Psych Exam #2_ Copied

Horatio wants to earn a black belt in karate. Which way of thinking about this goal is most likely to help him reach it?

"I will set specific goals that are tough but attainable."

You accidentally broke your eyeglasses. Which response is an example of reappraisal?

"What a shame, but I've been wanting new frames anyway."

Working memory can contain information for up to __________ by many estimates.

30 seconds

How far is a typical newborn's visual focus range?

8-12 inches

Alex agrees to lend a large sum of money to his friend Matt. However, contrary to the initial agreement, Matt never pays Alex back despite several reminders. Based on research findings, what should Alex do to reduce his negative emotional responses to Matt's behavior?

Alex should think about Matt's perspective and consider the possibility that Matt may be in serious financial trouble.

Cameron is generally upbeat, positive, and has a good outlook on life. Cameron also has a clean bill of health and is feeling fit. What can we conclude about the relationship between Cameron's positive emotions and health status?

Cameron experiences positive emotions and enjoys good health.

Clinical depression has been linked to heart attacks and cardiovascular disease. What is the probable mechanism that drives that link?

Depressed people have higher cortisol levels and engage in behaviors that are risk factors for heart disease.

Emily's motivation to stay with Rich is that she enjoys his company and feels close to him. Lydia's motivation to stay with Tim is that she does not like feeling lonely and is unsure if she can find another partner. Which relationship would you predict has the greatest satisfaction?

Emily and Rich

The ShinyBrite Corporation has instituted a new policy for its customer-service representatives. They are required to smile at the end of every sentence during their interaction with a customer, from "How are you?" to "Thanks for stopping by to see us today!" and each sentence in between. As you might imagine, customer-service representatives often deal with grumpy, dissatisfied customers, and therefore might not be inclined to feel happy themselves as they go through their business day. What is ShinyBrite asking its employees to do?

Engage in emotion work.

Which of the following is the best way to think about memory?

It is like a kaleidoscope, with an overall image assembled from bits and fragments of information.

__________ rehearsal involves the rote repetition of material, whereas __________ rehearsal involves associating new material with material that has already been learned.

Maintenance; elaborative

How do hormone levels contribute to the retention of information?

Moderate hormone levels are optimal for learning new tasks.

Keisha and Michelle are having a heated discussion. "Keisha, you are so biased! You only look at evidence that supports your beliefs and ignore information that doesn't. In my psychology class we call that the confirmation bias, and you do it all the time. You should be more open-minded, fair, and even-handed, like I am," decrees Michelle. What makes both you and Keisha think that Michelle is incorrect in her assessment?

Most people have a "bias blind spot"; they think other people are biased, but they themselves are not.

"If I could just win the lottery, I'd be set for life," lamented Zane. "Winning the lottery would change everything, and I'd be happy every day." Based on what you know about predicting future emotional states, how accurate do you think Zane's prophecy is?

Not very accurate; he would probably be happy, but not as happy as he thinks, nor would his life change as dramatically as he anticipates.

In primates (including humans), how does the mere introduction of increased testosterone affect sexual desire?

Not very much; primate sexual desire is affected by many interacting processes.

Heather is introduced to a group of people at a business meeting: Rich, Gina, Klaus, Liz, Holly, Ani, Alex, Robin, Keith, Dave, Paul, Ayanna, Joe, Ariel, and Jessica. According to the primacy effect, whose names should she remember the easiest?

Rich, Gina, and Klaus

Which of the following best illustrates the concept that sexual pleasure has a "top-down" component?

Rosie has fallen in love, and when she hears her new partner nearing orgasm it increases the level of pleasure she herself feels.

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is true?

The overwhelming majority of children of gay parents do not become gay.

Angela knows that her roommate Sakura has been having a tough time lately. Wanting to help, she has told Sakura multiple times that she is available to hang out, to chat, or to offer whatever Sakura needs to help her cope. An equal number of times Angela's offers have been turned down, and she is starting to think she and Sakura are not as close as she believed. What is another possible reason for Sakura's rebuffs?

There are cultural differences in social support seeking and how providers of social support are defined.

Which of the following is not true about motor reflexes?

They are very different across cultures.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true?

They illustrate the link between emotion and memory, even if they are not always perfectly accurate.

Amber has many worries about going to college, but she is afraid to tell anyone. What might be the healthiest solution for her?

