psych chp 1
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning (watson, skinner, pavlov)--how we learn observable responses
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders first arm of psych; can't prescribe!!!; get phd, etc. concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with psycholigical disorders, as well as treatment of less severe behavioral and emotional probelms; principal activities include interviewing clients, psychological testing, and providing group or individual psychotherapy
structuralism
based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind (wundt/titchener) aimed to make subject more objecive and aware; (elements of consciousness)
ivan pavlov
behaviorist; classical condtioning
carl rogers and abraham maslow
both worked for the humanistic perspective, growth potential
unconscious
contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
what are the 9 major research areas in modern psych?
developmental, social, educational, health, physiological, experimental, cognitive, psychometrics, personality
charles darwin
evolution; argues that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies
physiological psychology
examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior and the role of the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, and bodily chemicals in the regulation of behavior
basis research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
john b watson and rosalie rayner
working with rayner, watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "little albert"--controversial behaviorism concept of nature v nurture; contributed to rise of animal research in psych; deleted consciousnes from their scope of concern (didnt need humans as they could verbally report their thoughts, etc); exert control over subjects more easily watson--pioneered fear appeals, testimonials, seeling the 'prestige' of products, promotion of style over substance; first 'pop' psychologist
biological perspective of psych (biological psych)
(1950s-present); physiological, genetic, and neural bases of behavior in humans and animals; an organism's functioning can be explained in terms of the brain structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior a branch of psychology that studies that links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes--how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine with environment to influence individual differences much of human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of brain structure and biochemical processes
cognitive perspective of psych (cognitive psychology)
(1950s-present); thoughts, mental processes (involved in acquiring knowledge); human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating---how we encode, process, and retrieve info psychology must include the study of internal mental events to fully understand the human behavior; cognitive perspective --> mental processes surely influence how we behave focused on 'higher' mental processes, such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced physicians who often provide medical treatment as well as psychological therapy; get md (go to med school)
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being overlaps with clinical psych in that specialists in both areas engage in similar acitivities--interviewing, testing, and providing therapy; usually work with a somewhat different clientele, providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity; often specialize in family, marital, or career counseling
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders (freud, neo-freudians)
bf skinner
a leading behaviorist, rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior; operant conditioning questions free-will did not deny the existence of internal mental events, insisted that there was no need to study them; emphasized how environmental factors mold behavior "organisms tend to repeat reponses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses taht lead to neutral or negative outcomes" skinner box--cheese at the end of maze, rats manipulated (outcome of their responses manipulated) all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli; free will is an illusion
behaviorism
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior the view that psychology should (1) be an objective science, overt that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process; psychologists today agree (1) but not with (2) watson, skinner, pavlov verifiability--claims can be verified or denied by anyone who is able and willing to make the required observations "dehumanizing"
humanism
a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth; (1950s-present); unique aspects of human experience; humans are free, rational beings; humans are fundamentally different than animals optimistic view of human nature; people are not pawns of either their animal heritage or environmental circumstances; research on animals is not relevant here; rogers, maslow "self-concept"--individual's sense of self to fully understand human behavior, we must take into account the human drive toward personal growth people have basic need to continue to evolve as human beings to fulfill potential client-centered therapy
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
psychoanalytic theory
attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior; (1900-present); those from early childhood govern personality and mental disorders
functionalism
based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure an early school of psychology that focused on and explored how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish (James influenced by Darwin) consciousness consists of flow of thoughts (stream of consciousness) how ppl adapt
what are the four well-established areas of specialization within applied psych?
clinical psych, counseling psych, school psych, industrial/organizational psych
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information--retrieval practice
wilhelm wundt
established the 1st psych lab at the university of leipzig in germany thought that consciousness, the awareness of immediate experience, was the basis (psych became the scientific study of conscious exp under him)
health psychology
focused on how psychological factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of physical health and the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness
william james
functionalism; legendary teacher--write who authored an important psychology textbook, "principles of psychology" which is still used today
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasizes the growth perspective of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth (maslow, rogers) unique aspect of human experience
humanistic approach
how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment
human factors psychology
i/o subfield: the study of how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
g stanley hall
invited freud to give a series of lectures at clark university in mass american psychological association (national organization devoted to the advancement of psych) founded by him in 1892 brought psych to america
sigmund freud
psychoanalysis, psychodynamics, unconscious-mind--the controversial work of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding treated people people troubled by psychological problmes such as irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties with an innovative procedure he called psychoanalysis emphasis on sex, people are not in control of their own mind= controversial to time and in general
behavior
refers to any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism; (1913-present); effects of environment on the overt behavior of humans and animals; only these (stimulus-response relations) can be studied scientifically
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
psychology
stems from philosophy and physiology; early definition= "study of the mind" the science of behavior (anything that an organism DOES) and mental processes (internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior) the science that studied behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
school psychology
strive to promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children in schools; usually work in elementary or secondary schools, where they test and counsel children having difficulties in school and aid parents and teachers solving school-related problems
edward titchener
structuralism; used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements
sq3r
survey, question, read, rehearse (objectives), review (quizlet); five step study method
industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces perform a wide variety of tasks in the world of business and industry; include running human resources departments, working to improve staff morale and attitudes, striving to increase job satisfaction and productivity, examining organizational structures and procedures, and making recommendations for improvements
introspection
the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
cognition
the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge; thinking and conscious experience
natural selection
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on succeeding generations (darwin)
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and related to one another focused on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior; typical topics include attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction, aggression, intimate relationships, and behavior in groups
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive positive psyhcology movement from seligman, who realized that psych and approach of life is negative for no reason psych has devoted too much time to pathology, weakness, and damage; why not focus on things that 'make life worth living' too? emphasizes some of the same themes of humanism seeks to shift the field's focus away from negative exp looked at: positive subjective experiences (pos. emotions); positive individual traits (ex. courage, perseverance, nurturance, tolerance, creativity, integrity, and kindness); positive institution and communities (civil discourse, strong families, work enviroments, etc.)
developmental psychology
the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span looks at human development across the life span; once focused on primarily child development, but today devotes a great deal of research to adolescen, adulthood, and old age
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits--how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests; involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence, and a wide range of abilities; concerned with the development of new techniques for statistical analysis
personality (psychology)
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting interested in describing and understanding individuals' consistency in behavior, which represents their personality; concerned with the factors that shape personality and with personality assessment
experimental psychology
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method encompasses the traditional core of topics that psychology focused on heavily in its first half-century as a science: sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion; not the only area in which experiments are done!
educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning studies how people learn and the best ways to teach them; examines curriculum design, teacher training, achieving testing, student motivation, classroom diversity, and other aspects of the educational process
social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking--how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures (info used to treat people with psychological disorders)
evolutionary psychology
the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selections (darwin)--how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes bases on behavior in humans and animals behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success patterns of behavior seen in a species are product of evolution int he same way that anatomical characteristics are natural selections favors behaviors that enhance organisms' reproductive success 1980s and on researched mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, decision-making, and development
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
nature vs. nurture
whether behavior is determined mainly by genetic inheritance ("nature") or by environment and experience ("nurture") the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors; today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interactions of the two
