Psych Final

The correlation coefficient can range from:

+1.00 indication a perfect positive correlation, to -1.00 indicating a perfect negative correlation.

The full psychological effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is roughtly?

4 weeks

Your professor directs a clinic for children and adolescents that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which of the following branches of psychology does this clinic support?

Behaviorism

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by?

Gestalt psychologists

_____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems.

Psychotherapy

Vivid dreams occur during which sleep stage (also known as paradoxical sleep)

REM sleep

Your friend yells at you for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe your friend is a rude jerk, you decide that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of:

a situational attribution

In studies of fraternal and identical twins, only the identical twins had a strikingly similar sleep patterns and durations. This study indicates that sleep patterns are influenced by?

genes

Studies of identical twins who had been raised apart has most clearly increased scientific appreciation for the importance of / in personality development

genetic influences

According to Carl Rogers, the client-centered therapist ideally should demonstrate:

genuinesses, unconditional postive regard, and empathic understanding

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.

good grades in school; love and safety

The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of:

groupthink

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to?

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory

The percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity is called:

heritability

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization

A negative correlation between people's physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that:

higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health.

The limbic system structure that regulated hunger is called the:

hypothalamus

The limbic system is a group of structures involved in:

motivation, emotion, learning, and memory

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ______________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ______________.

observational; Bandura

Using Asch's procedure, conformity to group judgements would be likely when?

participants announce their own answers only after the other group members have done so, it is very difficult for anyone to make correct perceptual judgments. judgments are made in a group that has more than three people.

what is the stunning finding from studies of hundreds of adoptive families?

people who grow up together, and are biologically related or not, do not resemble one another in personality.

The process of organizing and interpreting sensations.

perception

Identical twins separated at brith and raised in completely different home environments would be most likely to have similar:

personality traits

In an experiment, it is important that independent and dependent variables are given which specify procedures for manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable.

precise operational definitions

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

resolution phase

The process of getting info out of memory storage is called?

retrieval

When a baby's cheek is touched, he or she will turn toward the touch, and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the / reflex.

rooting

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. This behavior is best explained in terms of:

scapegoat theory

The nonproductive sexual characteristics (for example, female breasts, male facial hair) are known as:

secondary sex characteristics

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:

sense of object permanence

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house for a visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

What makes sensation possible?

sensory receptors

Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, or both sexes, is called for?

sexual orientation

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain?

the behavior of stranger who have been observed in only one type of situation

The / of the cereal cortex are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.

association areas

Most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia is?

auditory

What is NOT one of the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

cerebellum

Taste is what kind of sense?

chemical

It is easier to remember info that is organized into meaningful units than info that is not. this is known as?

chunking

If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called?

circadian rhythms

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

When Aiden opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, whenever Aiden opens the refrigerator door his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner."

close to; far from

A focus on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is most relevant to the perspective.

cognitive

Which perspective would be most relevant to understanding the role of spaced practice on long-term memory of information?

cognitive

Aaron Beck's therapy teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, and is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. This therapy is called:

cognitive therapy

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as our:

collective unconscious

During this stage of Piaget's cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

concrete operational

According to Carl Rogers ______________ is an attitude of provisional acceptance toward another person. This attitude nurtures growth in others.

conditional positive regard

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS)

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting?

conformity

Geneva has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Given your knowledge of her behavior, which of the following Big Five personality traits does she exhibit MOST?

conscientiousness

What is a person's subjunctive experience of the world and one's self?

consciousness

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students' self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:

correlation does not prove causation

The / is the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

embryo

The humanistic perspective of personality

emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals

The process of info into the memory system is called?

encoding

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n):

generalized anxiety disorder

According to Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

the id

Self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is:

the motivation to fulfill one's potential

During _______________, the excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase.

the plateau phase

Which specialized area of the brain registers and processes body touch and movement sensations and is located at the front of the parietal lobes?

the somatosensory cortex

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that?

the weights of adopted children correlate with those of their biological parents, not with those of their adoptive parents.

Dendrites transmit messages / the cell today and axons transmit messages / the cell body.

toward; away from

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

transference

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first take that infants wrestle with us:

trust versus mistrust

One reason many adolescence are impulsive, emotional, and prone to risky behavior without weighing the consequences is due to a(n):

underdeveloped frontal lobe

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most common compulsion is?

washing and counting

Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends and strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. According to Freud, Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n):

weak superego

/ develop from a single fertilized egg, whereas / develop from separate fertilized eggs.

Identical twins; fraternal twins

The most widely used test to measure implicit attitudes and preferences is the _____, developed by psychologist Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues.

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

If you were trying to describe the function of the somatic nervous system to a middle-school student, which of the following analogies might you use?

It functions like a remote control that moves a robotic arm

Who was the functionalist who authored the textbook Principles of Psychology for the emerging discipline of psychology?

James

______________ is a protein secreted by fat cells and when abundant causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

Leptin

They observed muscle contractions all over the body during orgasm.

