psych exam 2
relationship in which an infant wants to be held but is difficult to console after separating
ambivalent/resistant attachment
affectional bond characterized by a seeking of contact and a show of distress upon separation
attachment
occurring at 3 or 4 months of age and characterized by preference for familiar figures
attachment-in-the-making phase
relationship in which an infant turns away from caregivers when reunited after a brief separation
avoidant attachment
Numerous linguistics researchers have suggested that children learn language during one or more sensitive periods. When do these sensitive periods begin?
18-24 months of age
Which statement accurately reflects the correlation between the Bayley scales and later intellectual performance?
Bayley items measuring infant motor skills predict subsequent fine motor and visual-spatial skills at 6-8 years of age
Gabriel is 11 months and frequently repeats syllables, such as "ah-bah-bah-bah-bah." Which term describes this event in language development?
Echolalia
Gregory believes that children's ability to understand and produce language develops from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature. Gregory would subscribe to which theory of language development?
Emergentist theory
Numerous studies have examined the relationship between either infant visual recognition memory or infant preference for novel stimulation and later IQ scores. In general, what do these studies conclude?
Infant visual recognition memory has good predictive validity for broad cognitive abilities throughout childhood.
Which researcher hypothesized children are born with an innate language acquisition device?
Noam Chomsky
Aila is walking in the park with her young son Omar. Omar enthusiastically points out each bird and says "bird." Every time he spots a butterfly, he says "bird." Which term describes the common developmental language error Omar is making?
Overextension
In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, to what does scaffolding refer?
The temporary support and guidance provided by a parent to a child who is learning a new task
The case of Simon, who had been exposed to only grammatically incorrect American Sign Language (ASL) by his parents and their friends, and yet was able to sign in ASL with correct grammar, best supports which view?
The tendency to acquire language is inborn.
Which process do children attempt to use when absorbing new information into existing schemes?
assimilation
At 8 months of age, Christine is making vocalizations that sound like human speech, which are called
babbling
pleasure derived from physical touch with another
contact comfort
Infants often repeat behavior that they have observed. When they repeat these behaviors after a time delay, it is called
deferred imitation
relationship in which an infant is dazed and has contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure
disorganized-disoriented attachment
view that major feelings are distinct at birth but emerge with maturation and developing needs
differential emotions theory
state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components
emotion
set of techniques for controlling one's feelings
emotion regulation
Avery is 1 year old and can understand more words than she can use, which means that her receptive vocabulary is outpacing her
expressive vocabulary development.
Which term best describes the changes to infants' behavior during the sensorimotor stage, which reveals an awareness of past events?
goal-directed
agreement between the parents' expectations of the child and the child's temperamental characteristics
goodness of fit
Orlando frequently uses the word "Mama" when he wants his mother to pick him up. This is an example of a(n)
holophrase
display of bonding behaviors toward any person
indiscriminate attachment
lasting from birth to about 3 months of age and characterized by indiscriminate attachment
initial pre-attachment phase
To assess infant intellectual development, psychologists use the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID), which consist of a behavior-rating scale and
mental and motor scale items
Which brain structure is hypothesized to underlie the ability of neonates to engage in imitation?
mirror neurons
inability or refusal to speak
mutism
Which Piagetian term best explains why infants around 7 to 8 months of age enjoy the game peekaboo?
object permanence
individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events
personality
relationship in which an infant has come to trust and depend on their caregivers
secure attachment
one's impression of oneself; self-awareness
self-concept
fear of being distant from a target of attachment, usually a primary caregiver
separation anxiety
using another person's reaction to a situation to form one's own assessment of it
social referencing
grin that occurs in response to a human voice or face
social smile
fear of unfamiliar people that emerges between 6 and 9 months of age
stranger anxiety
individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life
temperament
Yasmeen tries several ways of getting an object out of a closed box before she is successful. What is she demonstrating?
tertiary circular motions
As Esther plays with blocks alongside her 6-month-old infant, she names their colors and demonstrates how to stack them. The infant will one day be able to stack blocks on her own by being provided with a(n)
zone of proximal development