Psych Exam 2

According to Lofts' research on eyewitness testimony which of the following would you most likely expect to happen when a person witnesses a car accident? Witnesses will be able to accurately report about details of the accident such as the speed of the cars and descriptions of the people driving them. People will be able to accurately report about the details of the accident but after about an hour their memories will decay and become less accurate. People are never able to report accurately because their own attitudes and biases will prejudice their testimony. People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems.

People will often offer biased reports of the event because they are susceptible to misinformation and other recall problems

Although Dugan has the lower portion of his leg amputated he still sometimes feels and uncomfortable itching sensation from where his foot would be. This is an example of a _________. Somatotopic map Mechanoreceptor Hommunculus Phantom limb

Phantom Limb

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator. 1.photo spread 2.laboratory study 3.police lineup 4.in-vivo identification task

Photo Spread

____________ are specialized cells that convert light into electrical signals. Ventral and Dorsal pathways Retinas Photoreceptors, such as agnosia and prosopagnosia Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

Photoreceptors, such as rods and cones

At the back of the brain is the __________ which is primarily responsible for processing information about light and movement. Primary Visual Cortex Ventral pathway Dorsal Pathway Retina

Primary Visual Cortex

Gary hears the words candy, sweet, and sugar. The next thing Gary thinks is cookie. Gary has experienced: situation modeling lexicon priming intergroup bias

Priming

At your old apartment, you had to take out the trash every Friday. However, at your new apartment, the trash comes on Wednesdays. Now, you can never seem to remember to take the trash out in time (you keep thinking it needs to be taken out on Friday). This is an example of what type of forgetting? cue overload memory traces/engrams proactive interference retroactive interference

Proactive Interference

In the serial position effect, recall for the first and last things that you've memorized is better than the middle items. What is likely to happen after some time passes before the test? Primacy disappears Recency disappears The performance of both primacy and recency match the middle item Recall for the middle items improves

Recency disappears

Antoine responds to his mother in a way that describes an anxious-resistant attachment patterns. Based on the work of Ainsworth, what might you predict about the way Antoine's mother responded to him as an infant? She may have been insensitive to or inconsistent in responding to his needs. She was likely physically abusive to Antoine as a baby. She overindulged his needs, coddling him to the point of being dependent. She made sure that both she and her partner gave Antoine equal love and affection.

She may have been insensitive to or inconsistent in responding to his needs.

The ___________hypothesis suggests that humans have developed larger brains in order to better maintain large in-groups. social development social categorization psychosocial biology social brain

Social Brain

Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________. Primary Somatosensory Cortex Somatotopic Map Sensitivity Grid Nociception Grid

Somatotopic Map

In today's society, people are often very busy-- especially executives-- causing them to trust certain ways of thinking over others. However, this can lead to many biases and make poor decisions. Which of the following is the best way to reduce bias and improve decisions? Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more. Stop trusting System 2 and instead engage System 1 more. Stop distinguishing between systems of thought and use them both. Reprogram both systems to work together to make decisions.

Stop trusting System 1 and instead engage System 2 more.

Bosay is at the electronics store trying to decide which new game system to buy. She takes her time, studies the features of each, and is very effortful in her decision. When she finally buys a system, she feels confident that she has made the right choice. Bosay has used ________ decision making to assist with this purchase. System 2 Type A System 1 Type B

System 2

Gestalt psychology is the German term for perception that best describes which of the following The sum is greater than the parts Everything is awesome Objects in motion are perceived as staying in motion Background and foreground can be interchanged

The sum is greater than the parts

Light enters the eye and is converted into electrical signals that can be processed by the brain. This process is called ______________. Binocular Vision Transduction Agnosia Light Adaptation

Transduction

Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or ________. pinna tympanic membrane cochlea ossicles

Tympanic membrane

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number? semantic memory working memory episodic memory collective memory

Working Memory

Amanda is raising her first son, Stanley, on her own. The child is very comfortable and at ease in his mother's presence, but when she is gone he gets tense and looks for her. Amanda provides Stanley with care, protection, and support. She is serving as a(n) ________ to the baby. attachment figure locus of responsibility base of security formal operational figure

attachment figure

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information? autobiographical knowledge generalized knowledge knowledge required for reading knowledge necessary for abstract problem solving

autobiographical Knowledge

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________. chemicals often have a strong, noticeable smell chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals electrical stimuli are transformed into chemical signals smells are processed in the chemical cortex

chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share _______________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details. common ground friends audience design priming

common ground

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what? conscience development effortful control genetic predisposition communication intelligence

effortful Control

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same syntax lexicon audience design situation models

lexicon

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of: 1.Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect 2.misinformation effect 3.testing Effect 4.mnemonic devices

mnemonic devices

Memory that is not embedded in a context is called: semantic memory implicit memory episodic memory information memory

Semantic Memory

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________. cribriform plate anosmia olfactory epithelium primary somatosensory cortex

olfactory Epithelium

Capacity for LTM is _____________.

unknown

Susan ate a donut even though she is on a diet because they were at the morning meeting and she had skipped breakfast. Susan demonstrated bounded __________; the argument that we give greater weight to our immediate concerns, even when they are in opposition to our long-term goals. awareness ethicality self-interest willpower

willpower

Capacity for short term memory is [NUMBER] (number(s)). The unit of measurement is best described as: [Unit]

7,chunks

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation? A person will have worse memory for an unusual event than typical events A person will have greater memory for a typical event than an unusual event A person will have greater memory of some momentous and emotional event A person will have worse memory of some momentous and emotional event

A person will have greater of some momentous and emotional event

If a product is advertised as being "on sale" for a low price of $19.95, after being told that it was originally $99.95, your valuation of the price is influenced by Anchoring Effect Confirmation Bias Sunk Cost Framing

Anchoring effect

At which stage does memory failure typically occur? encoding storage retrieval any stage

Any Stage

Hodor from Game of Thrones can only speak a single, ungrammatical sentence. Groot from Guardians of the Galaxy can also only say a single phrase "I am Groot." The classic case study from the 1800s was a guy who could only say Tan. What would their common diagnosis be? Aphasia Agraphia Alexia Alabama

Aphasia

__________ are systematic and predictable mistakes that influence judgment and decision making. Rationalities Biases Intelligences Exactitudes

Biases

Radhika is visiting japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chop sticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________. Weber's Law Top-Down Processing Bottom-Up Processing The Traveler Heuristic

Bottom-up Processing

Joseph is very focused on counting the number of acorns that have fallen from a tree in his front yard. He is concentrating so hard, in fact, that he fails to notice the obvious and important fact that there is dog poop underneath the tree as well. Failing to notice this available information leads Joseph to step in the mess. Which of the following is this an example of? bounded awareness bounded rationality bounded self-interest bounded willpower

Bounded awareness

Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation? children and older adults young adults the people who witness events the people who experience events

Children and older Adults

"________ ground" refers to the information that is shared by people who engage in conversation. It allows for communication between speaker and listener to make coherent sense to both parties. 1.common 2.associative 3.borrowed 4.Blended

Common

System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________. intuition; fast intuition; slow conscious; fast conscious; slow

Conscious;slow

Your drive to school each day is pretty standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, you are sitting at a red light when you witness a high speed car chase - complete with cops, a helicopter, and news vans. Even years later, you can recall lots of details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to school? retroactive interference proactive interference distinctiveness Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

Distinctiveness

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. A few minutes after making a point the professor gives an pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the information is: context dependent memory state dependent memory encoding elaboration encoding failure

Encoding Failure

A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means. false iconic eidetic repressed

False

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as: eye witness error schemata error participant demand characteristics false memory

False memory

Wei-Tang is trying to choose between two muffins. One is advertised as 95% fat free, and the other is marketed as 5% fat. Wei-Tang chooses the first one because it sounds better, even though the fat content in both muffins is the same. What phenomenon does this most clearly illustrate? framing effect hindsight bias mental set functional fixedness

Framing effect

Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves. intensity complexity duration frequency

Frequency

Cognitive strategies that simplify decision-making by using mental short cuts are called __________. They are sometimes referred to as "rules of thumb." heuristics mental sets algorithms intuitives

Heuristics

The term short term memory applies to information held for Less than one minute 1 to 5 minutes 5 minutes to 3 hours Three hours to one day

Less than one minute

The Strange Situation is an experimental method for measuring attachment that: uses infants' reactions to strange or odd looking persons is not influenced by cultural differences in child rearing may be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant is accepted by researchers as a flawless means of assessing attachment behaviors

May be influenced by temperamental differences of the infant

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called __________ receptors. somatosensory auditory somatotopic mechano

Mechano

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______________, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate. retroactive cues the specificity principle peg words memory palaces

Memory places

Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as: cue overload memory traces/engrams retrieval cues mnemonic devices

Memory traces/engrams

After taking a 10 question pop quiz, John was confident that he got at least 9 questions correct. However, after grading he found that he actually only answered 6 questions correctly. John suffers from hind-sight bias overconfidence heuristics System 2 thinking

Overconfidence

Dr. Loftus has used a false feedback manipulation to persuade subjects to falsely remember having a variety of childhood experiences. Which of the following best describes this experimental technique? Participants are asked to describe a childhood experience. Researchers then tell them they are mistaken and tell them the "correct story" which the researchers know through contacting the participants' parents before the study began. Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier. Participants are shown doctored photographs of themselves doing a randomized set of activities and are asked to remember their experience of the activities. Participants are given an example childhood story and asked to relate their own experiences to the story, thereby blurring the lines between their own memories and the example story.

Participants are deceived to believe a computer system has analyzed questionnaires they previously completed and concluded they had particular experiences years earlier.

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ___________ __________ technique. retrieval language word aid mnemonic word peg word

Peg Word