psych final

Which of the following is NOT true of psychological theories?

Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement

You become less thirsty every time you drink a glass of water

which factors would reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior ?

all of these: empathy, non-violence, inoffensive interpretation of another motives

operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances?

all of these: modifying ones own behavior, lowering blood pressure, discipling children at school

what do persuasive communications usually have a good deal of

all of these: trustworthiness, attractiveness, expertise

the best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is

an experiment

a variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

any number of correct responses has been made

aaron has just been given a phone number of a woman with whom he wants to schedule a date. but he does not have anything to write with. if he does not rehears the number how long does he have t find the paper and pencil before he cannot remember anymore?

around 10 seconds

greg is fairly unattractive, and he is dating an unattractive woman. psychologist would point to ________ to explain this

attraction-similarity hypothesis

after a single presentation, Megan can recall her friends long distance telopnne number five digit extension even thought the sequence contains 15 digits. one reason for her ease of recall is that she combine digits into smaller groups. this is

chunking

ivan pavlov is best known for research in

classical conditioning

Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a_______ psychologist.

clinical

in reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. he concluded that there was increased interest in the _________perspective.

cognitive

as much as she tried to lose wight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. accordingly she made an appointment to consult with dr. richmond a _______psychologist.

health

the term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because Skinner believed that the latter suggested

mental processes were involved in learning

According to Bandura, a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

model

in ebbingahaus's classic curve of forgetting the greatest memory loss occurs

most rapidly just after the material is initially learned

In pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a

neutral

conforming to the outright commands of another is

obedience

Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females?

observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.

individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ________ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio

people tend to attribute others behaviors primarily to internal factors such a free willing cultures that

view the self as independent

the reason we are most likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets

women are generally more likely tan men to help people in need. the major reason for this is

women are more likely than men to be empathic

you just received an outstanding grade on you research paper. you are likely to attribute your success to

your excellent academic abilities

in most of milligrams research, nearly or more than 50% of the subjects delivers what they believe to be _______ voltage level

450

your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his ca of dog food. after learning the principles of classical conditioning, it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective

CS

which of the following is NOT a type of prospective of memory task?

knowledge-based tasks

the school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

Gestalt psychology

the first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was

Gustav Fechner

who proposed the contingency theory for classical conditioning?

Robert Rescorla

who developed programmed learning?

Skinner

_________ conducted a series of experiments to find out how many people would resist immoral requests made by authority figures

Stanley Milgram

one of the symptoms of anterograde amnesia is

a failure to establish memories after the injury, but a preservation of memories prior to the injury

a car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of what?

a fixed interval schedule

what is a conditioned response?

a learned response to a previously neural stimulus

you met your supervisor for the first time yesterday. you were glad that you remembered to smile as you answer her questions, you wanted to supervisor to like you and form

a positive first impression

which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over

a positive, primary, immediate reinforcer was given

bob smith is running for office. He often tries to get people worked up over issues. if her were a social psychologist her would explain that he does this bc tides with a strong emotional impact are more

accessible

the statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to the chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the ________perspective.

biological

an advertiser wants to increase the likelihood of persuasion in their commercials. based on research, they could

both a an b: include music that would put you in a good mood and saturate the airtime with their commercial

what is the memory that enables one to hold info for a limited time in one's mind called

both a and b: short term and working

which person is most likely to resist the social pressure encountered from salespersons

both alphos an betos

generalization is to discrimination as

broader is to narrower

a hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that

can be tested by gathering evidence

a salesperson for vitamins gives out medical journal article that discusses the research on a particular vitamins benefits. the salesperson is using the _____route to pesuade

central

which of the following is NOT likely to concern the sociocultural psychologist?

color perception

psychologists and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research participants. this concern recognizes the requirement for

confidentiality

a functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements

consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts

when your are beginning to train your dog to 'sit' it is most effective to put him on

continuous reinforcement

the sociocultural perspective is concerned with the

issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

when milligram replicated his original study in 1974, but did so in dingy storefront, the percentage of people who complied with the experimenter

decreased 65 to 48 percent

where do the storage bins for long term memories appear to be located?

different brain areas

your friend claire got lost on her way to your house. you figure she must have no sense of direction. you are making a ______ attribution.