Writing down her feelings and then rereading and rethinking what she wrote.

"Saudade...," your Portuguese friend Beatriz sighs. "Saudade; I've got a melancholic feeling of incompleteness," she continues. "You wouldn't understand; there's not really an equivalent word in English." That is factually true, but how does it affect our understanding of culture and emotional experience?

You and Beatriz might differ in your experience of saudade, but chances are good that both of you will understand and experience prototypical emotions similarly.

The adult population of an entire city agrees to take the same standardized intelligence test. Even before the outcomes are known, what percentage of that population would you predict would have test scores above 130?

about 2%

Steve is unexpectedly called on in class to discuss a question. He has not the faintest idea of the answer; he feels his heart pound and his palms sweat. According to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome, Steve is in the __________ phase of his stress response.

alarm

Three-year-old Gricelda sees her dad dressed in a gorilla costume and runs away in fear. What brain structure is probably involved in her emotional reaction?

amygdala

Cindy is solving a long-division problem in her math class, so she follows the steps that her teacher showed her to accomplish that task. Cindy's problem-solving strategy is an example of __________.

an algorithm

Which emotion do men tend to express more freely than women?

anger

Humans share an evolutionary past with other animals; as such, it is unwise to assume that other animals possess no cognitive skills, and that humans are the only ones with such abilities. This is a caution against the notion of __________.

anthropodenial

Barnaby thinks his pet snake Curly is harboring angry thoughts about him because Curly has been standoffish and will not curl around his neck anymore. What error is Barnaby making?

anthropomorphism

Dominic is somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. He gets nervous when someone wants to get too close emotionally and he finds it difficult to let himself depend on others, yet at the same time some people seem to think he is clingy. Which adult attachment style would best describe Dominic's feelings and behavior?

anxious attachment

"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so." This line from William Shakespeare's play Hamlet (Act 2, Scene 2) is a simple summary of the role of __________ in the experience of emotion.

appraisals

According to Mary Ainsworth's classification system, which of these is not a form of attachment?

apprehensive

Miranda wants to learn to ice skate because it looks fun and she likes to try new things. Junko wants to learn to ice skate because she does not want to be embarrassed next winter in front of her friends and she is afraid of being left out of fun events. Miranda's motives are generally __________, whereas Junko's motives are primarily __________.

approach goals; avoidance goals

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting is called __________.

bulimia nervosa

In many cultures, how do men learn to express love?

by enacting considerate or affectionate behaviors

Research on eyewitness memory suggests that __________.

cases in which the only evidence comes from a single eyewitness should be scrutinized carefully using critical thinking

Which of the following concepts is the most basic?

chair

The most appropriate unit for measuring the capacity of working memory is __________.

chunks

The study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals is called __________.

cognitive ethology

The components of emotion are physiological changes, __________, action tendencies, and __________.

cognitive processes; subjective feelings

Which of the following is not a leading environmental cause of worldwide weight gain?

competition for scarce resources

Phuong has heard many times about how, when she was 3 years old, she smashed both her hands into her chocolate birthday cake. It is a favorite family story, usually told whenever there is a gathering of relatives and especially at birthdays. One day Phuong is flipping through a scrapbook and finds photos of herself, clearly dated on her third birthday, with a strawberry cake in front of her. Photo after photo shows the cake being sliced and distributed, with nary a smudge on her hands nor any chocolate in sight. Which of the following phenomena best accounts for Phuong's false memory of her third birthday?

confabulation

The process by which a long-term memory becomes durable and relatively stable is called __________.

consolidation

A hormone that elevates blood sugar and protects the body from tissue inflammation during injury is called __________.

cortisol

Your Japanese friend Suki is told by her professor that she received a D on her exam. In response, Suki broke into a wide smile and thanked the professor profusely. When your American friend Ron received the same news about his grade on the exam, he showed a mix of anger and disgust on his face and skulked back to his seat. What can explain the difference in the outward signs of emotion between Suki and Ron?

culturally variable display rules

Alan learned to play the entire Led Zeppelin catalog on the guitar when he was in high school; pretty much every song, for better or worse, with fairly good results. As time passed and he pursued other musical interests, he stopped playing those songs. Decades later, when trying to recall how to play one of those tunes, he found that he was thoroughly stumped, and could not even remember where to begin. What theory of forgetting would predict this kind of outcome?

