PSYCH CHAP 8

the three characteristics associated with motivation are

activation (the initiation of behavior), persistence (continued efforts to achieve a goal), and intensity (the vigor of responding)

when bernice finished her first 10-mile race in less that 90 minutes, she felt totally exhilarated and overjoyed by having achieved her goal. her intense feelings suggest that ________ are closely tied to motivation

emotions

according to the earliest theories of motivation, instinct theories, people are motivated to

engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming

when trevor is hungry, he eats. the consumption of food serves to maintain

homeostasis

Mrs. Lewis gives a gold star to any child in her class who gets 100 percent on the weekly spelling test. This example illustrates _________ theory

incentive

bruno the bear hibernates every winter. this behavior is an example of an ________

instinct

arousal theory is based on the notion that people are motivated to

maintain an optimal level of arousal. when arousal is too low, we are motivated to seek stimulation, and when it is too high we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment

amber is a graduate student studying the biological, emotional, cognitive, and social forces that activate and direct behavior. her area of research is

motivation

humanistic theories emphasize the importance of

psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

the limitation of arousal theory is that

what constitutes an optimal level of arousal varies from person to person, time to time, and from one situation to another. for example, some people (called sensation seekers) seek out varied, novel, and unique sensory experiences because they find high levels of arousal pleasurable

Gurjinder loves bungee jumping, skydiving, and hang-gliding. because of her need for novel and exciting sensory stimulation she is likely to be dubbed a

sensation seeker

incentive theories limitation is

that many behaviors are not primarily motivated by any kind of external incentive (we sometimes engage in behaviors for their own sake without any obvious reinforcement)

drive theories limitations are

that people engage in behaviors that are not a reflection of internal drives (we sometimes eat when we are not hungry or don't eat when we are hungry) and that many behaviors involve psychological influences, such as buying a lottery ticket, that are not related to filling unmet biological needs

the limitation of instinct theories is

that they merely describe and label behaviors rather than actually explain them

motivation

the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

motivation refers to

the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

emotions are closely tied to motivational processes (and vice versa) because both involve

the complex interactions of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and social factors. we may be motivated to achieve certain emotions, and emotions may motivate us to take action

according to drive theories, behavior is motivated by

the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs such as hunger or thirst

incentive theories proposed that behavior is motivated by

the pull of external goals, such as rewards. in addition, cognitive factors, such as the expectation that a behavior will lead to a particular reward, may be involved

humanistic theories of motivation

theories that emphasize the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential