psych exam 2

relationship in which an infant wants to be held but is difficult to console after separating

ambivalent/resistant attachment

affectional bond characterized by a seeking of contact and a show of distress upon separation

attachment

occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures

attachment-in-the-making phase

relationship in which an infant turns away from caregivers when reunited after a brief separation

avoidant attachment

Numerous linguistics researchers have suggested that children learn language during one or more sensitive periods. When do these sensitive periods begin?

18-24 months of age

Which statement accurately reflects the correlation between the Bayley scales and later intellectual performance?

Bayley items measuring infant motor skills predict subsequent fine motor and visual-spatial skills at 6-8 years of age

Gabriel is 11 months and frequently repeats syllables, such as "ah-bah-bah-bah-bah." Which term describes this event in language development?

Echolalia

Gregory believes that children's ability to understand and produce language develops from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature. Gregory would subscribe to which theory of language development?

Emergentist theory

Numerous studies have examined the relationship between either infant visual recognition memory or infant preference for novel stimulation and later IQ scores. In general, what do these studies conclude?

Infant visual recognition memory has good predictive validity for broad cognitive abilities throughout childhood.

Which researcher hypothesized children are born with an innate language acquisition device?

Noam Chomsky

Aila is walking in the park with her young son Omar. Omar enthusiastically points out each bird and says "bird." Every time he spots a butterfly, he says "bird." Which term describes the common developmental language error Omar is making?

Overextension

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, to what does scaffolding refer?

The temporary support and guidance provided by a parent to a child who is learning a new task

The case of Simon, who had been exposed to only grammatically incorrect American Sign Language (ASL) by his parents and their friends, and yet was able to sign in ASL with correct grammar, best supports which view?

The tendency to acquire language is inborn.

Which process do children attempt to use when absorbing new information into existing schemes?

assimilation

At 8 months of age, Christine is making vocalizations that sound like human speech, which are called

babbling

pleasure derived from physical touch with another

contact comfort

Infants often repeat behavior that they have observed. When they repeat these behaviors after a time delay, it is called

deferred imitation

relationship in which an infant is dazed and has contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure

disorganized-disoriented attachment

view that major feelings are distinct at birth but emerge with maturation and developing needs

differential emotions theory

state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components

emotion

set of techniques for controlling one's feelings

emotion regulation

Avery is 1 year old and can understand more words than she can use, which means that her receptive vocabulary is outpacing her

expressive vocabulary development.

Which term best describes the changes to infants' behavior during the sensorimotor stage, which reveals an awareness of past events?

goal-directed

agreement between the parents' expectations of the child and the child's temperamental characteristics

goodness of fit

Orlando frequently uses the word "Mama" when he wants his mother to pick him up. This is an example of a(n)

holophrase

display of bonding behaviors toward any person

indiscriminate attachment

lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment

initial pre-attachment phase

To assess infant intellectual development, psychologists use the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), which consist of a behavior-rating scale and

mental and motor scale items

Which brain structure is hypothesized to underlie the ability of neonates to engage in imitation?

mirror neurons

inability or refusal to speak

mutism

Which Piagetian term best explains why infants around 7 to 8 months of age enjoy the game peekaboo?

object permanence

individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events

personality

relationship in which an infant has come to trust and depend on their caregivers

secure attachment

one's impression of oneself; self-awareness

self-concept

fear of being distant from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver

separation anxiety

using another person's reaction to a situation to form one's own assessment of it

social referencing

grin that occurs in response to a human voice or face

social smile

fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age

stranger anxiety

individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life

temperament

Yasmeen tries several ways of getting an object out of a closed box before she is successful. What is she demonstrating?

tertiary circular motions

As Esther plays with blocks alongside her 6-month-old infant, she names their colors and demonstrates how to stack them. The infant will one day be able to stack blocks on her own by being provided with a(n)

zone of proximal development