Psych Final

Which of the following is not a facial expression exhibited by babies who are one month old? A)interest, b) disgust, c) distress, d) curiosity, e) happiness

d

Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to to her ballet classes and soccer practice. however, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n)

Authoritative Parents

By age five, a child brain weighs ____ of an average adult's brain

90%

Memory of a significant experiences and events in ones life is called

Autobiographical memory

While being dressed for bed, 7 month old Darnell picked up new baby's comb that his mother just bought for him. Darnell has never seen this before and didn't know how it was used, so he tried to to put it in his mouth. Piaget might say that Darnell was..

Assimilating the comb into his existing schemes

4 Year old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Alex's mom took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels but when he saw the flying squirrel glide from one branch to the other he pointed and said "A bird". Considering Piaget's work, Alex is demonstrating an example of

Assimilation

Suzie, aged three, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n)

Authoritarian parent

Dr. Faulkner believes hat directly observable events, stimuli and responses, are the appropriate focus of the study of child development. Which of the following perspective of child development does he follow?

Behaviorism

In contrast with Kohlbergs theory, Gilligan argues for a(n) ____ perspective that is moral and views people in terms of their connentedness with others; and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationship with others and concern for others

Care

In the birth process, the surgical removal of the fetus from the womb is called

Ceasarean section

Research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that

Children in every culture develop unique strenghts

Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell by using

Classical conditioning

A child is presented with two identical balls of clay. The experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains its original size. The child then is asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use the abstract reasoning yet, the child is most likely in what stage of Piaget's developmental theory?

Concrete operational stage

Reid believes that the difference between the immature and the mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. Reid views development as

Continous

Which of the following statements regarding the major domains of development true? a) The domains of development are separate and distinct b) Each period of development is made up of a new set of domains c) The physical domain has little influence on other domains d) Development is divided into three broad domains

D

Ecological systems theory views the child as

Developing within a complex system of relationship affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

Development is open to change in response to influential experiences

Teratogens can cause major structural abnormalities if introduced during

Embryonic period

Which of the following recent theoretical perspective is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary theory

Ethology

Clarissa thinks that people should be nice to others, so that others are nice to them. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Clarissa is currently in which of the following levels?

Individualism, instrumental purpose and exchange

Julio, 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of:

Inferiority

Theorist who believe that children who are high or low in characteristics will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

Heredity

8 year old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

Executive Functioning includes such capacities as:

Inhibition, working memory

What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other?

Lateralization

One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development research is because

Many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically

Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen, and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair. Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of

Mental representation

Charlene believes that her daughter's ability to think in complex ways is largely the result of a built in timetable of growth. Charlene's view emphasizes

Nature

Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands taht his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?

Object Permanance

The United States has _______ rates of infant mortality in the world

One of the highest

On few occasions, Jack's mother gave him candy to keep him quiet when she took him to the doctor's office. Now every time Jack goes to the doctor's office, he asks his mother for candy. This is an example of

Operant Conditiong

Josh's mother makes his favorite food -- Burgers, fries, and pizza-- every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n)

Permissive Parent

Alex and Nadine watch their 8 month old baby as he tries to pick up an item. What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?

Pincer

______ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

Plasticity

Tapi believe that all human beings have certain inalienable rights that need to be protected. She believes that the current law in her country that prohibits interracial marriage is unfair and should be changed. According to Kohlberg, which of the following describes Tapi's level of moral reasoning?

Post Conventional

Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, which level of moral development is Megan currently in?

Preconventional reasoning

During middle and late childhood, significant structural changes occur in the brain, particularly in the:

Prefrontal Cortex

Advances in the ______ of the brain are linked to a children's _____

Prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

In terms of ____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's ;likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need

Prosocial

Mary is preparing to breast feed her infant daughter and, in doing so, the baby's cheek brushes across her mother's blouse. The baby immediately turns its head toward Mary's chest in preparation for feeding. This is called the ____reflex

Rooting

A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individuals perceptions

Schema

What is a specific, but limited, time usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development

Sensitive period

What is possible function of the Moro reflex in infants?

Similar to primates' protection from falling

A baby demonstrates behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep; there is generalized motor activity; the baby's eyes may be closed or the may open and close rapidly. What is the term for this state, which occurs when the baby is awakening

Sleep wake transition

Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings, so Baby Lilly begins to smile too. This is an example of

Social referencing

According to research on resilience, what kind of children has an increased chance of offsetting the impact of a stressful home life

Someone that is a talented musician

The most consistent asset of a resilient child is

Strong bond with a competent caring adult

Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have _____ value

Survival

The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called

Synaptic pruning

According to Piaget's Theory, in the sensorimotor stage, children

Think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, hands, and mouth

Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life it is critical that she makes herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development

Trust vs. Mistrust

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, a person who is at the ____ stage in Kohlbergs theory of moral development will follow conscience, even though decision might involve personal risk

Universal ethical principles

Which of the following statements about perspective taking is not true? a)In middle and late childhood, children show a decrease in perspective-taking b)In middle and late childhood, children show a increases in perspective-taking c) Perspective taking has been linked to both prosocial and antisocial behaviors d) Children exhibit cognitive inhibition when engaging in perspective-taking

a

Keith is trying to help his son, Judd, deal with the devastating floods that left 40,000 people in the Midwest homeless. Judd's mother and two sisters were among those who lost their homes and of their belongings. A strategy that Keith should NOT implement to is: a) Allow his son to tell and retell the details of the event b) Encourage his son to talk about his nightmares c) Allow his son to watch repeated news footage of the tragedy d) Reassure his son that this type of tragedy is rare and that he is safe

c

Which of these is not true of self-regulation? a) It is linked to developmental advances in the brain's prefrontal cortex b) It is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior c) It leads to increased social competence and achievement d) Its characterized by an eagerness to perform challenging tasks.

d

The _______ view emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

epigenetic

An example of history graded influence on development

experiencing a war

What part of the brain is activated whenever a child enacts a particular behavior, but also whenever that child simply observes other around him/her who are carrying out the same behavior?

mirror neurons

What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development

scheme

What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

the mother is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals and is responsive, warm and affectionate