decay

Rollie is trying to learn a list of terms for his upcoming anatomy exam. "Small intestine" he reads. "My Uncle Bob has had trouble with his small intestine; 'Bob's small intestine.' 'Transverse colon' ... hmm, our neighbors are from the town of Colon, Panama, and they traversed their way here. 'Rectum'; I remember when we were kids, my little brother took my Hot Wheels cars and wrecked 'em." What information-processing strategy is Rollie using?

deep processing

William Masters and Virginia Johnson described four stages of the sexual response cycle. According to their original research, what is the correct order of those stages?

desire, arousal, orgasm, resolution

Which example of the concept chair is prototypical?

dining room chair

A honeybee performs a little dance that communicates to other bees the direction and distance of food. Because the bee can "talk" about something that is located elsewhere, its communication system shows __________. But because the bee can create only utterances that are genetically wired into its repertoire, its communication system lacks __________.

displacement; productivity

Martin and Lewis had their home burglarized. At first they were both shaken and told friends how scared they were by the break-in and how angry they felt at themselves for not being better prepared. Three weeks later Martin was still bemoaning their situation, while Lewis was comparing security companies and installing window locks. Martin was engaged in __________, whereas Lewis was practicing __________.

emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping

Accurate __________ is the first step toward effective memory retention.

encoding

The three basic memory processes are __________, storage, and __________.

encoding; retrieval

Which type of memory is not encoded very well in children under the age of 4?

episodic memory

The capacity to reason and use information to solve new problems is referred to as __________.

fluid intelligence

Which aspect of Type A behavior is most hazardous to the heart?

hostility

Alberta solved a crossword puzzle a few days ago. She no longer recalls the words in the puzzle, but while playing a game of Scrabble, she unconsciously tends to form words that were in the puzzle, showing that she has __________ memories of some of the words.

implicit

Your memory of how to ice skate is an example of __________ memory.

implicit

The cerebellum has been associated with __________ memories; the hippocampus has been associated with __________ memories.

implicit; explicit

Americans' expectation of what constitutes "one portion of food" has __________ over the past several decades.

increased

Long-term potentiation is associated with __________.

increased responsiveness of certain receiving neurons to transmitting neurons

The main challenge to the three-box model of memory articulated by the parallel distributed processing model is the suggestion that __________.

information does not always flow in sequence from one separate memory system to another

Anika usually takes credit for doing well on her work assignments and blames her failures on lack of effort. Benicia attributes her successes to luck and blames her failures on the fact that she is a Gemini. Anika has a(n) __________ locus of control, whereas Benicia has a(n) __________ locus.

internal; external

Mary is asked why she loves to perform interpretive dance. "I enjoy it, and I want to express myself," she replies. Olivia is asked the same question. "I want to be noticed by a talent scout, and I want to get a performing contract from it." Mary is showing signs of __________, whereas Olivia is showing signs of __________.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Which of the following emotions does not have a universal facial expression?

jealousy

The hormone that helps regulate appetite by telling the hypothalamus that the body has stored enough fat is called __________.

leptin

Logan understands the material in his statistics class, but on tests he spends the entire period on the most difficult problems and never even gets to the problems he can solve easily. Which ingredient of intelligence does he need to improve?

metacognition

Which of the following animals has not been shown (so far) to have the ability to acquire language skills?

mice

Aldo is watching The Bloodthirsty Butchers Meet the Maniac Madmen in 3D. What cells in his brain are making him wince every time the main character is being attacked?

mirror neurons

Dominique seems to be a memory whiz. When asked how she can remember the colors of the visible spectrum, she tells you her friend ROY G BIV helps her out. When asked about geography, she tells you that she has several HOMES on the Great Lakes. Dominique's memory success sounds like it is due to her effective use of __________.

mnemonics

What hormone is elevated when happy couples hug one another?

oxytocin

Audrey feels a swell of emotion whenever Anna is nearby. She knows it is love at first sight, and she feels tingly and excited when she thinks of spending time with Anna. The kind of love Audrey is experiencing is called __________ love.

passionate

Claude and Ingo are both studying for the bar exam to become lawyers. Claude feels a lot of pressure to pass the exam so he can impress his friends and make his family proud. Ingo feels a lot of pressure as well because he wants to challenge himself and tackle a fair test of his learning and studying. Claude appears to be motivated by __________ goals, whereas Ingo is motivated by __________ goals.

