Psych Exam 3

Rehearsal

Systematically repeating information in order to retain it in working memory, repeating a phone number over and over to not forget it before writing it down

Creative intelligence

Taps insight and ability to deal with novelty. People who are high in this intelligence respond to new tasks quickly and efficiently

Pre-K

Programs that are distinct type of preschool designed for four-year-old children to ensure that they will be ready for kindergarten and will be successful in school by third grade

Preschool

Provide educational experiences for children ages 2 to 5 The best ones stimulate all aspects of development cognitive physical social and emotional through manipulating materials and interacting with teachers and peers Children learn by doing primarily through play and develop confidence and self-esteem Programs that emphasize academics over self directed exploration negatively influence motivation and learning

Aid to families with dependent children AFDC

Provided financial benefits to families from the 1930s to the mid-1990s. Mothers were exempt from any work requirements until their children are older than six

Corporal punishment

Punishment that long-term result in loss of control more defiant and rebellious behavior in more risky/more opportunity for abuse

fast mapping

Rapid development in language acquisition is due to?

Brain development in middle child hood

Reaction time is twice as fast as an early childhood. Growth of the cerebellum in Mylan nation of its connections to the cortex contribute to advances in gross and fine motor skills and speed. Total brain volume stabilizes, synaptic pruning, increase cognitive control including attention in cognitive flexibility

Language acquisition

Receives very rapidly in early childhood, young children use telegraphic speech and slowly learn to use multiple elements of speech such as Plearle's, adjectives, and the past tense

Organization

Refers to categorizing or chunking items to remember by grouping it by theme or type such as animals flowers and furniture. Growth in working memory is partially attributed to an increase in the number of chunks children can retain with age

Parental smoking

22% of children are exposed to tobacco smoke in their home, develop wheezing symptoms and asthma, linked to sleep problems and sleep disordered breathing

Corpus callosum

A collection of 250 to 800 million neural fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, permitting them to communicate and coordinate processing. During early childhood development this grows in Mylan eights, permitting the 2 halvesof the brain to communicate in more sophisticated and efficient ways to act as one, enabling the child to execute large and fine motor activities such as catching a ball or tying shoelaces.

Guided participation or apprenticeship in thinking

A form of sensitive teaching in which the partner is attuned to the needs of the child and helps him or her to accomplish more than the child could do alone.

Bajtto

A game that entails enacting a script about going to the market pretending to cut and share a vegetable and touching each other his elbows and hands as their imaginations carry out the script

Concrete operational stage of reasoning

Age 6 to 7, children gain the capacity to use logic to solve problems but are still unable to apply logic to abstract and hypothetical situations

Metamemory

An aspect of metacognition that refers to understanding of one's memory and ability to use strategies to enhance it and improve steadily throughout the elementary school years Allows older children to perform better on cognitive tasks

Central executive

And important part of working memory that controls processing and regulates cognitive activities such as attention action and problem-solving Responsible for coordinating performance on two separate tasks or operations such as storing and processing information at the same time, quickly switching between tasks such as manipulating and storing information, selectively attending to specific information and ignoring your relevant information, and retrieving information from long-term memory

Pre-operational reasoning

Appears in young age children from ages 2 to 6 and is characterized by a dramatic leap in the use of symbolic thinking that permits young children to use language, interact with others, and play using their own thoughts and in imaginations to guide their behavior. Children in this stage are unable to grasp logic and cannot understand complex relationships. Example: a child may not understand that her father was once her grandmother's little boy, a child may not understand that his brother is also his sisters brother Common errors in this stage include egocentrism, animism, centration, and irreversibility

Whole language approach

Approach to reading introduced in the late 1980s in which literacy is viewed as an extension of language and children learn to read and write through trial and error discovery similar to how they learn to speak

The Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)

Appropriate for children age 6 through 16 and is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children Composed of 10 subtest comprise an overall measure of IQ as well as for industries: verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Applying vygotskys theory

Assess the child's zone of proximal development, challenge the child to do something difficult, give just enough needed help, enlist the help of advanced peers, make learning fun and relevant

Kohlberg

Assumed adolescents move into conventional stages (three and four) in early adolescence Zoomed most youth developed postconventional morality by late adolescence Most US adolescence remain at the conventional levels

Brain development in early childhood

At age 2, the brain reaches 75% of its adult weight and 90% by age 5. Increases in brain matter, pruning, early experience, and myelination contribute to advances in children's motor and cognitive abilities. The number and size of dendrites increase, Myelination continues, increases the speed and efficiency of information.

Nine or 10

At what age do children correctly solve conservation of weight tasks

Seven or eight

At what age do children correctly solve conservation problems of substance

Gender identity

Awareness of whether one is a boy or a girl occurs at about age two onece children label themselves as male or female they classify the world around them as well as their own behaviors according to those labels

Aggression

Behavior such as hitting biting or kicking Decreases over time Children who show high levels of this are more likely to have experienced coercive parenting family dysfunction and low income as well as have mothers with a history of antisocial behavior and early child bearing High levels of this are risky for social and academic outcomes

Prosocial behavior

Behavior that is oriented towards others for the pure sake of helping without expecting a reward empathy motivates this

Characteristics of Bullys

Boys are above average size use physical aggression and target boys and girls Girls tend to be verbally assertive target other girls and use verbal or psychological methods that threaten relationships such as ridiculing embarrassing or spreading rumors Boys and girls tend to be impulsive domineering and show a little anxiety or insecurity Often motivated by the pursuit of high status in a powerful position in the peer group Often show hyperactive behavior poor school achievement receive less support from teachers and may show higher rates of depression and other children

Gender stability

By about age 3 children acquire the understanding that gender does not change over time

Empathy

Capacity to understand another person's emotions Requires perspective taking ability

Scaffolding

Changing the level of support. The role of a teacher or advanced peer, that children learn from by observing them and asking questions. This provides the child an opportunity to bridge the gap between his or her current confidence level and the task at hand. Example: a child working on a jigsaw puzzle gets help from a more skilled partner such as a sibling who has more experience with puzzles

Hormones

Chemicals that are produced in secreted into the bloodstream by glands. influence cells and area way in which genetic instructions are transformed into physical development. Growth hormone is an example that stimulates growth. Deficiencies in these show slowed growth

Gender typing

Children acquire gender roles early in life

Irreversibility

Children do not understand that reversing a process can often undo it and restore the original state. This is illustrated by conservation tasks in preoperational children. Require children to understand that the quantity of a substance is not transformed by the changes in its appearance, that change in appearance can be reversed: the water glass experiment

middle childhood

Children in this stage understand reversibility, that an object can be returned to its original state undoing the superficial physical alterations by which it was changed

Parallel play

Children play alongside each other but do not interact

Cooperative play

Children play together and work toward a common goal such as building a bridge or engaging in make-believe play

Single

Children raised in_____. Families show more physical and mental health problems poor academic achievement less social competence and more behavior problems These problems are largely due to reductions in family income and resources

Limitations of concrete operational thought

Children still need concrete information, abstract concepts are still difficult

Socio-dramatic play

Children take on roles and engage in activities to act out stories and themes pretending to be mothers astronauts cartoon characters animals and more begins and toddlerhood and becomes more frequent and more complex with age girls engage in more play the boys

Grammar in early childhood

Children use 4 to 5 word sentences and can express declaritive, interrogative, or imperative sentences

Logical extension or overextension

Children use this strategy to increase their vocabulary. Children will extend the use of the word to other objects in the same category. Example: when learning buddy dog with spots is called a dalmatian, a child may refer to a dalmatian as a bunny or a dalmatian horse.

Popular

Children who are socially skilled in value by their peers Typically helpful trustworthy and assertive Skilled in social information processing

bully-victims

Children who bully who also report being victims of bullying share characteristics of both about bullies and victims but function more poorly than either

Mainstreaming

Children with disabilities are to be educated in a general classroom with their peers for all or part of the day

Cognitive development in middle childhood

Children's capacities to take in process and retain information increased dramatically think in more adult like ways and are capable of thinking logically. More efficient thinkers

Information processing perspective

Cognitive development entails developing mental strategies to guide ones thinking and use ones cognitive resources more effectively. In early childhood children become more efficient at attending encoding and retrieving memories and problem-solving How children process information. Investigate the skills needed to solve tasks, pay attention, solve problems, and memorize

Gender schema theory

Cognitive explanation of gender role development which emphasizes information processing and environmental influences a concept or mental structure that organizes gender related information

Sympathy

Concern or sorrow for another person. Increases in emotional understanding in early childhood are associated with long-term advances in this

Aggressive rejected children

Confrontational hostile towards other children impulsive and hyperactive difficulty with emotion regulation difficulty taking others perspectives poor social skills

Vygotskys social cultural approach

Construction of knowledge through social interaction We are embedded in a context that shapes how we think and who we become. Most of children's learning comes not from working alone but from collaborating with others, children interact with more skilled partners who serve as models and provide instruction.

Scripts

Descriptions of what occurs in a particular situation. When a young child begins to use these they remember only the main details. As children grow older and gain cognitive competence these become more elaborate. Help children understand repeated events, serve as an organization tool, and help children predict what to expect in the future. Also may inhibit memory for new ideas.

Mandated reporters

Designated professionals who are required by law to report known or suspected child abuse

Middle childhood

Development of skills including reading and math Mattix develops during?

False belief

Develops around age 4 to 5 Tasks that require children to understand that someone does not share their knowledge. Example: children who are presented with a familiar Band-Aid box that contains pencils rather than Band-Aids will show surprise but tend to believe that other children will share their knowledge and expect the box to hold pencils. These children will also believe that they knew all along that the Band-Aid box contained pencils. They confuse their present knowledge with the memories for prior knowledge and have difficulty remembering having believe something that contradicts their current view Research shows that children from ages 2 to 4 with advances and executive functioning facilitated children's performance on these tasks Interactions with parent offer opportunities to practice perspective taking Three-year-old children tend to perform poorly on these tasks. Chinese parents offer less frequent discussion about mental states compared to American parents, yet Chinese children perform just as well as American children on false belief tasks

Selective attention

Develops between ages six and 10, focusing on the relevant information and ignoring other information

Learning disabilities

Diagnosed in children who demonstrate immeasurable discrepancy between aptitude and achievement in a particular academic area given their age intelligence and amount of schooling children tend to have average intelligence normal vision and normal hearing yet they exhibit difficulty with sensory information and tend to be more easily distracted less organized and less likely to use memory strategies Dyslexia is the most commonly diagnosed learning disability

Do not

Do children raised by homosexual compared to heterosexual parents differ significantly

Inclusion

Educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom.

Contextual influences on development in early childhood

Effects of exposure to poverty: young children under the age of six or at highest risk of living in poverty. Quality of home environment products children's outcomes. High quality parenting which is less common in families affected by poverty, is associated with enhanced social and emotional functioning and linguistic competence. Effects: Malnutrition, growth stunting in height and weight, lower cognitive scores, do you laid language development, learning difficulties, emotional and behavioral problems, high school drop out, aggressive and delinquent behavior.

More likely to experience malnutrition and growth stunting in height and weight. age 2 children from low SES backgrounds score lower on standardized tests of cognitive abilities, income within the first 4 to 5 years of life predict verbal and achievement outcomes

Effects of poverty

Animism

Egocentric thinking can also take the form of this, the believe that inanimate objects are alive and have feelings and intentions. Example: it is raining because the sun is sad and is crying

Early childhood

Empathy and prosocial behavior increases due to advances in cognitive development and a growing sense of self in____________

Authoritarian parenting style

Emphasizes behavioral control and obedience over warmth children are expected to conform to parental standards without question. Violations are accompanied by forceful and arbitrary punishment parents might yell threaten or spank their children. parents tend not to accept children's involvement in decisions and do not grant much autonomy. Children are to accept their decisions without question simply because they say so. Are less supportive and warm and more detached even appearing cold Children raised under this parenting style tend to be withdrawn often missed trustful anxious and show more behavioral problems as preschoolers. Children tend to be disruptive in their interactions with peers and to react with hostility when they experience frustrating interaction's preschool boys are more likely to show high rates of anger and defiance whereas girls tend to be more dependent explore less and be easily overwhelmed

ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation

Emphasizes difficulties with attention and distractibility such as feeling to return to details making mistakes I'm not appearing to listen when spoken to directly

ADHD predominantly hyperactive impulsive presentation

Emphasizes difficulties with impulsivity such as frequent fidgeting squirming and leaving seat in class often runs or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate talks excessively often blurts out an answer before a question is completed and has trouble waiting a turn

Elaboration

Entails creating an imagined scene or story to link material to be remembered

Relational aggression

Excluding someone from social activities, withdrawing friendship, spreading rumors or humiliating the person

Applied intelligence

Influences how people deal with their surroundings: how well they evaluate their environment, selecting and modifying it, and adapting it to fit their own needs an external demands

Uninvolved parenting style

Focuses on the parents own needs rather than the needs of the child little support or warmth often not noticing the child's need for affection and has little control over the child not recognizing the child's need for direction tends to be the style of parents under stress emotionally detached or depression Extreme forms can lead to child maltreatment Negative consequences for all forms of child's development including cognitive emotional and social development.

Nutrition in early childhood

From ages 2 to 6 young children's appetites tend to decline as compared with younger infants and toddlers. Picky eating can sometimes emerge as a relatively stable individual trait. Picky eating can sometimes be connected to personality traits such as strong likes and dislikes and temper tantrum's over feeding 2/3 of the cereal is marketed to children do not meet US nutrition standards Common deficiency of preschool years include vitamin a, B, D, and K as well as iron and calcium these have negative affects for growth In developing countries many children suffer from malnutrition either chronically or episodically. In adequate nutrition is a threat to children's growth. Malnourished children show cognitive deficits as well as impairments in motivation, curiosity, and the ability to interact with their environment. These deficits last, example of Ghanaian children who survived a severe famine at age 2 who scored lower on cognitive test from ages six to adulthood Malnutrition also exist in the United States. Up to 20% of US children in low SES homes suffer from iron deficiency. About 14% or 17.5 million homes are food insecure, lacking the monetary or other resources to provide adequate food at some point during the year

Two years

Gender stereotypes occur in children as early as

Girls

Gender that is better at verbal and math computation tasks as well as fine motor skills

Flynn affect

Generational increase in IQ thought to be a function of contextual factors specifically changes in education and environmental stimulation that improve children's reasoning and problem-solving skills

Growth in early childhood

Genetics play a role, children's height and rate of growth is closely related to their parents. Genes influence the rate of growth by stipulating the amount of hormones to be released Growth begins to slow, from ages two through six the average child grows 2 to 3 inches taller and gains nearly 5 pounds in weight each year. The average six year old child weighs about 45 pounds and is 46 inches tall

overregularization

Grammatical mistakes that young children make because they're applying grammatical rules to stringently. They apply the rules of grammar even when they should not. Four example, to create a plural, the rule is to add an S to the word. However there are many exceptions to this rule. And example of this is when children refer to foots, gooses, tooth's, and mouses.

Aggression; always show more physical and verbal aggression them girls and girls show more relational aggression

Greatest difference between boys and girls in preschool eight years

Gross and fine motor skills at 3 to 4 years

Gross motor skill: runs, ascends stairs alternating feet, jumps 15 to 24 inches, hops, pedals and steers a tricycle. Find motor skills: serves food, can work large buttons, copies vertical line and circle, uses scissors.

Gross and fine motor skills at 2 to 3 years

Gross motor skill: walk smoothly, runs but cannot turn or stop suddenly, jumps, throws a ball, rides push toys using feet. Find motor skills: unzips large zippers, puts on and remove some clothing, uses a spoon

Motor development in middle childhood

Gross motor skills developed during early childhood such as running and jumping are refined and combined into more complex abilities. Advances in flexibility balance agility and strength. Advances in fine motor control that allow them to develop new interests such as building cars playing with yo-yos breeding friendship bracelets weaving potholders and learning to play musical instruments Girls tend to outperform boys and fine motor skills

african-American children

Grow faster and are taller and heavier than white children of the same age

Body mass index

Healthcare professionals determine whether someone's weight is in the healthy range by examining this. Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared

Pragmatics

How language is used in every day contexts And example is the use of irony that develops

Lateralization

In early childhood, the process of hemisphere is becoming specialized to carry out different functions. Begins before birth. Influenced by genes and early experiences. Hemispheric dominance: typically left hemisphere damage dominates. Example: handedness 90% of people in western nations are right handed. Role of corpus callosum.

More

In middle childhood children spend___________time with siblings them with parents

Conventional moral reasoning

In middle childhood children use Kohlberg's scheme...?