dispositional

psychology has four goals. which is NOT one of these goals?

eliminate behavior

the stage of information processing in memory are

encoding, storage, and retrieval

placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and completely isolated from either teacher or peers illustrates the use of

extinciton

positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as _________ is to decreasing behavior

extinction

after the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light. eventually, the light was able to elicit the response of salivation. what is this an example of?

higher-order conditioning

as a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicit fear response in you. eventually you pediatricians waiting room and receptionist came to elicit fear. this occurred because of

higher-order conditioning

your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment. now every time your child visits the doctor the nurse is with him. you notice the child seems afraid of the nurse even though she never administered any painful treatment. what is this probably due to?

higher-order conditioning

Joe is a long term alcoholic who has great difficulty storing info in memory. what brain strict likely sustained damage?

hippocampus

the structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the

hippocampus

visual images are to __________memory as auditory images are to ____________ memory.

iconic; echoic

in-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in _______ memory

implicit

in an experiment, the presence of a ______is manipulated by the researcher so that its effects my be determined.

independent variable

in his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of

insight

forgetting that occurs because new info inhibits the retrival of previously learned info or bc previously learned info inhibits the retrieval of new info explained by

interference theory

contributions to psychology by women researchers include research on all of the following EXCEPT

introspection in research

behaviorism is to learning theory as gestalt psychology is to

perception

examples of a _______ would be the use of a 'sugar pill' instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he is experiencing the real thing.

placebo

an attitude toward a group that leads people to evaluate members of that group negatively is known as

prejudice

from the ______ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell because the bell became mentally connected to the meat powder

psychoanalytic

each of these ancient greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT

pythagoras

case study methods are often used to study _______cases.

rare

the paired associates task is used to measure the ________ memory task

recall

research has shown that mere _________ to any stimulus increases the likelihood that people will like it and react favorably.

repeated exposure

the surviving body guard in princess diana's car ws unable to recall events immediately prior to the car crash. he suffers from?

retrograde amnesia

intimacy ad passion are __________ as intimacy, passion, and commitment is to _________

romantic love; consummate love

kenneth and mamie clark conducted research on the negative effects of _______ on african american children

school segregation

if participants are able to choose treatment in scientific study this is called a ________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results

selection factor

the humanistic-existential perspective unites ________and________as central principles to its approach.

self-fulfillment and free choice

Danielle, a college senior, is trying to remember the names of the classmates that attended her high school graduation party, but cannot. it is most likely that

she has not yet found the cues that will help her retrieve the info form long term memory

everyone at a party is dancing and having a good time except one individual. you are most likely to attribute their behavior to

shyness

the process by which the presence of others improves our performance is known as

social facilitation

yarema is a cyclist. he notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves. this is probably due to the process known as

social facilitation

which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?

social shyness

the issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the _______ perspective.

sociocultural

a person who feels very strongly about the sanctity of human life is likely to support pro life, whereas someone who merely agrees that people have a right t live is less likely be concerned over the legislations. this demonstrates the effect that the _______ of attitudes has on behavior

strength

which factor influences the probability that we can redirect peoples behavior form attitudes?

strength of attitude

professor Fournier gives a quiz every monday. his students would tend to _______ because they are on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

study on sunday nights; fixed-interval

the members of a jury split 50/50on a conviction decision. after much discussion, one member decides to change their vote an suddenly several others follow. what is this indicative of?

the first-shift rule

behavior therapist prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant

when you see a class mate in class or at a study session, he is always very friendly towards you. however, when you run into him at an upscale party, he acts as if he does not know you. since you know he is friendly, what are you most likely to attribute his behavior to?

the situation

social facilitation operates when

the task being performed is simple with a group of others

the area of social psychology called "social influence" studies

the ways people influence the thoughts, feeling , and behavior of others

evan mat lesley at a party last week. he sees her again a few weeks after their first meeting. he know that he knows hernia but just can't retrieve the info. this experience is ?

tip of the tongue phenomenon

in an experiment a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a ________.

treatment

which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America?

tv programs generally show the harmful long-ternm consequences of aggressive behavior

in a debate, when a politician first presents his opponents side of the argument in an effort to refute their positions he is using the technique know as

two sided argument