Psych chapter 6 terms
Conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Observational learning
A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
Secondary or conditioned reinforcers
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers I.e. money
Primary reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Operant conditioning
Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences
Extinction
Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Positive reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus
Stimulus discrimination
Occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the response
Punishment
Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Resistance to extinction
Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
Stimulus generalization
Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Continuous reinforcement
Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
Emit
Send forth
Reinforcement contingencies
The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Unconditioned response UR
Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Higher-order conditioning
When a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Reinforcement
When an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response
Cumulative recorder
creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time
Skinner box
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
A Schedule of reinforcement
A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
Unconditioned stimulus US
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Behavior modification
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Classical conditioning
A type of Learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Escape learning
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive or unpleasant stimulation
Avoidance learning
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
Discrimination stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.
Elicited
Drawn forth
Evaluative conditioning
Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS.
Trial
In classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning a new response tendency
Preparedness
Involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Latent learning
Learning that is not apparent behavior when it first occurs
Intermittent reinforcement
Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
Spontaneous recovery
Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period
Variable-ratio VA schedule
Reinforce is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
Variable - interval VI schedule
Reinforcer 8 given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average
Shaping
Reinforcing of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Fixed-ratio FR schedule
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Fixed-interval FI schedule
a schedule in which a reinforcer is given following the first correct response after a specific period of time has elaspsed
Renewal effect
if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
Conditioned response CR
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)