Psych chapter 5

What is the definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the _______ response.

unconditioned

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response

___________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?

Ratio-interval

Stimulus _________ is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

discrimination

Earning a top grade in a course is an example of a secondary _________.

reinforcer

________ involves the initial learning of the link between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining _____ behaviors

spontaneous

Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.

increase

Reinforcement is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior __________ the probability that the behavior will be repeated. The consequences of the behavior can be either positive or negative.

increases

Learned information stored cognitively in an individuals memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.

latent

The term used to denote learning that is not reinforced and is not reflective immediately in behavior is _______ learning.

latent

Observational learning is learning that occurs when we _____.

model others

Which of the following is likely to be a conditioned (secondary) reinforcer?

money

_______ conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of it occurring.

Operant

In operant conditioning, responding appropriately to stimuli that signal a behavior will or will not be reinforced is called _________.

discrimination

When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This demonstrates the concept of _____.

discrimination

Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings

exhibited

Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.

exhibited

Ling used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.

extinction

Jared, a first grader, works harder in school so that he can get a prize from the teacher's treasure chest at the end of the week. In this case, the teacher is using ________ conditioning to help Jared improve.

operant

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is called _________.

shaping

Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning typically involves behavior that occurs _____.

spontaneously

Even though his owner has a cell phone ring tone that sounds like a door bell, the family dog only barks when the door bell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?

stimulus discrimination

Every time second-grader Prisha raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Prisha's participation. This is an example of _____.

the law of effect

In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) _____ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the US (food).

conditioned stimulant

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time. In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

continuous, partial

Every time the family dog sits on command, she receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.

reinforcement

Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative ________.

reinforcement

The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers

secondary

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?

Law of effect

In operant conditioning, the reduced frequency of behavior when it is no longer reinforced is known as ___________.

Extinction

Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.

False

When 3-year-old Maddy calls out "grandma" and reaches to hug every gray-haired, older woman she encounters, Maddy is demonstrating stimulus discrimination.

False

The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?

Law of effect

Which of the following are components of observational learning, according to Bandura?

Retention Attention Motor reproduction Reinforcement

_________ of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Schedules

Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?

Shaping

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

True

Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

True

__________ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.

aversive

The ______ was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.

bell

Which of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?

bell

A _____ schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed-ratio

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio (FR)

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response is known as _____.

generalization

In operant conditioning, ________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

generalization

In operant conditioning, _________ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

In Pavlov's original experiment, the bell began as a(n) _______ stimulus and by the end became a(n) _______ stimulus.

neutral, conditioned

Winning on a slot machine would be considered _________ reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.

partial

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?

performing a behavior to receive food

_______ _________ is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

positive reinforcement

Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.

punishment

Punishment is a consequence that _____.

reduces the frequency of a behavior

The reason that chimpanzees cannot learn to speak English is because

they lack the vocal chords of a human.