knife or gun used

a subject will recieve reinforcment only after giving a specific number of correct responses in a ----

fixed ratio schedule

which of the following best describes cognitive learning?

higher - level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation

which of the following is defined as a state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and heightened suggestibility?

hypnosis

predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relationship between variables is known as ----

hypothesis

Length, positon, motion,curvature, or direction is misjudged consistently is a/an ----

illusions

what is the difference between the primary and secondary appraisal of stessors?

in primary appraisal, you decide the relevance of the situation, and in secondary appraisal, you decide HOW to deal with that situation.

personal observation of ones thoughts, feeling, or behavior is called

introspective

which of the following is an advantage of the experimental method of conducting research

it allows powerful controlled observations to be staged

which of the following statements most accurately describes the characteristics of non-rapid eye movement sleep?

it is the deepest early in the night during the first four stages of sleep

any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience is known as---

learning

which of the following are the most definitive exaomles of the effects of meditation

meditation can give you energy and improve digestion

the capacity of the Brain to change in response to experience is called -----

neuroplasticity

chemically related drugs such as heroine, (big H, dope, horse), morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl are called--

opioids

a change in the brain that modifies how we constuct sensory information into perception is known as----

perceptual learning

which of the following refers to the parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord?

peripheral nervous system

where would the memory of how to to ride a bike be stored?

procedural memory

which of the following involves obtaining additional information to check perception

reality testing

hearing an old song that triggers memory, which in turns triggers further associated memories, is an example of----

redintergration

in conditioing, the reinforcemnt of incresignely close approximations of the desired response is called the principal of---

shaping

insomnia, night terrors, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all be classified undee which type of sleep disorder

sleep-wake disorder

which of the following best describes explicit memory

stored information that is counciously retrieved

the study of sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements is called

structuralism

what is the microscopic gap that separates individual neurons?

synapse

Biopsychology is the study of

the brain, nervous system, and other physical organs of behavior

which of the following best defines neurogenesis

the development of new neurons

when positive reinforcement is being applied, what is the consequence of making a desired response?

the pleasant experiment begins

which of the following is a clear definition of meditation

the practice of training one's mind to alter its state of consciousness

which of the following defines health psychology?

the study of how cognitive and beahavioral principals can be used to prevent illness and promote physical well-being

What is confirmation bias?

the tendency to remember information that fits ones exception while ignoring discrepancies

which of these describes a way to avoid researcher bias

use a double blind study format