Masters and Johnston

Participants in a new depression study will be assigned according to a randomization schedule that is unknown to the participants and the researchers. Essentially, the researcher will give participants drug kits in order of their trial participation start date. The first participant will receive the first kit, the second participant receives the second, and so on. The kits are only numbered with 001, 002, etc., and these numbers correspond to active drugs or placebos on the randomization schedule. This ____________ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of getting study medication and that the researcher is not biased.

Random assignment

A 3-year-old has just started in preschool and her teachers are reporting that she is extremely emotionally reactive and impulsive. What do you think she will be like as a young adult?

Research findings suggest she will be somewhat impulsive and conflict-prone.

Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by:

Schizophrenia is characterized by all of these things.

A patient recently admitted to the hospital is complaining of auditory hallucinations. She might be treated with:

Thorazine

People with disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence. True or False?

True

What is true about respect to sexual orientation?

Virtually all cultures in all times have been predominantly heterosexual. The environmental factors that influence sexual orientation are presently unknown. Sexual orientation is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed.

Who was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

Washburn

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn't necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position?

When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior. They simply suppress it, and are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place; Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving; Spanking can create fear in children.

Psychologists who today focus on the adaptive function of behaviors and emotions (that is, those who study behaviors and emotions that appear to have allowed our ancestors to survive) would likely consider an early representative of their approach to psychology.

William James

The best basis for generalizing behavior is from:

a representative sample of cases.

The diversity of human traits is most clearly enabled by our shared:

adaptive capacity

What is a link between thinking and learning and sleep?

after working on a task, then sleeping on it, people solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake

Interactions between the environment and heredity can result in differences in personality. Which of the following infants has genetically influenced traits (heredity) that might evoke responses in their caregivers (environment), which ultimately can influence personality characteristics?

an easygoing, emotionally stable infant, an anxious, inhibited infant, an emotionally reactive infant

Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about?

an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms

What is true about animal sleep patterns?

animals sleep less during times of migration, animals sleep less during their mating season, large animals who depend on grazing such as giraffes tend to sleep very little

Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of:

behavior geneticists

Discrimination is a negative ___________, whereas prejudice is a negative ___________.

behavior; attitude

What theory states that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

gate-control

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is most likely suffering from a(n):

bipolar disorder

DSM-5 provides mental health professionals with?

both a common language for labeling psychological disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing them

The brain's oldest and innermost region that is responsible for autonomic survival functions is called the:

brainstem

Encoding is to _____________ as storage is to _____________.

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Blake's doctor told her that she should not drink alcohol while taking Xanax. This is because antianxiety agents such as Xanax:

depress central nervous system activity

In terms of pervasiveness, ____________ is to psychological disorders as the common cold is to mild physical illnesses.

depression

Studies show that chronic sleep deprivation is associated with?

depression, conflicts in friendships and romantic relationships, and obesity

highest reported psychological disorder in the United States in 2008?

depressive disorders

Dr. HIllburton has received approval for his research grant to study the effects of divorce on children aged 5 to 12 in terms of maturational milestones. Dr. Hillburton is most likely what kind of psychologist?

developmental

Professor Bernstein conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Bernstein is most likely what kind of psychologist?

developmental

The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout their lifespan is called:

developmental psychology

External influences on development such as social support are said to constitute our:

environment

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

every times the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Unlike correlation, the only way to demonstrate causation is to conduct a:

experiment

Veda is sociable, fun-loving and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures?

extraversion

Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of:

free association

Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal to modest effect in reducing the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), The hypothesis that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale needs to be revised by increasing the dosage to 300 mg. This increase is a manipulation of the:

independent variable

In an experiment, researchers manipulate one or more _______ and then determine whether this manipulation had an effect on the ______.

independent variables; dependent variable

Dr. Prima has been hired to assess job satisfaction and worker productivity. Dr. Prima is most likely what psychologist?

industrial/organizational

What do depressant drugs do?

inhibit the activity of the central nervous system

1 in 10 adults complain of this sleep disorder in which they have nightly problems falling or staying asleep

insomnia

Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as?

instincts

Wilbur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he's made and his dreams that went unfulfilled. Wilbur is in the stage of development called:

integrity versus despair

What ring of muscle tissue controls the pupil's size?

iris

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the?

lens

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings he wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques like:

linear perspective

Permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system is called?

long-term memory

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to?

maintain homeostasis

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used as a treatment for?

major depressive disorder

The ending of menstrual cycles is most indicative of:

menopause

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near each other. What is this called?

principle of proximity

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ____________ test.

projective

The chemical substances that people take to alter mood, thinking, sensation, or perception is called?

psychoactive drugs

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____.

psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy

In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system / glucose (blood sugar) level and / the pupils of the eyes

raises; dilates

Memory refers to what measures of retention?

relearning information, storage of information, retrieval of information.

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats on public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nicole's behavior?

she will act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory.

short-term

Brianna is a 20-year-old who lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a:

social anxiety disorder

The fundamental attribution error best illustrates that we may often underestimate the importance of?

social control

If a clinician focuses primarily on the presence of others and peer and other group influences, he/she is focusing on?

social-cultural influences

An important point to remember about correlation is that while there is a ______ relationship, correlation does not equal ________

statistical; causation

Communication between two neurons occurs at the:

synapse