Psych Chpt 2

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

_____________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result a. Reliability b. generalizability c. statistical significance d. validity

a. relability

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships

archival

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human partcipants __________.

are possible to test with animal studies

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

attrition

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning

circular

A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.

clinical

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time

longitudinal

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ____________ design.

longitudinal survey

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest

operational definition

on 40 ________ are subjects of psychological research

partcipants

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study

quasi-experimental

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation

scatterplot

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

________ can be used to assess ________.

statistial analyses; reliability

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as _______________.

the scientific method

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play ; no play

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? A. -0.9 B. 0 C. +0.2 D. +0.9

C. +0.2

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use? A.case study B.experiment C.naturalistic observation D.survey

C. naturalistic observation

The D.A.R.E program is an example of _____________. A.a highly successful drug use intervention program B.a highly successful suicide intervention program C.a psychological research study that has helped shape public policy D.why empirical research is needed

D. Why empirical research is needed

The ____________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.

IACUC

____________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of partcipants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

There is a relationship between gender and intended major.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perespective is supported

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. A.confirmation bias B.confounding variable C.correlational research D.observer bias

confirmation bias

The _____________ group does not get the experimental treatment

control group

________ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables.

correlation

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study

debrief partcipants; deception

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable

dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

dependent variable

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/ or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

double-blind

Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?

empirical studies

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

Peer reviewers __________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity

high;low

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

The __________ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliability