Psych Final Study Guide

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?

A week after moving into an apartment near railroad tracks, you no longer notice when a train passes.

in which of the following scenarios would you be most likely to succumb to a false alarm in signal detection?

Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting

Which of the following phenomena tends to support color opponent theory as an alternative to trichromatic theory?

Occurrence of afterimages with opposite colors

which of the following individuals is displaying superstition?

The last time Rose hit a homerun, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box

An animal's fearful reaction to a previously neutral stimulus can be unlearned by repeatedly presenting the _______ without the _______.

US; CS

Which of the following best demonstrates the simulation aspect of the function of consciousness?

You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo

You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to

a cognitive map

A stimulus is

any sensory event that an individual can detect.

If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely

avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.

The bending of light by the _______ and _______ focuses a sharp image onto the retina.

cortia

A circadian rhythm is a

cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours

For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to

determine how various experiences result in different behaviors

Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your housecat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n)

hallucinogen

The social theory of hypnosis states that

hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.

The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called

imprinting

A sudden awareness of a solution in a problem-solving situation is called

insight

The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves

interpreting what the stimulus is

Imagine that you are trying to help an elderly aunt manage the chronic pain of arthritis. Your success is more likely if you suggest to her that the pain

is very manageable, and that she is capable of coping with it

Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to

learned helplessness

The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the

lens

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that

measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.

You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words"relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing

meditation

Occlusion is a _______ depth cue

monocular

The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers.

morphine; stimulants

In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

negative; fixed ratio

A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.

nucleus accumbens

The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain

olfactory bulb

According to _______ theory, behavior is influenced by its consequences.

operant conditioning

Psychologists describe consciousness as one's

perception of his or her own mental processes.

In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon

perceptual

When testing a split-brain patient, the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant

point to an object with his or her right hand

Your roommate wakes up and reports that she was dreaming about a large insect chasing her around your dorm room. She was likely in _______ sleep.

rapid eye movement (REM)

Electrical stimulation of the _______ will rouse a sleeping animal from its slumber.

reticular formation

This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound—a car backfiring, a dropped dish—causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of

sensitization

You volunteer for a sleep study and the researchers discover that your blood oxygen level drops many times during the night. It is likely that you have

sleep apnea.

Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called

sleep paralysis.

Stage 2 sleep is marked by the appearance of _______, trains of spikes in the EEG, and also larger single spikes called _______.

sleep spindles; K complexes

Drugs classified as depressants typically

slow down neural transmission and behavior

Young children playing tag in the park are engaged in

social learning

Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus.

sound of the can being opened

Stimulant drugs generally

speed up mental activity and neural transmission.

A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event.

stimulus, response

A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior.

strengthens

Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the

strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse.

The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience.

subjectivity

Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system

taste; olfactory

The optic disc is the part of the retina

that has no photoreceptors.

in psychology, the word "noise" is defined as

the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus

The primary function of the three ossicles of the middle ear is to

transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by

trial and error

The greatest adaptive, perceptual advantage to having two ears rather than one is that

we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from

your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity

You do not act out your vivid dreams because

your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move

gazzaniga

raised issues of where consousnes resides in the brain. left hemisphere comues up with theories to explain behavior

Carlyle Smith studied the sleep of students who were on summer vacation and those who had just studied for exams. He reported a large increase in ______________ in those who had just studied for exams.

rapid eye movements

A _______ is the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system.

receptive field.

Categorization is the process of

recognizing the similarities and differences between concepts..

Chunking information facilitates encoding because it

reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.

The simplest way to maintain information in short-term memory is to repeat the information in a process called

rehearsal.

Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people

remain indecisive

While you are sitting in a park, you see a tulip that is exposed to the sun. Shortly after you notice it, the tulip is exposed to the shade. According to the concept of color constancy, you perceive that the color of the tulip has

remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed.

Jill Bolte Taylor reported that her work with NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness) grew out of her concerns for her brother, who suffered from ___________.

schizophrenia

High IQ scores have been shown to predict _______, but not _______.

school performance; happiness

Thanks to _______, we can distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes.

specialized taste receptors

Priming is evidence for the idea that our memories are connected with one another, and that recalling one memory influences recall of another memory, a concept called

spreading activation

Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in

spreading activation

Luther is deathly afraid of spiders. Yesterday he saw a scorpion and became very fearful. This is probably due to

stimulus generalization

Almost every time Angelo tries to shoot baskets, he misses the hoop; sometimes his shots miss the backboard entirely. Based on the law of effect, it is likely that Angelo will

stop playing basketball

Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting

strengthening of synaptic transmission.

The Flynn effect refers to the

substantial increase in average scores on IQ tests that has taken place since the first IQ tests were developed..

Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ of the hypothalamus

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

spanking

supress behavior, discrimination learning, agression, fear

Linguists like Noam Chomsky distinguish between the specific words that are put together in a sentence, called the _______, and the meaning underlying those words, called the _______.

surface structure; deep structure

Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______

sweet; sour

Professor Ramachandran asks the audience to do the "kiki"/"bouba" task. They almost all agree on which Martian alphabet letter is kiki and which is bouba. He is showing the audience the experience of ____________________.

synesthesia

A chemical that encounters a taste receptor cell and excites it is called a(n)

tastant

Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of

telegraphic speech

You are recruited for a psychological study. The experimenter begins by having you focus on his voice, close your eyes, and listen to his suggestions. He asks you to extend your arm and tells you that you are holding a heavy ball, at which point you feel your arm start to fall. You are likely participating in

the Stanford hypnotic susceptibility test

Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as

the ability to store and retrieve learned information

Your roommate shows you a picture of a new friend, Jason. Minutes later, you meet someone named Garrett waiting in line for dinner. Next time you see Garrett, you call him Jason. You may have been influenced by

the anchoring effect.

Believing that a coin is more likely to land on "tails" because it has landed on "heads"for the last four tosses is an example of

the gambler's fallacy

The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine

which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I

Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur

without reinforcement

Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory.

working

The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which

you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.

Size constancy refers to

your perception that an object remains the same size, even as you get closer or farther away

Which is the best critique of the accuracy of flashbulb memory

Flashbulb memories are linked to one another based on shared characteristics

Which statement describes information likely stored in episodic memory?

George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend

You attend a lecture in which the speaker explains how vision organizes images. This is most likely a lecture about

Gestalt psychology

Which situation describes the use of episodic memory

Jim remembered the excitement of the birthday party his friends had planned for him..

Which of the following is the best example of test-retest reliability?

Patrick scores 115 on an IQ test; when he takes the same test one month later, he scores 117.

_______ are the basic speech sounds that make up language, while _______ are the basic units of meaning in a language.

Phonemes; morphemes.

Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as

an unconditioned stimulus

Morphine is a powerful _______ because it acts on neurons in the brainstem, enabling them to block pain signals coming from the body.

analgesic

observational learning

bandura-bobo doll, video games

Phonemes are

basic speech sounds that make up languages.

For someone to emulate modeled behavior, the person must

be motivated to reproduce the behavior

In cognitive psychology, a prototype is the

best example of a concept that fits a particular category.

The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that

binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.

Clara has found it extremely difficult to study for extended periods. She feels restless on many occasions and is constantly stopping work to check for messages on her phone. When she described these and other symptoms to her doctor, he prescribed a stimulant that eventually helped her to study. The most likely explanation for the doctor's decision is that the active ingredient in the stimulant

boosts activity in brain areas that coordinate higher mental functions

Semantic memories differ from episodic memories in that semantic memories

do not include details about how information was learned.

Hypnosis can be effective in reducing pain, if the hypnotist trains the patient to

draw focus away from the negative emotions involved in the painful experience

For practical purposes, IQ scores reflect what Spearman considered to be _______ intelligence.

generalized

Today your speech will include sentences that you have never exactly uttered before. This illustrates the _______ capacity of language

generative

We should be skeptical of the idea that the racial gap in IQ is due to

genetic influences

Knowing that a trait is heritable

gives us information about specific populations.

A _______ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a _______ is a secondary reinforcer.

glass of water; sandwich

The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as

linguistic relativism

The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is called

linguistic relativism.

Scientists who study language are called

linguists

A reluctance to take a risk that might lead to a loss of money is an example of

loss aversion

proprioception

loss of kinesis

Slow-wave sleep is so named because an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a person's brain in that stage of sleep will show

low-frequency, high-amplitude cycles of activity

Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the

mammillary bodies

The main function of nociceptors is to sense

pain

In terms of prototypes and concepts, an apple is to fruit as a _______ is to _______.

pancake; breakfast food

If you are arguing with your friend about whether you both have the same subjective experience of the beauty of a particular painting, you are talking about

qualia.

