PSYCH Exam
A preschool teacher accidentally steps on a pencil that is laying on the classroom floor and it breaks in half. The student is displaying which of Piaget's concepts?
animism
Which division of the peripheral nervous system regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration?
autonomic nervous system
When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?
behaviorist
Sergei is having disturbing thoughts. His therapist suggests doing blood work to measure the level of hormones. Which perspective is Sergie's therapist using?
biological
The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.
biological
such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness
biological factors
Alex is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. They are most likely to be labeled
bisexual
Bettina has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucination, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Bettina exhibits
both positive and negative symptoms
Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?
computerized axial tomography
Which brain imaging technology takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems?
computerized axial tomography scan
Misu attains high grades in her college courses and is always very organized with her material and time. Using the Big Five Model of personality, on which trait would Misu likely score high
conscientiousness
Which of the following statements is true of neurotransmitters?
"Loose" neurotransmitters are either broken down or absorbed by the axon terminal.
Which best characterizes Howard Gardner's view of intelligence?
"There are multiple intelligence which are influenced by different areas in the brain"
What percentage of genes are shared by monozygotic twins?
100 percent
According to research on lying by Ekman, what percentage of individuals are able to successfully hide their emotions?
5%
Dr. Jackson is often found in class using phrases like, "It is similar to..." and "kind of like..." Making connections between similar things is an example of a(n)
Analogy
A lawyer most likely has
Analytical intelligence
Identify a true statement about pre linguistic vocalizations
Babbling is prelinguistic
Babi Hoshi's dad could not stop laughing because every time he touched the soles of his feet his toes would fan out. In this scenario, the baby exhibited the
Babinski reflex
Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable
In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that
Both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence
Osku and Monika are discussing how emotions emerge. For which theory is Monika advocating?
Cannon-Bard
In order to better remember the information from his psychology text, Sheldon is using what type of memory strategy?
Categorization
Which of the following is true of the nativist theory of language development?
Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning
primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.
Cognitive psychologists
Infant-centered speech is characterized by all except which of the following?
Complex sentences to encourage language development
Visual acuity is highest when image are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _____ in the region.
Cones
The ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems is also known as
Creativity
is a defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.
Critical thinking
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to
Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
___________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma
Dissociative amnesia
In which of these strategies does the problem solver associate freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course?
Divergent thinking
When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. This could be an example of which concept of memory?
Elaboration
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
Establishment of close relationships
According to Weber's Law, the absolute threshold for all senses is the same for everyone
False
Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to block the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates
Functional fixedness
A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n)
Heuristic
In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) _____________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features
Hierarchy
If the _____ is damaged, a person has difficulty forming new memories.
Hippocampus
Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued
When a children utters the word "mama", it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes mama" and "You are my mama". Such ingle words used by children to express complex meanings known as
Holophrases
Which of the following, along with receptors in our liver, helps regulate our hunger?
Hypothalamus
The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of ________ memory, which can old visual stimuli for up to a second.
Iconic
How to perform different skills is a component of
Implicit memory
Knowing how to play piano without much consideration effort illustrates ___________ memory
Implicit memory
Rachel came across a question she did not know while taking her psychology exam. She skipped it and moved on, returning to it when she recalled the answer. Which strategy did Rachel use?
Incubation
In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that
Infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.
Infinite creativity
Explicit memory is
Information that can be clearly stated
Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?
Insist on evidence
Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience
Intelligence
Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?
Interviewers may influence participants and give responses that suit their expectation.
The blind spot
Is insensitive to visual stimulation
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to biochemical "hard drive"
Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?
It is dependent on brain maturation of the child
Which of the following is true of applied research?
It is designed to find solutions to specific personal or social problems.
Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold?
It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.
As we age and reach our late 30's to mid-40's, what structure in our eye tends to have difficulty accommodating?
Lens
Asa is the lead programmer of a major tech software company. Her actions are consistent with
Maslow's concept of self actualization
Brown and McNeill's experiment on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon revealed that
Memory storage systems of humans are indexed according to both visual and audio cues
Module 1
Module 1
In the context of motor development of children, which of the following statements is true of activities like rolling over, sitting up, crawling, creeping, walking and running?
Most infants engage in these activities in the same sequence.
On his first day as a school psychologist, Daniel took a trip to the school ground and quietly sat in the corner watching the children play. He noticed several patterns in the way children behaved with each other, especially when they were playing games. Daniel is most likely using the method of:
Naturalistic observation
Diego is 75-years-old and his grandchildren have noticed that he uses a lot of salt and pepper on his dinners lately. What is a likely explanation for this?
Our sense of smell declines in late adulthood.
Max's three-year-old typically says things like, "I seed it" and "Mommy sited down." These examples illustrate _____________.
Overregularization
In the context of the brain's language functions, identify the correct statement.
People with Wernicke's aphasia usually speak freely and with proper syntax.
According to your text, if you have adequate sight you also have what kind of memory?
Photographic
When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake pills are called:
Placebos
Which of Sternberg's types of intelligence could be referred to as "street smarts"?
Practical intelligence
Because of her poor health, your Aunt B had to take a lot of medication. She usually does a good job remembering to take it but sometimes forgets to do so. This forgetting is a failure of what type of memory?
Prospective memory
If college courses would be considered a mental category, then PSY 201C could be considered a/n
Prototype
Which of the following statements is true of the scientific method?
Psychologists are guided by principles of critical thinking as they try to draw conclusions for research evidence collected through the scientific method.
After telling the police officer everything she could recall about when she went into the bank, Lucas got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Lucas was most likely experiencing
Retrieval cue failure
Clive Wearing could remember how to play the piano, but couldn't remember his birthday party that occurred last year. His inability to remember events from the past is an example of deficits in which type of memory?
Retrospective
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Exposure to very loud sounds can lead to damage of the auditory nerve or hair cells, resulting in__________.
Sensorineural deafness
After moving to Nebraska, Bobbi did not once notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the cicadas in her back yard. What is this an example of?
Sensory (positive) adaptation
Nafeeza is only a few weeks old. Her mother and father are both talking to her trying to get a reaction. Who's voice will Nafeeza will prefer?
She will prefer her mother's voice
Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of
Subliminal stimulation
Which of the following is one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?
Surprise
Silas has a cold which has caused him to have a stuffy nose. Besides not being able to smell, what other sense may be affected?
Taste
Which of the following best represents the role of testosterone in one's sexual orientation?
Testosterone may have an activating effect on one's sexual desire.
Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?
The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.
Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
The exhaustion stage
Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?
The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality
Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of
The means-end analysis
According to the American Psychological Association's Handbooks of Ethics in Psychology, which of the following criteria must be met for psychologists to use deception in their experiments.
The participants are debriefed afterward.
The critical factor in state-dependent retrieval is the influence of:
The person's mood at the time a memory is encoded and retrieved
Which of the following causes Down syndrome?
The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
Although Crystal had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.
The serial-position effect
Which of the following is one of the most common concerns about the Cannon-Bard theory?
The theory says that emotions occur independently from the environment.
Which condition(s) must be met before an ethics committee will approve an experiment that harms animals?
There must be no alternative, and the benefits justify the harm.
In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?
They are developed through experience.
Which of the following is true of collectivists?
They are more likely to conform to group judgments
behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they include combinations of a certain criteria. WHich of the following is one of the criteria?
They exhibit behaviors that are self-defacing
What is one difference, noted via MRI scans, that can be seen in the brains of people with schizophrenia?
They generally have less grey matter
A person with normal color vision is labeled a
Trichromat
Bobbie spilled water accidentally on her father's computer, but contrary to Bobbie's expectations, they did not get grounded. Bobbie's father's response is an example of
Unconditional positive regard
Which term refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure?
Validity
Phillippe Pinel was the first to
View psychological disorders as diseases of the mind and encouraged humane treatment
Which of the following senses is dominant in human beings?
Vision
Which one of these assessments groups test questions into a number of separate sub tests where each sub test measures a different intellectual task?
Wechsler scale
According to this theory, events and arousal are appraised by the individual. The emotional response stems from the person's appraisal of the situation and his or her level of arousal.
cognitive appraisal theory
Aria works at a marketing research firm.Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her idea so as to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _____.
cognitive dissonance theory
Masha, a 13-year-old-girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Masha's math teacher, shares with Masha a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using what concept to help the child.
cognitive scaffolding
Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?
a visual illusion
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When they visit the zoo for the first time, the child sees a hamster and calls it a rabbit because of its similar physical features. According to Piaget, which cognitive process within the child will best correct the child's misunderstanding?
accommodation
Dan is unhappy until his tweets get at least 100 likes. His desire for this kind of validation is what kind of drive?
acquired
Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through -
afferent neurons
Your friend Adelina tells you that she is red-green color blind. This means she sees things in
all colors except red or green
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of -
dopamine
Derris is a research assistant in Dr. Smith's psychology lab. When the participant asked him what the conditions of the study were, Derris replied, "I do not know." This is an example of ________ study.
double-blind
Sexual desires fall into which category?
drive
Rosinha is cold, so she puts on a sweater to return her temperature to a comfortable state. Which theory of motivation does this scenario illustrate?
drive-reduction
According to James and Lange, which of these are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses?
emotions
Which chemical messenger intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety?
epinephrine
_____ stress is considered healthful
eustress
Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.
extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, ad openness
Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.
extrinsic rewards
Identify the factors that make up the big five model
extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
Jerrion was working in his apartment on a very difficult project for work. He decided to take a break and walk outside. It was a bright sunny day and he was squinting a lot because of the light. Upon getting back inside to work on the project he felt more excited about it. This behavior is consistent with the
facial-feedback hypothesis
Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?
forced-choice format
Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n)
forensic psychologist
Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?
genotype
Amanda has long dreamed of becoming a mother. She tracks her menstrual cycle and tries to have sex with her husband at the most opportune times. Which type of factor is Amanda's motivation for sex based on?
goal attainment
Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of -
having dyslexia
Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damaged to her-
hippocampus
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich which satisfies her hunger. The return to the normal bodily function without the hunger pangs is called _____.
homeostasis
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
In a sudden accident, Stan's hypothalamus is damaged, causing him to eat excessively, a condition known as
hyperphagia
Freud claimed only a very limited part of our mind operates at the level of awareness while the rest seems to be in our unconscious. He compared these levels of awareness to a(n)
iceberg
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________.
intrinsic goal
Eyesenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: emotional stability-instability and
introversion-extraversion
Which structure in the front of the eye dislates and constricts to determine how much light will be allowed to get into the eye?
iris
Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.
irrational beliefs
Which is the oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulation of heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, and respiration?
medulla
Which of the following plays a significant role in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing?
medulla
According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson
men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation
Satiety sign are sent from which two parts of the body?
mouth and digestive tract
Satiety signals are sent from which two parts of the body?
mouth and digestive tract
Which of these is the best defined as a sudden variation in an inheritable characteristic, as distinguished from a variation that results from generations of gradual selection?
mutation
A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places a toy in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son starts searching for the toy. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?
object permanence
tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers
objective
The _______ conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe.
optic nerve
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, gential
Mariana, a 14-year-old girl, is dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents disapprove of this behavior and forbid her from meeting the boy. Marina fights with her parents because of this as she believes that she loves him. She also believes that she is unique and is destined to get married to the love of her life at an early age. This scenario best represents the concept of the _____.
personal fable
Which of the following is the second phase of the sexual response cycle?
plateau phase
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be -
polygenic
Azura decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is a characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?
pre-conventional
Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is
primarily genetic
In his clinical practice, Dr. Lee believes that the draw-a-person test (DAP) is an excellent way to discover some of his patients' mental health issues. The DAP requires you to draw a person, for instance, your mother or significant other. this type of test would be considered a(n)
projective test
Which one of the following is true of psychological needs?
psychological needs differ markedly from one one person to another.
In the context of the human eye (as well as little kisses), the size of the _________ is sensitive emotions.
pupil
Essay tests are examples of
recall
Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, also known as a -
receptor site
Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as:
reinforcement
Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her
safety needs
Jiro is 54-years-old and is at a point in his life where his is trying to help take care of his aging parents while also assisting his own children. Jiro is part of the
sandwich generation
Professor Schwiesow is trained as which of the following?
school psychologist
Cassietta has parents that are very affectionate and reliable. When she creis, her parents are attentive and come to her aid. It is likely that Cassietta has what type of attachment to her parents?
secure
Simone has been unbeaten in her sport for years. What motivates her to continue innovating with new moves?
self-actualization
According to behaviorists, personality is formed by
situational or environmental influences
Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation.
split-brain
A hypothesis is a:
statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research
Humor helps people cope with stress by __________.
stimulating the output of endorphins
Narek is driving home from school when an aggressive driver cuts him off and offers him an obscene gesture. What system makes Narek's heart race?
sympathetic nervous system
The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following hormones can heighten the sex drive in women?
testosterone
Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?
the age of instability
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?
the age of possibilities
In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?
the body burns fewer calories
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?
the concept of the imaginary audience
Emma, a college gymnast, has been struggling with several injuries in recent years. She has had several fractures and broken bones. Because gymnastics often emphasize thinness, Emma might be suffering from
the female athlete triad
In the classic story of Pinocchio - What part of the Freudian psyche does Jiminy Cricket represent
the superego
Julie's research work requires her to interview a sample of 200 people within two months. She needs a quick method of observation by which she can consolidate the data from her questionnaires without taking too much time. Which of the following methods should be recommended for Julie? a. Naturalistic observation method b. The case study method c. Field experiments d. The survey method
the survey method
The reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior can be called
traits
Jordan does not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Which term would be used for Jordan in this case.
transgender
The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world
true
cochlear implants contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sound past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.
true
Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of __________.
trust verses mistrust
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which part of the mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression
unconscious
If you were having trouble with balance, it would most likely be a problem with your __________ system.
vestibular
The situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops, is called
zone of proximal development
A(n) _______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables.
correlation coefficient
Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________.
crystallized intelligence
David was experiencing a lot of stress because he was experiencing some pain in his right foot, the weather was poor, and he owed money to a friend. These types of stress are considered ___________.
daily hassles
The loudness of a sound is expressed in
decibels (dB)
The electroencephalograph is a method of -
detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.