Stunted growth

Inadequate growth in childhood as measured by low height and weight for age. Children who are malnourished gain less weight and are at risk for this

Rough and tumble play

Includes running climbing chasing jumping and play fighting distinguished from aggression by the presence of a play face smiling and laughing

Combined presentation

Includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity

Psycho social development in early childhood

Initiative versus guilt, the task is for young children to develop a sense of purposefulness and take pride in their accomplishments Practice taking on adult roles through play and learn about themselves in their social world

Sternberg's triatchic theory of intelligence

Intelligence is a set of mental abilities that permit individuals to adapt to any context and to select and modify the context in which they live and behave Poses three forms of intelligence: analytical, creative, and applied The same across cultures

Gardners multiple intelligence theory

Intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products Proposes at least eight independent kinds of intelligence Expands the use of intelligence to refer to skills not usually considered by experts as intelligence

Fine motor skills

Involve I hand and small muscle coordination, contribute to increased independence, can be difficult for younger children as they involve both hands and both sides of the brain

Gross motor skills

Involve the large muscles and include skills like running and jumping

Metacognition

Knowledge of how the mind works and the ability to control the mind

Preconventional morality

Kohlberg's stages level one Right and wrong are determined by rewards and punishments Stage one: punishment/obedience whatever leads to punishment is wrong Stage two rewards: the right way to behave is the way that is rewarded

Postconventional morality

Kohlberg's stages level three Abstract notion of justice rights of others can override obedience to laws and rules Stage five: difference between moral and legal right recognition that rule should sometimes be broken Stage six: individual principles of conscience takes account of like reviews of everyone affected by a moral decision

Conventional morality

Kohlberg's stages level two Views of others matter avoidance of blame seeking approval Stage 3: good intentions behaving in ways that conform to good behavior Stage 4: obedience to authority importance of doing one's duty

Car accidents

Leading cause of death in US children

Discipline

Learn best by reinforcement for good behavior Punishment is appropriate in small doses and for specific context Effective if immediate consistent connected to behavior Physical punishment is damaging

Middle age Child language

Learn synonyms and understand complex grammatical structures

Phonics method

Learning to read by memorizing rules and sounds of each letter to sound out world words. Usually involves rigorous drills and lessons to help children identify patterns of sounds and combinations in words

Intelligence tests

Measure intellectual aptitude, an individual's capacity to learn, which is vital to school success

Achievement tests

Measure what one has already learned about a given topic. Schools routinely administer these test which measure reading writing math and knowledge of science

Autobiographical memory

Memory of personally meaningful events that took place at a specific time and place in one spot. Most people have no memories prior to age 3, a phenomenon known as infantile amnesia This memory develop steadily from 3 to 6 years of age through adolescence and is accompanied by increases in the length and complexity of recall memory Young children recall more details about new events which three-year-old children will recall for a year or longer. Frequent events tend to blur together and young children tend not to recall them. Young children are better at recalling things they did then they simply watched

Ethnicity

Middle age children tend to pick friends with the same

Characteristics of bully victims

More likely to be inhibited frail in appearance and younger than their peers Often experience intrusive parenting overprotectiveness and criticism from parents that increases their vulnerability

Obesity during early childhood

More than 10% of 2 to 5-year-olds are overweight. By age5: cases of type two diabetes, overweight associated with lower self-esteem. Low income children of all of the cities are at greatest risk. Hereditary and learned eating habits play a role.

Asthma

Most commonly experienced chronic illness in childhood The chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways it causes wheezing and coughing, exposure to triggers such as cold weather exercise allergens emotional stress and infection cause the bronchial tubes contract and filled with mucus making it difficult for children to breathe. Affects about 15% of children and becomes more common with age African-American children are at greater risk and environmental factors play a role better installation of homes makes them more efficient at retaining heat that permits less air circulation exposing family members to more allergens and toxins from sources such as food allergens free pets and carpeting More diagnoses in urban areas compared to rural areas

Infancy and early childhood

Most dramatic developments in language occur in

Authoritative parenting

Most positive developmental outcomes are associated with this parenting style parents are warm and sensitive to children's needs but also are firm in their expectations that children conform to appropriate standards of behavior Exert firm reasonable control but also grandchildren developmentally appropriate levels of autonomy permitting decision-making that is appropriate This parenting style creates preschoolers with curious self-reliant and assertive personalities children display confidence cooperation self-esteem social skills high academic achievement and score higher on measures of executive functioning

Body image

Obese children who lose weight and parents monitor their activities maybe come obsessed with body size and develop a poor

Morality of cooperation or autonomous morality

Observed in middle childhood. The advancement to the stage of concrete operational reasoning refers to a more flexible view of rules as self chosen rather than simply imposed on children

Intellectual disability

Occurs when children show cognitive and social functioning that is considerably below that of other children their age characterized by deficits in intellectual functioning and age appropriate adaptive behavior such as social communication and self-care skills that begins before 18 years of age about 1 to 2% of people in the US are diagnosed with intellectual disability

Project Headstart

One of the most successful early childhood education programs in the US. Created by the federal government and designed to provide economically disadvantaged children with nutritional, health, and educational services during early childhood years prior to entering kindergarten

Permissive parenting

Parents are warm and excepting even indulgent they have few rules and expectations for their children make few demands on their children and see themselves as resources that children may choose to rely on or not often allow their children to monitor their own behavior Children raised under this parenting style tend to be more Socioemotionally immature and show little self-control and self regulatory capacity often impulsive rebellious and bossy as well as show less task persistence low levels of school achievement and more behavior problems

Withdrawn rejected children

Passive timid and socially awkward anxious poor social skills bureau of being disliked by peers misinterpret other children's behaviors and motives

80%

Percent of children in the US that have at least one sibling

Associative play

Play include social interaction in which children play alongside each other but exchange toys and talk about each other's activities

Rough and tumble play

Play style during middle childhood An important way that children test their bodies learn new motor skills play with friends and develop social skills.

No nonsense parenting

Popular parenting style and African-American families that emphasizes high parental control as well as warmth and affection mothers often stress obedience and view strict control as important in helping children develop self-control and attentiveness children are more cognitively mature and socially competent

Centration

Preoperational children show this, the tendency to focus on one part of a stimulus or situation and exclude all others. For example: a boy may believe that if he wears a dress he will become a girl, he focuses entirely on appearance rather than the other characteristics that make him a boy This is illustrated by a classic task that requires the preoperational child to distinguish what something appears to be from what it really is called the appearance reality distinction, DeVries presented 3 to 6-year-old children with a cat, the children were permitted to pet the cat, while his head and shoulders were hidden behind a screen a dog mass was placed onto the cats head, the children were asked what kind of animal is it now does it bark or does it meow. Three-year-old children replied that it was now a dog six-year-old children were able to distinguish the cats appearance from the reality and explain that the cat only looked like a dog. This illustrates dual encoding, the ability to mentally represent an object in more than one way at a time, young children are not able to understand that a scale model like a doll house can be both an object and the symbol of an actual house

Theory of mind

Refers to children's awareness of their own and other people's mental processes. This can be under the broader concept of metacognition. Infer the existence of mental states and use them as an explanatory device for human behavior

Analytical intelligence

Refers to information processing capacity such as how efficiently people process information, acquire knowledge, engage in metacognition, and generate and apply strategies to solve problems Traditional IQ test measure this form of intelligence

Episodic memory

Refers to memory for events and information acquired during those events. Example: a researcher might study this memory by asking a child where did you go on vacation? Most studies of memory examined this type for specific information and for scripts

Self-concept in early childhood

Refers to our beliefs about ourselves our conceptions of our abilities traits and characteristics Children's self description I'm four years old I have black hair I am happy my dog is brown I can run fast

Gender constancy

Refers to the child's understanding that gender does not change that here she will always be the same regardless of appearance activities or attitude

Object identity

Refers to the understanding that certain characteristics of an object do not change despite superficial changes to the object's appearance Concrete operational children possess the skill

Time out

Removing a child from the situation for a short period of time is effective in reducing inappropriate behavior Does not humiliate the child it is administered call me privately with in the context of a warm parent child relationship and is accompanied by an explanation so the child understands the reason for the punishment

Temporary assistance for needy families TANF

Replaced the AFDC. Resulted in a decrease in welfare caseloads by more than 50%. Known as a welfare to work program because it provides families with economic resources with mandated participation and job training and employment

Reactive aggression

Response to bullying that includes a more intense feeling of anger and greater desires to retaliate often preceded by an insult con for Tatian or frustration

Exercise in early childhood

Routine physical activity should be a daily occurrence, during preschool: two hours per day

Gross and fine motor skills at 5 to 6 years

Runs more quickly, skips more affectively, throws and catches a ball like older children, makes a running jump of 23 to 36 inches, rides bicycle with training wheels. Find motor skills: ties shoes, uses knife to cut soft food, copies numbers and simple words.

Children's own skills and behaviors, characteristics of context, parental smoking

Safety is influenced by?

Industry over inferiority

School age children face the task of developing this sense, feeling more competent than inadequate Children must learn and master skills valued in society such as reading math and writing

Black Children in America

Score an average of 15 IQ points below white children

Private speech

Self talk that accounts for 20% to 50% of the utterances of children ages 4 to 10. Piaget's view: this type of speech is a result of cognitive development and indicative of cognitive immaturity. Meaningless and not addressed to anyone. Research suggests that this is not true children can communicate meaningfully with gestures and speech from an early age Vygotskys view: this speech serves developmental functions. Involved in thinking, it is personal speech that guides behavior and fosters new ideas

Motor development in early childhood

Significant gains in gross and fine motor skills, children from low SES backgrounds are at risk for poor gross motor skills, practice and context contribute to these gains Children become physically stronger which increases bone and muscle strength as well as lung capacity. Children make gains in coordination as the parts of the brain responsible for sensory and motor skills develop. They can play harder and engage in more complicated play activities that include running jumping and climbing. Examples of please include writing tricycles paddling cars and other riding toys

Four, six

Six year old children have a large vocabulary so expand by ______ times their size by the end of elementary school and______times by the end of formal schooling

Classification

Skills that accompany concrete operational reasoning that permit school age children to categorize or organize objects based on physical dimensions: seriation, transitive influence, and class inclusion

Growth in middle childhood

Slows considerably as compared with infancy and early childhood. Day-to-day increases in height and weight add up quickly and concealing we sneak up on a child. Grow 2 to 3 inches and gained 5 to 8 pounds per year Average 10-year-old weighs 70 pounds and 4.5 feet tall Genes and nutrition influence the rate of children's growth:

Dual language learning

Strategy to learn English in which English and non-English students learn together in both languages in both languages are valued equally

Bilingualism

Strategy to learn English where students should be taught two languages learning subject matter first in their native language and then switching to English when they become competent in a given academic subject

Immersion

Strategy to learn English, which places foreign speaking children into English speaking classes and requires them to learn English and course content at the same time

Self-regulation

The ability to control one's impulses and appropriately direct behavior: increases during the preschool years. Private speech plays a role in this

Recall memory

The ability to generate a memory of a stimulus encountered before without seeing it again, is much poorer in young children.

Transitive inference

The ability to infer the relationship between two objects by understanding each object's relationship to a third object. Example: show a child three sticks A B & C. Show that stick A is longer than stick B and stick B is longer than stick C. The concrete operational child does not need to physically compare sticks A B and C to know that stick A is longer than stick C This skill develops at about five years old

Seriation

The ability to order objects in a series according to a physical dimension such as height, weight, or color. Example: ask a child to arrange a handful of sticks in order by link from shortest to longest. 4 to 5 year old children could pick out the smallest and largest stick but cannot arrange the others in order instead they arrange them haphazardly. 6 to 7-year-old children arrange the sticks by picking out the smallest and next smallest and so on

Recognition memory

The ability to recognize a stimulus one has encountered before, nearly perfect and four and five-year-old children

Class inclusion

The ability to understand classification hierarchy, to simultaneously consider relations between a general category in more specific sub categories. Example: show a child a bunch of flowers comprised of daisies and roses. Ask the child if there are more daisies or flowers. Preoperational children will answer that there are more daisies because they do not understand that daisies are subclass of flowers

Response inhibition

The ability to withhold a behavioral response inappropriate in the current context, which increases children's capacities for self regulation that permits them to control their thought and behavior, contributing to advances in metacognition present in middle childhood

Carolina Abeccedarian project (preschool) and the perry preschool project (3&4 yo)

The best evidence for the effectiveness of early childhood education interventions comes from two longitudinal studies:

Plasticity during early childhood

The brains capacity to change its organization and function in response to experience, overabundance of neurons and synapses: receives as much sensory and motor stimulation as possible. Pruning of synapses occurs for neural connections that are not used Children's brains can re-organize themselves in response to injury in ways that adults brains cannot. Young children's brains have fewer cognitive difficulties when compared to adults injured later in life Brain injuries before age two can result in more global and severe deficits then do those sustained later in childhood suggesting that a reserve of neurons is needed for the brain to show plasticity

Peer acceptance

The degree to which a child is viewed as a work visa social partner by his or her peers becomes increasingly important in middle childhood pure evaluations become vital sources of self evaluation

Parenting style

The emotional climate of the parent child relationship, the degree of warmth, support, and boundaries that parents provide, influences parents efficacy, their relationship with their children, and their children's development

Morality of constraint

The first stage of PIajets theory of morality, in which children are aware of rules and see them as sacred and unalterable. Occurs by age 6

Egocentrism

The inability to take another persons point of view or perspective A child with this view looks at the world from his or her own perspective assuming that other people share her feelings knowledge and even physical view of the world example: this child may show their mom her teddy bear when mom looks sad not realizing that while the teddy bear may make her feel better the mom has different needs and preferences The mountain task is typically used to illustrate this where a child sits at a table facing three large mountains

Preconventional reasoning

The lowest level of Kohlberg's schemes. Young children who display cognitive reasoning at the preoperational stage. Colbert argues that young children's behavior is governed by self interest, avoiding punishment and gaining rewards. Moral behavior is a response to external pressure

Instrumental aggression

The most common form of aggression seen in early childhood, aggression used to achieve a goal such as obtaining a toy Example: a child takes a crayon out of another child's hand not to hurt the child but to obtain the crayon

ADHD

The most commonly diagnosed disorder in child hood, about 10% of school children in the US Characterized by persistent difficulties with attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with performance and behavior in school and daily life

obesity

The most pressing and preventable health problem facing children today children today weigh more than ever before associated with short and long term health problems such as heart disease high blood pressure orthopedic problems cardiovascular disease and diabetes These children are at risk for pure ejection depression low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction 17% of American children are classified as this

Middle aged children

This age can take in more information, process it more accurately and quickly and retain it more effectively than younger children

Attention

This improves in early childhood through the preschool years.

Sensory memory

This type of memory remains stable during childhood

Working memory

This type of memory steadily increases in middle childhood

Moral development

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about rules and conventions, and what people should do in their interactions with other people

Rehearsal organization and elaboration

Tricks to aid memory in middle childhood

Limitations to Piaget's theory

Under estimate the operational children. Success on PIajets tasks appears to depend more on the child's language abilities then his or her actions. Example: to be successful on the three mountain task for example the child must not only understand how the mountains look from the other side but be able to communicate that understanding. That children are less egocentric then Piaget thought, children are also less animistic. Three-year-old children do not tend to describe inanimate objects with life like qualities even when the object is a robot that can move. Four-year-old children can be talked to conserve, suggesting that children's difficulties with reversibility and conservation tasks can be overcome. Conclusion, typical Piagetian tasks emphasize what young children cannot understand more than what they can understand

Young children's understanding of theory of the mind

Understand the difference between thinking and happened. Commonly assessed by examining children's abilities to understand that people can whole different believes about an object or event

Inductive discipline

Use reasoning to discipline let's children be involved

Social learning theory

Views moral behavior as being acquired through reinforcement and modeling, just like any other behaviors. Bandera and McDonald demonstrated that the moral judgments of young children could be modified through a training procedure involving social reinforcement and modeling.

Cognitive developmental theory

Views moral development through a cognitive lens and examines reasoning about moral issues. The resolution of moral dilemma requires that the child consider the perspective, needs, and feelings, of others.

Language development

Vocabulary rapidly experience from 500 words at age 2 to 1000 words at age 3 to 20,000 words at age 6

Age 12

What age do children properly solve conservation of volume tasks

22

What percent of school age children in the United States speak a language other than English at home?

Self-esteem

When children demonstrate independence and act purposefully their prime to develop a healthy______

Why are young children performing poorly and recall tasks?

Young children are not very effective at using memory strategies, cognitive activities that make us more likely to remember. This may be due to their limited working memories

Memory

Young children have language skills and abilities to follow directions which make it easier to study their memory skills. There are two types of memories for experience: episodic memory and autobiographical memory

Social comparison

Young children maintain a positive view about themselves because they do not yet engage in this, meaning that they do not compare their performance with that of other children

executive attention

action planning, focus on goals, detects errors, deals with novel or difficult circumstances

Gross and fine motor skills at 4 to 5 years

gross motor skill: runs smoothly with control over stopping and turning, descends stairs alternating feet, jumps 24 to 33 inches, skips, throws ball by rotating the body and transferring wait to 1 foot, catches ball with hands, rides tricycle and steers affectively. Fine motor skill: uses scissors to cut along a line, uses fork effectively, copies simple shapes and some letters

Diana Baumrind

her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)

Zone of proximal development

the gap between the child's confidence level, what they can do alone, and what they can do with assistance. The upper limit of the zone is what the child can accomplish with a skilled partner. Over time, the child internal scaffolding the skill becomes with in the range of competence, and the zone of proximal development.