Sometimes a solution to a problem suddenly comes to us. This event is called

insight

When your sudden understanding of a tough problem leads to a solution, without your having to result to trial and error, you have most likely experienced

insight

Which of the following bits of information would be the easiest to chunk, and thus encode?

XYZZYX.

Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this

babbling

Which of the following utterances is most characteristic of a patient with Wernicke's aphasia?

"The dear football is dead but not dead that I'm happy that I'm not dead.".

Which of the following is an example of babbling?

"Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa."

Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day

"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing.

Based on the original definition of IQ, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _______, even though the student's chronological age is _______.

12; 10

Clive Wearing

1985 Herpes Surplex retained abilities, speech, recognition, humor, music overlearning memory formation and emotional regulation

7 behavioral tasks

3 p ventral what, 4 p dorsal where

Researchers have found that people's IQ scores start to decline after the age of

45..

Using the original calculation of IQ scores, a 12-year-old girl with an IQ of 50 has a mental age of _______ years.

6

Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is

8.

When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______.

95; between 70 and 130

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer

A piece of blueberry pie

Which of the following examples best captures the concept of sleep debt?

After staying up for three days, you will sleep much longer than normal

Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's proposed components of intelligence?

Analytical intelligence, or "book smarts".

Why do modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group rather than using the original formula (mental age/chronological age × 100) to calculate IQ scores?

Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults.

_______ cues to depth are dependent on information from both eyes

Binocular

A patient that you are visiting in the hospital experienced trauma to his left cerebral hemisphere and can barely say "Hello" and "Thank you." However, he can understand what you say to him. The patient's brain damage is most likely in

Broca's area.

You accidently ingest a tranquilizer, mistaking it for an over-the-counter painkiller. Which of the following can you expect to experience?

Feelings of relaxation and fatigue

Which of the following is the best example of hindsight bias?

Changing one's attitude about a person base on how others view that person.

Which of the following describes the easy problem of consciousness?

Connecting conscious experiences to different brain states

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity?

Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex

In classical conditioning, the _______ and the _______ are usually the same.

Cr Ur

Which situation describes the phenomenon of retroactive interference

Darnell keeps referring to his old VCR as a Blu-ray player

The notion of photographic memory compares most closely with which type of memory

Declarative

On a summer day, two women enter an air-conditioned office building after walking outside in the heat. Which question relates to the hard problem of consciousness in this situation?

Do both women perceive the air conditioning in the same way?

Which pair of words is most closely related in terms of a semantic web

Dog and cat

Some of the many things that can cause an eardrum to rupture are an ear infection, SCUBA diving, and poking the ear with a sharp object. Which of the following might a ruptured eardrum cause?

Environmental bacteria will be more likely to get into the middle ear

Which memory involves what psychologists consider a long-term memory

Episodic Memory, long-term memory responsible for storing information about events

Jerome is shown pictures of five objects: a truck, a skyscraper, a cake, a lizard, and a pond. In which scenario is priming then utilized

He is asked to describe something that people eat for dessert, and he describes a chocolate cake

Michel Siffre showed that for most people, their natural circadian rhythm does not match the 24-hour day that we live by. He kept count of his days in the cave as determined by his own waking and sleeping. At the end of the scheduled six months, the people above ground told him it was time to emerge. What is most likely the experience he had then?

He was surprised that the time was up as he thought he had at least a week more to go.

Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking?

How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?

Jill Price

Hyperthymestic syndrome. greek for exceptional memory. OCD obsessive compulsive disorder

Which pair of family members is likely to have the most similar IQ scores

Identical twins.

The art movement that included a branch that created images out of points of color was ________________.

Impressionism

Which trait is the strongest indicator of an individual's susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion?

Introversion

Which of the following is an example of a person in the autonomous phase of skill acquisition?

James' basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play

To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of

John Garcia

_______ learning is hidden until it becomes useful.

Latent

_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.

Latent

Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy?

Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color

Which of the following statements about learning is correct?

Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior.

According to the duplex theory, we use both _______ differences and _______ differences to localize sounds

Low; high; mid

Which of the following illustrates a low level of emotional intelligence

Lupe ignores her husband when he comes home from work stressed..

Which mnemonic device involves mentally placing items in an imaginary room or space?

Method of loci

The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information.

Monty Hall problem

A group of parents are discussing whether music videos featuring scantily clad women are encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Which of the following processes is being considered by the parents as the reason that music videos influence sexual activity in teens?

Observational learning

Which situation below describes the use of hierarchies for memorizing information

Organizing notes into three central themes and studying information in relation to those themes

Which of the following is the best example of social referencing?

Rachel is not hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she were badly injured

Your cousin is expecting a baby and excitedly tells you that she plans to buy lots of classical music to make her baby smarter. Which of the following is a reasonable response, based on what you have learned

Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter.

Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores?

School performance

Which of the following findings provides the most evidence that the family environment influences IQ scores

Siblings reared together have more similar IQ scores than siblings reared apart..

An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam. After allowing the students three minutes to look over the list, she asks one student to recite the terms back to her, from memory. What information will this student likely be able to recall from the list?

Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect

An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam and immediately asks one student to recite the terms back to her. Which terms will this student most likely recall from the list

Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the end of the list, showing a recency effect

Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans

Sir Francis Galton

As we age, which type of sleep will eventually cease altogether?

Slow-wave

Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests

Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability

_______ are collections of 50-150 cells and are located on the surface of your tongue, back of your mouth, and roof of your mouth.

Taste budsy

What is spontaneous recovery

The return of a previously extinguished CR in response to the CS after a period of rest.

You have misplaced your cell phone, and you ask a friend to call you so you can hear its high-pitched, musical ring. Assuming the ringer is on and is loud enough to hear, what would tell your brain that the phone is somewhere directly to your right?

The ringer sounds slightly louder in your right ear than in your left ear

Which best illustrates photoreceptor adaptation

The transition between the dark- and the light-adapted states of the photoreceptor is accompanied by two significant changes in the physiological properties of photoreceptors

Which of the following statements does the existence of savant syndrome support, with regard to intelligence?

There is intelligence beyond that measured by traditional IQ tests..

Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory research

They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them

Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat?

Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates stereotype threat?

Tim enjoys needlepoint, so he joined a class. The other students, all women, tell him that men cannot be good at needlepoint. This makes him uncomfortable, and he has started making lots of mistakes

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic?

To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders

Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time

Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain.

How does fragile X syndrome differ from fetal alcohol syndrome

Unlike fragile X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome is entirely preventable..

_______ and _______ are the two basic types of tasks in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).

Verbal; nonverbal performance

Which would provide the strongest evidence that education influences IQ scores?

When comparing groups of children of the same age who differ in number of years of education, children who have one extra year of education have higher IQs..

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the size cue for monocular depth perception?

While walking on the beach, you perceive that your friend is far away because he looks very small

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias?

You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.

Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal

You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone

Which scenario best captures the concept of context-dependent retrieval

You perform better on a driving test when you are in the car in which you learned to drive

Which of the following is most consistent with a typical NREM dream?

You remember that you had been dreaming about something, but the memory is not vivid

Which of the following constitutes a false alarm in signal detection theory?

You turn off the radio to answer your phone, but the phone is not ringing

Suppose you drive the same route to school every day, passing the intersection of Main and Plum Streets. One afternoon, a car runs a red light at that intersection and hits your car. After that, every time you approach the intersection, your hands clutch the wheel and your heart beats faster. For you, the intersection has become

a conditioned stimulus (CS)

The experience of flow is best exemplified by

a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing.

Aphasia, which is often the result of brain injury or disease, is a term that refers to

a language impairment that occurs after language is acquired.

During the associative phase of skill acquisition,

a person's performance will decline significantly if he is distracted

A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem

algorithm; heuristics

George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall

a row of letters in a visual array

In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umamitastes, humans have

a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories

Any physical event that affects a sensory cell so an individual can detect the event is called

a stimulus

Mental imagery refers to the

ability to visualize images or events in our minds.

Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not

able to reproduce the behavior

You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated

acquisition

Psychoactive drugs classified as _______ aid stimulation of receptor sites in the brain, while those classified as _______ block stimulation of receptor sites in the brain.

agonists; antagonists

whats in a dream. work association task

awake present - slower. awaken from rem - quicker. awaken from nrem - slower

Initially making a low offer in order to get a bargain on a second-hand item is an example of the

anchoring effect..

Patient H.M., whose hippocampi and medial temporal lobes were removed, suffered from

anterograde amnesia

reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

An elderly man has had a stroke, and his language is now impaired as a result. By definition, he has

aphasia..

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

are genetically identical.

The concept of change blindness is illustrated when you

are so absorbed in a book that you don't notice when your roommate enters the room..

About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display

autism

Standard deviation is the

average amount that each individual score falls above or below the mean..

Anterograde

cannot remember new things

Though some people use the term short-term memory to refer to memory for recent events, like weekend plans, psychologists use the term to refer to memory that is limited in

capacity, and to a duration of a few seconds

application

change behavior through reinforcement

While your instructor is presenting a lecture with great theatrical enthusiasm, he fails to notice that several students have gotten up and left the room. This is an example of

change blindness

Both the sense of taste and the sense of smell rely on cells designed to detect

chemicals

A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has

close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip

Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent?

compare individuals in the same age range

Modern-day IQ scores

compare individuals in the same age range..

The rotating mask illusion involves seeing the __________ side of the mask as being _______________.

concave; convex

Attention is defined as a

concentration of the mind on a particular object or process

Attention is best defined as the

concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.

An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called

concept

Information contained in nondeclarative memory includes associations between stimuli that elicit behavior. These associations are learned via

conditioning.

The photoreceptors we need to appreciate a blue sky on a sunny day are the _______, whereas the photoreceptors we use to detect the stars outside at night are the _______.

cones; rods

Experiments with split-brained patients have illustrated that

consciousness is not dependent on the language center of the brain

Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory

consolidation.

A split-brained patient is so named because his or her _______ has been severed in order to limit the severity of seizures

corpus callosum

Joe had surgery on his ____________ to help with his ____________.

corpus collosum; epilepsy

Crystallized intelligence is reflected in your ability to

correctly name the members of the U.S. Supreme Court..

While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence.

creative

Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.

crystallized

sleep and circadian rhythms

cycles of sleep every 90 mins. Micheal Siffre-French, internal clock diffres from 24 hour clock we use. no external cues

Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to

deal with abstract information to solve problems

The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you

decide that it would be safer to drive rather than fly to your vacation destination, given all of the recent media coverage of plane crashes

The cognitive process of assessing information to select a course of action among several alternatives is called _______. One aspect of this process, called _______, is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or making an evaluation by comparing possible actions.

decision making; judgment

Psychologists use the term _______ to describe memory for information that is able to be articulated, while _______ describes memory for information that aids performance of tasks.

declarative; nondeclarative.

The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by

defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states

marsmellow study

delaying gratification depends as much on nurture as it does on nature

The Binet-Simon scale was originally designed to

determine which children were mentally disabled and get them help..

Damage to Broca's area leads to an aphasia characterized by

difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension

Patient H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his

hippocampus.

Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should

engage in proactive interference to limit the intrusion of old memories.

Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the

engram

The physical memory trace in the brain is often referred to by neuroscience researchers as the

engram

Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ.

environmental

Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of

experience

Sleep paralysis is a phenomenon associated with

falling asleep or awakening

Performance of a skill in the associative phase of skill acquisition is characterized by

fewer errors than in the cognitive phase

The specialized receptor cells inside the cochlea are called

filled with two fluids (endolymph and perilymph), and inside the cochlea is the sensory receptor, the Organ of Corti, which contains hair cells, or the nerve receptors for hearing

josef parvizi

first ever sudy of the fushiform gyrus

Todd's parents promise him a reward of his choice if his GPA is above 3.0 for three consecutive semesters. A _______ reinforcement schedule is being used by Todd's parents.

fixed ratio

You are reading a really boring assignment for another class. To motivate yourself to keep going, you promise yourself a piece of chocolate for every ten pages you read. You are using a _______ reinforcement schedule

fixed ratio.

Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as

flashbulb memories.

When you drink coffee, the perceptual experience, called _______, is the combination of information from your taste receptors and your olfactory receptors.

flavor

top down processing

fluent reader

Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain leads to an aphasia characterized by

fluent speech, which may be garbled.

Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence.

fluid

Your uncle is about to undergo chemotherapy and is worried about the nausea that often accompanies such treatment. You should advise him to eat

foods he dislikes right as he begins treatments

Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained

for a few seconds

Anterograde amnesia involves a loss of the ability to

form new memories

The sensory receptors in your skin that are specialized to report information about changes in temperature are the

free nerve endings..

Naming as many state capitals as you can requires you to engage in

free recall

Thorndike's research led him to believe that the learning process is

gradual.

When Laura began wearing glasses they felt uncomfortable on her face, but after a few days she didn't even notice she was wearing them. This is an example of

habituation.

The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to

hair cells

The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called

hair cells

Accounting for differences in subjective experiences among people is the

hard problem of consciousness

The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests

have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.

A statistical estimate of the extent to which individual differences in genes in a population contribute to individual differences in a trait is called

heritability..

A woman developed a tumor that diminished her ability to form new long-term memories. Though memory involves numerous parts of the brain, the part most likely affected by the tumor is the

hippocampus..

A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between two neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of

how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire

Narcolepsy is mainly the result of a deficiency in the _______ receptors.

hypocretin

The transitions between sleep stages are triggered by _______, while REM sleep seems to be a function of the _______.

hypocretin in the hypothalamus; pons.

sensory memories

iconic, 0.5 sec long. echoic, 3-4 sec long hepatic, more then 1 sec long

The surgery that H.M. underwent impaired his _______ memory but left his _______ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing

implicit; explicit

Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as working memory because

in order to hold information in short-term memory, we must use i

Memory researchers define forgetting as the

inability to retrieve information from long-term memory

Reinforcement can be distinguished from punishment in that reinforcement _______ a target behavior, whereas punishment _______ a target behavior

increases; decreases.

Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______.

initial state; goal state

People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have

intellectual disabilities

The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called

intelligence

After a behavior is established, the best way to maintain it for the long run is to reinforce it

intermittently

A phobia is the

irrational fear of particular objects or situations

A team of psychologists has devised a new intelligence test. Some versions of the test have 20 questions, and some have 50 questions. Some allow the test-takers one hour to complete the test; others give the test-takers as much time as they need. From this information you know that this new intelligence test

is not standardized

Fluid intelligence

is the ability to reason abstractly to solve novel problems..

One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that

it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.

Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friend's

just noticeable difference (JND)

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of believing that you

know something but you are not able to articulate it

The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test

lacks test-retest reliability.

Saying that language is lateralized in the brain means that

language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain..

right hemisphere

language processing, little lexical or or grammatical abilities. present moment

Photoreceptors are the

light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina.

Last night Enrico dreamt that he was walking through a strange city and was surrounded by tall buildings. According to Freud, the buildings themselves are the _______ content of Enrico's dream.

manifest

Freud's interpretation of dreams included the idea of _______ content, the features of the dream that are obvious to the dreamer

manifest.

The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age.

mental; chronological

The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves

mentally placing items to be remembered in some imaginary environment.

The overwhelming majority of people who are classified as having an intellectual disability have a _______ disability.

mild

The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the

misinformation effect

The hindsight bias describes the tendency to

misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs

When one individual imitates another, _______ has occurred

modeling.

In general, the slower a subject's reaction time is in a cognitive psychology experiment, the

more mental processing is required for the subject to respond..

The basic units of meaning in a language are called

morphemes.

perception

mortimer mishkin. higher visual areas, two patways, where and what. cumulative cells, grandmother cells.

The singsong, high-pitched speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies is called

motherese.

Escape conditioning is a form of _______ in which the subject learns to perform a response to remove an aversive stimulus

negative reinforcement

Suppose you are afraid of snakes. You become highly agitated even if you see a picture of a snake, but your fear disappears when you look away. In this case, your avoidance of snakes is being

negatively reinforced

By definition, a test that has been administered to many people so that performance average and variability are established has been

normalized

When psychologists say that intelligence test scores are _______ distributed, they mean that the distribution of scores ________.

normally; follows a bell-shaped curve

The process of shaping

not only speeds up learning, but it can also be used to teach very complex tasks

Retrograde

not remembering the past

Among the brain structures in the reward pathway, the _______ is most important for understanding why addiction can be so powerful.

nucleus accumbens

Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of

observational learning

The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.

olfactory bulb

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on _______ conditioning

operant

The _______ theory of color vision is the idea that color vision is based on a system of paired opposites of color.

opponent-process

Tiny bones called _______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

ossicles

The results of experiments in which participants viewed ambiguous figures with verbal labels, then drew the figures from memory, showed that

people are particularly sensitive to suggestion in the process of encoding

skinner interview

pigeons at 3/4 body weight, graph of pecking response. Schedules of reinforcement, gambling

Geno was just an average student in school, but he operates a very successful auto repair shop. According to Sternberg's views, Genomost likely has a reasonable amount of _______ intelligence.

practical

Sensory adaptation is the

progressive loss of responsiveness in sensory cells exposed to a constant stimulus

This study, which involves electrical brain stimulation of specific areas of the brain, may shed light on face blindness or _________________.

prosopagnosia

man who cannot recognize faces

prosopagnosia

The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called

psychophysics

Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able toA)

remember all of the details of every book he had ever read

Which statement correctly defends the assertion that procedural memory does not stop with learning how to do a particular task?

repeatedly practicing an action can make one more skilled and effective at conducting that action

According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to

repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam

In order for our visual system to work properly, the lens must focus light onto the

retina.

When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference

retroactive; proactive

In terms of prototypes and concepts, a desk is to office furniture as a _______ is to _______.

sandwich; lunch

dreaming

satisfy our wishes, file away memories, develop and preserve neural pathways

Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying

savant syndrome

Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"—even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of

second-order conditioning.

A team of psychologists administers two new intelligence tests to 1,000 people. Eighty percent of those taking the tests answer less than 40 percent of the questions correctly on Test 1 and more than 75 percent of the questions correctly on Test 2. Based on this information, the tests

seem to lack cross-test reliability and convergent validity

Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory

semantic

Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _______. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a _______.

sensation; perception

Vision and hearing are different

sensory modalities

eyes and ears are

sensory receptor organs.

The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that

separate areas of the thalamus process all of the sensory information at once

hubel and wiesel (nobel peace winners)

serendipitous discovery of feature detector. cells in the straite cortex of a cat respond only to stimuli of certain sizes or direction of movement.

It is not surprising that MDMA (ecstasy) can trigger depression during withdrawal because the drug produces significant changes in the distribution of

serotonin

skinner-operant conditioning

shaping. faulty shaping practices- in advent information. Behavior - Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences

One key difference between sensory memory and short-term memory is that

short-term memories can be described, while sensory memories cannot.

In serial position studies, the recencyeffect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _______ during the delay.

short-term memory decays

capacity

should to be able to remember 7 letters 2

You would expect that your pupils would be smallest when you are

sitting on the beach on a very sunny day..

You awaken some nights gasping for air, and your roommate tells you that you snore loudly, even when you are just dozing. Your symptoms are consistent with

sleep apnea

synestisaia

smell sounds or taste colors

The research of Albert Bandura is most closely associated with

social learning.

bottom up processing

sounding out a word

The fact that people with Williams syndrome have normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning suggests that

the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks.

The activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreams states that dreams are

the result of random activation throughout the cortex

Drug withdrawal symptoms can be very unpleasant, especially because

the symptoms are the exact opposite of the euphoric feelings induced by the drug

Ashley was telling her friend about a movie she saw last night when she realized she could not remember the lead actor's name. She could only remember that it began with a B.This is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that

the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.

The reason that we have blind spots in our visual fields is that

there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc

Saying that there is a sensitive period for human language acquisition in early life means that

there is a time during development when children must be exposed to a language in order to master it..

Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZtwins raised apart. This offers proof that

there may be an environmental influence on intelligence.

left hemisphere

thinks linearly and methodically

If you believe that hypnosis is a truly altered state of consciousness in which you have more flexible behaviors, you believe in the _______ theory of hypnosis.

trance

sham

trial where they are doing nothing

Dr David Miller

two visual systems, not consous of the right visual field

Motherese is a

type of speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies.

Characteristics

unusual brain, read 12,000 books. walked at age 4

A psychological test that measures the trait it is intended to measure is said to be

valid..

Dr Devalois of berkley

visual cortex of the monkeys using x rays,

Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how

we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.


Related study sets

Chapter 4: Conductor Size and Types, Wiring Methods, Wire Connections, Voltage Drop

View Set

Multiple choice more then one correct answer

View Set

Gross Anatomy - Basic Anatomical Concepts

View Set

Nclex PN Renal and urinary practice questions

View Set

Chemistry Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Radiation

View Set