performance; mastery

Katie, finishing her studies in medical school, mutters, "Illness is a product of the body!" Cleo, finishing her doctorate in clinical psychology, counters, "Illness is a product of the mind!" Boris, who is getting a PhD in biology, bellows, "Illness is a product of the body's natural defense systems!" Listening to all this, Petra pipes up: "Health and illness are a product of all three." What is Petra studying?

psychoneuroimmunology

Mina thinks the media have a liberal political bias, and Mariam thinks they are too conservative. "Well," says Mina, "I have my truth and you have yours. It's purely subjective." Which of King and Kitchener's types of thinking describes Mina's statement?

quasi-reflective

Which group of people would you predict might reap the most health benefits?

realistic optimists

The ability to retrieve information from memory and reproduce it is called __________.

recall

Information will rapidly fade from working memory unless we engage in __________.

rehearsal

When new information interferes with the ability to remember old information, __________ interference has taken place.

retroactive

In a study of eighth graders, __________ was more strongly correlated with school performance than __________ was.

self-discipline; IQ

Research indicates that one of the strongest predictors of learning and accomplishment is __________.

self-efficacy

The three memory systems in the three-box model of memory are __________, __________, and long-term memory.

sensory register, working memory

Seven-month-old Diego is left in the care of a nurturing, competent babysitter while his mother runs errands for a few hours. Even though both adults are attentive and responsive, Diego nonetheless cries and wails when his mother leaves. The baby is showing signs of __________.

separation anxiety

Olivia broke her thumb right in the middle of volleyball season and had to miss the last six games. Although she was disappointed, she realized she was better off than Kiara, who broke her arm at the start of volleyball season and did not play at all. What coping strategy is Olivia using?

social comparison

Gina fondly remembers seeing her favorite band, the Monkees, in concert several decades ago. She was such a fan she collected newspaper clippings about the group, swapped stories with other fans about concerts they had been to, and watched the band whenever it performed on television. As time passed, it occurred to Gina that she had a hard time distinguishing her personal memories of a particular concert from other information she had accumulated over the years. Gina is falling prey to __________.

source misattribution

Which of the following types of research would have the least potential for demonstrating that the fairness bias has an innate or genetic component?

studies involving adults playing the Ultimatum Game

Traci does not have an unusually high IQ, but at work she is quickly promoted because she knows how to set priorities, communicate with management, and make others feel valued. Traci has __________ knowledge about how to succeed on the job.

tacit

Compared to American men, American women tend to __________.

talk about their emotions to a greater extent

Some researchers have suggested that a better name for multitasking would be __________.

task switching

In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported four diagnoses of the Ebola virus in the United States. Three of the patients recovered, although one person unfortunately died from the disease. Nonetheless, people nationwide feared for their health and safety, although the probability of any one individual contracting the disease was extremely small. Which barriers to reasoning rationally help explain this panicked reaction?

the affect heuristic and the availability heuristic

Lou hears on a news broadcast that a proposed recycling program for his city will reuse 80% of household waste. Dee, watching a different news broadcast at the same time, learns that the same proposed program will send 20% of household waste to the local landfill. Lou thinks the new program is great, but Dee thinks it is horrible. What barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting their diverging conclusions?

the framing effect

Adnan meets a young woman at the gym. They hit it off and eventually get married. Says Adnan, "I knew when I woke up that morning that something special was going to happen." What cognitive bias is affecting his thinking, charmingly romantic though it is?

the hindsight bias

Which of these notions would be greeted with the most skepticism by psychological scientists?

traumatic amnesia

Two important hormones that play a role in social bonding are __________ and __________.

vasopressin; oxytocin

The __________ holds images for a fraction of a second.

visual sensory register

In the Loftus and Palmer (1974) study, participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other __________.

were more likely to mistakenly remember seeing broken glass at the scene than were participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they bumped into each other

Under what conditions are women most likely to use sex as a "bargaining chip"?

when they are financially dependent

During the late 1800s Hermann Ebbinghaus memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (such as gek, bof, or jeh) and tested his recall over varying time delays. According to his results, when did the greatest amount of forgetting occur?

within the first 2 days after the initial learning took place

Which of the following is the correct sequence of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus