PSYCH Final

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

1

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Adderall

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) _____ for drug cravings.

CS - conditioned stimulus

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Bob tells Jan that he is feeling fine, but Jan doesn't believe him. In analyzing his outward appearance and behaviors, what should she focus on to have the BEST chance to identify any emotions Bob might be hiding?

His facial expressions.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants

Institutional Review Board

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Conclude from the following examples, in which situation would intense emotion be the LEAST conducive to success.

Studying for an exam

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

Evaluate which of the following as being UNTRUE of individuals with a high need for achievement.

They are driven by a desire for fame and fortune.

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

Type A

Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.

Type B

Which example best demonstrates the theory of drive reduction?

Victims of famine eating unappetizing food.

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

a subliminal message

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

acquisition

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

anal

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

antidepressants

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.

asthma

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

autism spectrum disorder

Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a(n) ________ disease because it involves the body mistaking its own healthy cells for invaders and repeatedly attacking them.

autoimmune

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

being outside the home alone

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese.

bystander effect

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the _____.

catharsis hypothesis

Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.

challenge; threat

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.

chronic

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked.

confederate

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.

daily hassle

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

A major advantage of case studies is ________.

detailed information

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?

emotion focused

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

Fatima was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. Later on a test, she didn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention during the lecture. Fatima's poor memory can be explained by which of the following:

encoding failure?

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. Today, she can once again fly without distress. This indicates that her fear has undergone _____.

extinction

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

In Aldous Huxley's <i>Brave New World</i>, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise supports the learning role of a(n)_____.

unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

How long does psychoanalysis typically take?

years

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

fight-or-flight

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This concept supports the process of

flashbulb memory

Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.

flow

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain

folds; grooves

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Gustaf is afraid of any woman wearing a white dress. Gustaf's reaction best illustrates _____.

generalization

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

group therapy

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

groupthink

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice supports the use of _____.

incentives

When comparing negative reinforcers and punishments, negative reinforcers _____ the rate of operant responding and punishments _____ the rate of operant responding.

increase; decrease

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________.

increased

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

job burnout

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Behaviorists study ________.

learned behavior

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

Jose was surprised that he remembered his locker combination from last year. It shouldn't have been a surprise because he used that locker combination for an entire school year. In comparing the types of memory, which form is Jose using in this example?

long term memory

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design

longitudinal

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

modified the way witnesses are questioned

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

naturalistic observation

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. One could predict that her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a _____ reinforcer.

negative

Imagine your son hits the neighbor's child. You remove his TV privileges. Your actions support using _____.

negative punishment

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.

optimism

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

organizing the books

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test measures certain types of bodily responses. Thinking about physiology that we studied, which of the responses below would be likely experienced during a lie detector test?

perspiration levels

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?

positive psychology

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________.

possessed by demons

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.

posttraumatic stress disorder

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

practical

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?

problem focused

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.

process of closing large asylums

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

psychotic

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Thinking about different levels of processing information in our memories, how would you classify an example of an eyewitness describing an auto accident?

recall

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.

romantic

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditional response corresponds to _____.

salivation to the food in the mouth

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

The buzzing sound from an alarm clock startled Jeremy from sleep into wakefulness. Jeremy concluded from his Psychology class lecture that he was using _____.

sensory memory

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

sexist

Five-year-old Trevor refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher first gives him candy for any sound, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. In terms of behavioral theory, the teacher is using the method of _____.

shaping

Nancy immediately remembers she had promised to return her grandmother's call from earlier this morning. What type of memory is being proposed here?

short term memory

When examining how our bodies respond to emotional arousal, if we are confronted by an armed robber, our emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by _____.

slowing of digestion

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

What is a social role?

socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

surveys

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?

teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

testosterone

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

You are most likely to automatically encode information that is: relevant to you, brought to your attention, actively rehearsed and thought about, and is currently in your mind. Choose the example that best illustrates this "encoding".

the sequence of your day's events

Jamilla is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as _____.

the spacing effect

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts