Psych Final Study Guide
Which of the following best demonstrates sensory adaptation?
A week after moving into an apartment near railroad tracks, you no longer notice when a train passes.
in which of the following scenarios would you be most likely to succumb to a false alarm in signal detection?
Monitoring for the vibration of your phone in your pocket while you are sitting
Which of the following phenomena tends to support color opponent theory as an alternative to trichromatic theory?
Occurrence of afterimages with opposite colors
which of the following individuals is displaying superstition?
The last time Rose hit a homerun, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box
An animal's fearful reaction to a previously neutral stimulus can be unlearned by repeatedly presenting the _______ without the _______.
US; CS
Which of the following best demonstrates the simulation aspect of the function of consciousness?
You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo
You wake up thirsty in the middle of the night and walk to the kitchen to get a drink without turning on the light. You are able to successfully make your way through the dark house, thanks to
a cognitive map
A stimulus is
any sensory event that an individual can detect.
If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely
avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.
The bending of light by the _______ and _______ focuses a sharp image onto the retina.
cortia
A circadian rhythm is a
cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours
For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to
determine how various experiences result in different behaviors
Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your housecat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n)
hallucinogen
The social theory of hypnosis states that
hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.
The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called
imprinting
A sudden awareness of a solution in a problem-solving situation is called
insight
The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves
interpreting what the stimulus is
Imagine that you are trying to help an elderly aunt manage the chronic pain of arthritis. Your success is more likely if you suggest to her that the pain
is very manageable, and that she is capable of coping with it
Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to
learned helplessness
The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the
lens
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that
measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.
You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words"relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing
meditation
Occlusion is a _______ depth cue
monocular
The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers.
morphine; stimulants
In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
negative; fixed ratio
A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.
nucleus accumbens
The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain
olfactory bulb
According to _______ theory, behavior is influenced by its consequences.
operant conditioning
Psychologists describe consciousness as one's
perception of his or her own mental processes.
In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon
perceptual
When testing a split-brain patient, the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant
point to an object with his or her right hand
Your roommate wakes up and reports that she was dreaming about a large insect chasing her around your dorm room. She was likely in _______ sleep.
rapid eye movement (REM)
Electrical stimulation of the _______ will rouse a sleeping animal from its slumber.
reticular formation
This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound—a car backfiring, a dropped dish—causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of
sensitization
You volunteer for a sleep study and the researchers discover that your blood oxygen level drops many times during the night. It is likely that you have
sleep apnea.
Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called
sleep paralysis.
Stage 2 sleep is marked by the appearance of _______, trains of spikes in the EEG, and also larger single spikes called _______.
sleep spindles; K complexes
Drugs classified as depressants typically
slow down neural transmission and behavior
Young children playing tag in the park are engaged in
social learning
Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus.
sound of the can being opened
Stimulant drugs generally
speed up mental activity and neural transmission.
A _______ is a physical event that a sensory receptor cell might detect, whereas a _______ is the final interpretation of that physical event.
stimulus, response
A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior.
strengthens
Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the
strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse.
The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience.
subjectivity
Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system
taste; olfactory
The optic disc is the part of the retina
that has no photoreceptors.
in psychology, the word "noise" is defined as
the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus
The primary function of the three ossicles of the middle ear is to
transmit vibrations to the inner ear.
Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by
trial and error
The greatest adaptive, perceptual advantage to having two ears rather than one is that
we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears.
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from
your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity
You do not act out your vivid dreams because
your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move
gazzaniga
raised issues of where consousnes resides in the brain. left hemisphere comues up with theories to explain behavior
Carlyle Smith studied the sleep of students who were on summer vacation and those who had just studied for exams. He reported a large increase in ______________ in those who had just studied for exams.
rapid eye movements
A _______ is the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system.
receptive field.
Categorization is the process of
recognizing the similarities and differences between concepts..
Chunking information facilitates encoding because it
reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.
The simplest way to maintain information in short-term memory is to repeat the information in a process called
rehearsal.
Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people
remain indecisive
While you are sitting in a park, you see a tulip that is exposed to the sun. Shortly after you notice it, the tulip is exposed to the shade. According to the concept of color constancy, you perceive that the color of the tulip has
remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed.
Jill Bolte Taylor reported that her work with NAMI (National Alliance on Mental Illness) grew out of her concerns for her brother, who suffered from ___________.
schizophrenia
High IQ scores have been shown to predict _______, but not _______.
school performance; happiness
Thanks to _______, we can distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes.
specialized taste receptors
Priming is evidence for the idea that our memories are connected with one another, and that recalling one memory influences recall of another memory, a concept called
spreading activation
Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in
spreading activation
Luther is deathly afraid of spiders. Yesterday he saw a scorpion and became very fearful. This is probably due to
stimulus generalization
Almost every time Angelo tries to shoot baskets, he misses the hoop; sometimes his shots miss the backboard entirely. Based on the law of effect, it is likely that Angelo will
stop playing basketball
Long-term potentiation is the term neuroscientists use to describe long-lasting
strengthening of synaptic transmission.
The Flynn effect refers to the
substantial increase in average scores on IQ tests that has taken place since the first IQ tests were developed..
Circadian rhythms are regulated by the _______ of the hypothalamus
suprachiasmatic nucleus.
spanking
supress behavior, discrimination learning, agression, fear
Linguists like Noam Chomsky distinguish between the specific words that are put together in a sentence, called the _______, and the meaning underlying those words, called the _______.
surface structure; deep structure
Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______
sweet; sour
Professor Ramachandran asks the audience to do the "kiki"/"bouba" task. They almost all agree on which Martian alphabet letter is kiki and which is bouba. He is showing the audience the experience of ____________________.
synesthesia
A chemical that encounters a taste receptor cell and excites it is called a(n)
tastant
Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of
telegraphic speech
You are recruited for a psychological study. The experimenter begins by having you focus on his voice, close your eyes, and listen to his suggestions. He asks you to extend your arm and tells you that you are holding a heavy ball, at which point you feel your arm start to fall. You are likely participating in
the Stanford hypnotic susceptibility test
Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as
the ability to store and retrieve learned information
Your roommate shows you a picture of a new friend, Jason. Minutes later, you meet someone named Garrett waiting in line for dinner. Next time you see Garrett, you call him Jason. You may have been influenced by
the anchoring effect.
Believing that a coin is more likely to land on "tails" because it has landed on "heads"for the last four tosses is an example of
the gambler's fallacy
The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine
which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I
Behaviorists were especially critical of Edward Tolman's research because it seemed to indicate that learning could occur
without reinforcement
Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory.
working
The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which
you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.
Size constancy refers to
your perception that an object remains the same size, even as you get closer or farther away
Which is the best critique of the accuracy of flashbulb memory
Flashbulb memories are linked to one another based on shared characteristics
Which statement describes information likely stored in episodic memory?
George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend
You attend a lecture in which the speaker explains how vision organizes images. This is most likely a lecture about
Gestalt psychology
Which situation describes the use of episodic memory
Jim remembered the excitement of the birthday party his friends had planned for him..
Which of the following is the best example of test-retest reliability?
Patrick scores 115 on an IQ test; when he takes the same test one month later, he scores 117.
_______ are the basic speech sounds that make up language, while _______ are the basic units of meaning in a language.
Phonemes; morphemes.
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as
an unconditioned stimulus
Morphine is a powerful _______ because it acts on neurons in the brainstem, enabling them to block pain signals coming from the body.
analgesic
observational learning
bandura-bobo doll, video games
Phonemes are
basic speech sounds that make up languages.
For someone to emulate modeled behavior, the person must
be motivated to reproduce the behavior
In cognitive psychology, a prototype is the
best example of a concept that fits a particular category.
The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that
binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.
Clara has found it extremely difficult to study for extended periods. She feels restless on many occasions and is constantly stopping work to check for messages on her phone. When she described these and other symptoms to her doctor, he prescribed a stimulant that eventually helped her to study. The most likely explanation for the doctor's decision is that the active ingredient in the stimulant
boosts activity in brain areas that coordinate higher mental functions
Semantic memories differ from episodic memories in that semantic memories
do not include details about how information was learned.
Hypnosis can be effective in reducing pain, if the hypnotist trains the patient to
draw focus away from the negative emotions involved in the painful experience
For practical purposes, IQ scores reflect what Spearman considered to be _______ intelligence.
generalized
Today your speech will include sentences that you have never exactly uttered before. This illustrates the _______ capacity of language
generative
We should be skeptical of the idea that the racial gap in IQ is due to
genetic influences
Knowing that a trait is heritable
gives us information about specific populations.
A _______ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a _______ is a secondary reinforcer.
glass of water; sandwich
The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as
linguistic relativism
The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is called
linguistic relativism.
Scientists who study language are called
linguists
A reluctance to take a risk that might lead to a loss of money is an example of
loss aversion
proprioception
loss of kinesis
Slow-wave sleep is so named because an electroencephalogram (EEG) of a person's brain in that stage of sleep will show
low-frequency, high-amplitude cycles of activity
Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the
mammillary bodies
The main function of nociceptors is to sense
pain
In terms of prototypes and concepts, an apple is to fruit as a _______ is to _______.
pancake; breakfast food
If you are arguing with your friend about whether you both have the same subjective experience of the beauty of a particular painting, you are talking about
qualia.
Sometimes a solution to a problem suddenly comes to us. This event is called
insight
When your sudden understanding of a tough problem leads to a solution, without your having to result to trial and error, you have most likely experienced
insight
Which of the following bits of information would be the easiest to chunk, and thus encode?
XYZZYX.
Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this
babbling
Which of the following utterances is most characteristic of a patient with Wernicke's aphasia?
"The dear football is dead but not dead that I'm happy that I'm not dead.".
Which of the following is an example of babbling?
"Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa."
Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day
"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing.
Based on the original definition of IQ, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _______, even though the student's chronological age is _______.
12; 10
Clive Wearing
1985 Herpes Surplex retained abilities, speech, recognition, humor, music overlearning memory formation and emotional regulation
7 behavioral tasks
3 p ventral what, 4 p dorsal where
Researchers have found that people's IQ scores start to decline after the age of
45..
Using the original calculation of IQ scores, a 12-year-old girl with an IQ of 50 has a mental age of _______ years.
6
Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is
8.
When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______.
95; between 70 and 130
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer
A piece of blueberry pie
Which of the following examples best captures the concept of sleep debt?
After staying up for three days, you will sleep much longer than normal
Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's proposed components of intelligence?
Analytical intelligence, or "book smarts".
Why do modern-day IQ scores compare individuals of the same age group rather than using the original formula (mental age/chronological age × 100) to calculate IQ scores?
Assessing intelligence in terms of mental age versus chronological age does not work well for adults.
_______ cues to depth are dependent on information from both eyes
Binocular
A patient that you are visiting in the hospital experienced trauma to his left cerebral hemisphere and can barely say "Hello" and "Thank you." However, he can understand what you say to him. The patient's brain damage is most likely in
Broca's area.
You accidently ingest a tranquilizer, mistaking it for an over-the-counter painkiller. Which of the following can you expect to experience?
Feelings of relaxation and fatigue
Which of the following is the best example of hindsight bias?
Changing one's attitude about a person base on how others view that person.
Which of the following describes the easy problem of consciousness?
Connecting conscious experiences to different brain states
Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity?
Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex
In classical conditioning, the _______ and the _______ are usually the same.
Cr Ur
Which situation describes the phenomenon of retroactive interference
Darnell keeps referring to his old VCR as a Blu-ray player
The notion of photographic memory compares most closely with which type of memory
Declarative
On a summer day, two women enter an air-conditioned office building after walking outside in the heat. Which question relates to the hard problem of consciousness in this situation?
Do both women perceive the air conditioning in the same way?
Which pair of words is most closely related in terms of a semantic web
Dog and cat
Some of the many things that can cause an eardrum to rupture are an ear infection, SCUBA diving, and poking the ear with a sharp object. Which of the following might a ruptured eardrum cause?
Environmental bacteria will be more likely to get into the middle ear
Which memory involves what psychologists consider a long-term memory
Episodic Memory, long-term memory responsible for storing information about events
Jerome is shown pictures of five objects: a truck, a skyscraper, a cake, a lizard, and a pond. In which scenario is priming then utilized
He is asked to describe something that people eat for dessert, and he describes a chocolate cake
Michel Siffre showed that for most people, their natural circadian rhythm does not match the 24-hour day that we live by. He kept count of his days in the cave as determined by his own waking and sleeping. At the end of the scheduled six months, the people above ground told him it was time to emerge. What is most likely the experience he had then?
He was surprised that the time was up as he thought he had at least a week more to go.
Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking?
How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?
Jill Price
Hyperthymestic syndrome. greek for exceptional memory. OCD obsessive compulsive disorder
Which pair of family members is likely to have the most similar IQ scores
Identical twins.
The art movement that included a branch that created images out of points of color was ________________.
Impressionism
Which trait is the strongest indicator of an individual's susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion?
Introversion
Which of the following is an example of a person in the autonomous phase of skill acquisition?
James' basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play
To stop coyotes from attacking and devouring his sheep, a rancher kills one of the flock, laces its body with chemicals that produce nausea, and leaves the sheep out for the coyotes to find and eat. In this case, the rancher is applying the research of
John Garcia
_______ learning is hidden until it becomes useful.
Latent
_______ learning occurs when the subject has learned something but does not demonstrate it right away.
Latent
Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy?
Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color
Which of the following statements about learning is correct?
Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior.
According to the duplex theory, we use both _______ differences and _______ differences to localize sounds
Low; high; mid
Which of the following illustrates a low level of emotional intelligence
Lupe ignores her husband when he comes home from work stressed..
Which mnemonic device involves mentally placing items in an imaginary room or space?
Method of loci
The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information.
Monty Hall problem
A group of parents are discussing whether music videos featuring scantily clad women are encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Which of the following processes is being considered by the parents as the reason that music videos influence sexual activity in teens?
Observational learning
Which situation below describes the use of hierarchies for memorizing information
Organizing notes into three central themes and studying information in relation to those themes
Which of the following is the best example of social referencing?
Rachel is not hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she were badly injured
Your cousin is expecting a baby and excitedly tells you that she plans to buy lots of classical music to make her baby smarter. Which of the following is a reasonable response, based on what you have learned
Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter.
Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores?
School performance
Which of the following findings provides the most evidence that the family environment influences IQ scores
Siblings reared together have more similar IQ scores than siblings reared apart..
An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam. After allowing the students three minutes to look over the list, she asks one student to recite the terms back to her, from memory. What information will this student likely be able to recall from the list?
Since there was a delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the beginning of the list, showing a primacy effect
An instructor gives her students a list of terms to memorize for their biology exam and immediately asks one student to recite the terms back to her. Which terms will this student most likely recall from the list
Since there was no delay in asking for the terms, the student will remember those at the end of the list, showing a recency effect
Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans
Sir Francis Galton
As we age, which type of sleep will eventually cease altogether?
Slow-wave
Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests
Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability
_______ are collections of 50-150 cells and are located on the surface of your tongue, back of your mouth, and roof of your mouth.
Taste budsy
What is spontaneous recovery
The return of a previously extinguished CR in response to the CS after a period of rest.
You have misplaced your cell phone, and you ask a friend to call you so you can hear its high-pitched, musical ring. Assuming the ringer is on and is loud enough to hear, what would tell your brain that the phone is somewhere directly to your right?
The ringer sounds slightly louder in your right ear than in your left ear
Which best illustrates photoreceptor adaptation
The transition between the dark- and the light-adapted states of the photoreceptor is accompanied by two significant changes in the physiological properties of photoreceptors
Which of the following statements does the existence of savant syndrome support, with regard to intelligence?
There is intelligence beyond that measured by traditional IQ tests..
Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory research
They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them
Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat?
Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates stereotype threat?
Tim enjoys needlepoint, so he joined a class. The other students, all women, tell him that men cannot be good at needlepoint. This makes him uncomfortable, and he has started making lots of mistakes
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic?
To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders
Why would you feel pain when placing your hand on both a hot and a cold pipe at the same time
Touch receptors are reporting the sensations of heat and cold, but the brain combines the two and perceives pain.
How does fragile X syndrome differ from fetal alcohol syndrome
Unlike fragile X syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome is entirely preventable..
_______ and _______ are the two basic types of tasks in the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).
Verbal; nonverbal performance
Which would provide the strongest evidence that education influences IQ scores?
When comparing groups of children of the same age who differ in number of years of education, children who have one extra year of education have higher IQs..
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the size cue for monocular depth perception?
While walking on the beach, you perceive that your friend is far away because he looks very small
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias?
You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.
Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal
You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone
Which scenario best captures the concept of context-dependent retrieval
You perform better on a driving test when you are in the car in which you learned to drive
Which of the following is most consistent with a typical NREM dream?
You remember that you had been dreaming about something, but the memory is not vivid
Which of the following constitutes a false alarm in signal detection theory?
You turn off the radio to answer your phone, but the phone is not ringing
Suppose you drive the same route to school every day, passing the intersection of Main and Plum Streets. One afternoon, a car runs a red light at that intersection and hits your car. After that, every time you approach the intersection, your hands clutch the wheel and your heart beats faster. For you, the intersection has become
a conditioned stimulus (CS)
The experience of flow is best exemplified by
a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing.
Aphasia, which is often the result of brain injury or disease, is a term that refers to
a language impairment that occurs after language is acquired.
During the associative phase of skill acquisition,
a person's performance will decline significantly if he is distracted
A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem
algorithm; heuristics
George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall
a row of letters in a visual array
In order to distinguish sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umamitastes, humans have
a specialized type of taste receptor for each of the five taste categories
Any physical event that affects a sensory cell so an individual can detect the event is called
a stimulus
Mental imagery refers to the
ability to visualize images or events in our minds.
Robyn's mother shows her how to cut hearts from construction paper. No matter how hard Robyn tries, she cannot cut the paper correctly. Bandura would say that Robyn's attempts failed because she was not
able to reproduce the behavior
You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated
acquisition
Psychoactive drugs classified as _______ aid stimulation of receptor sites in the brain, while those classified as _______ block stimulation of receptor sites in the brain.
agonists; antagonists
whats in a dream. work association task
awake present - slower. awaken from rem - quicker. awaken from nrem - slower
Initially making a low offer in order to get a bargain on a second-hand item is an example of the
anchoring effect..
Patient H.M., whose hippocampi and medial temporal lobes were removed, suffered from
anterograde amnesia
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
An elderly man has had a stroke, and his language is now impaired as a result. By definition, he has
aphasia..
Monozygotic (MZ) twins
are genetically identical.
The concept of change blindness is illustrated when you
are so absorbed in a book that you don't notice when your roommate enters the room..
About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display
autism
Standard deviation is the
average amount that each individual score falls above or below the mean..
Anterograde
cannot remember new things
Though some people use the term short-term memory to refer to memory for recent events, like weekend plans, psychologists use the term to refer to memory that is limited in
capacity, and to a duration of a few seconds
application
change behavior through reinforcement
While your instructor is presenting a lecture with great theatrical enthusiasm, he fails to notice that several students have gotten up and left the room. This is an example of
change blindness
Both the sense of taste and the sense of smell rely on cells designed to detect
chemicals
A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has
close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip
Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent?
compare individuals in the same age range
Modern-day IQ scores
compare individuals in the same age range..
The rotating mask illusion involves seeing the __________ side of the mask as being _______________.
concave; convex
Attention is defined as a
concentration of the mind on a particular object or process
Attention is best defined as the
concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.
An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called
concept
Information contained in nondeclarative memory includes associations between stimuli that elicit behavior. These associations are learned via
conditioning.
The photoreceptors we need to appreciate a blue sky on a sunny day are the _______, whereas the photoreceptors we use to detect the stars outside at night are the _______.
cones; rods
Experiments with split-brained patients have illustrated that
consciousness is not dependent on the language center of the brain
Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short-term to long-term memory
consolidation.
A split-brained patient is so named because his or her _______ has been severed in order to limit the severity of seizures
corpus callosum
Joe had surgery on his ____________ to help with his ____________.
corpus collosum; epilepsy
Crystallized intelligence is reflected in your ability to
correctly name the members of the U.S. Supreme Court..
While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence.
creative
Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.
crystallized
sleep and circadian rhythms
cycles of sleep every 90 mins. Micheal Siffre-French, internal clock diffres from 24 hour clock we use. no external cues
Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to
deal with abstract information to solve problems
The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you
decide that it would be safer to drive rather than fly to your vacation destination, given all of the recent media coverage of plane crashes
The cognitive process of assessing information to select a course of action among several alternatives is called _______. One aspect of this process, called _______, is the cognitive process of forming an opinion or making an evaluation by comparing possible actions.
decision making; judgment
Psychologists use the term _______ to describe memory for information that is able to be articulated, while _______ describes memory for information that aids performance of tasks.
declarative; nondeclarative.
The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by
defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states
marsmellow study
delaying gratification depends as much on nurture as it does on nature
The Binet-Simon scale was originally designed to
determine which children were mentally disabled and get them help..
Damage to Broca's area leads to an aphasia characterized by
difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension
Patient H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his
hippocampus.
Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should
engage in proactive interference to limit the intrusion of old memories.
Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the
engram
The physical memory trace in the brain is often referred to by neuroscience researchers as the
engram
Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ.
environmental
Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of
experience
Sleep paralysis is a phenomenon associated with
falling asleep or awakening
Performance of a skill in the associative phase of skill acquisition is characterized by
fewer errors than in the cognitive phase
The specialized receptor cells inside the cochlea are called
filled with two fluids (endolymph and perilymph), and inside the cochlea is the sensory receptor, the Organ of Corti, which contains hair cells, or the nerve receptors for hearing
josef parvizi
first ever sudy of the fushiform gyrus
Todd's parents promise him a reward of his choice if his GPA is above 3.0 for three consecutive semesters. A _______ reinforcement schedule is being used by Todd's parents.
fixed ratio
You are reading a really boring assignment for another class. To motivate yourself to keep going, you promise yourself a piece of chocolate for every ten pages you read. You are using a _______ reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio.
Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as
flashbulb memories.
When you drink coffee, the perceptual experience, called _______, is the combination of information from your taste receptors and your olfactory receptors.
flavor
top down processing
fluent reader
Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain leads to an aphasia characterized by
fluent speech, which may be garbled.
Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence.
fluid
Your uncle is about to undergo chemotherapy and is worried about the nausea that often accompanies such treatment. You should advise him to eat
foods he dislikes right as he begins treatments
Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained
for a few seconds
Anterograde amnesia involves a loss of the ability to
form new memories
The sensory receptors in your skin that are specialized to report information about changes in temperature are the
free nerve endings..
Naming as many state capitals as you can requires you to engage in
free recall
Thorndike's research led him to believe that the learning process is
gradual.
When Laura began wearing glasses they felt uncomfortable on her face, but after a few days she didn't even notice she was wearing them. This is an example of
habituation.
The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to
hair cells
The receptor cells that are specialized to detect vibrations along the cochlear membrane are called
hair cells
Accounting for differences in subjective experiences among people is the
hard problem of consciousness
The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests
have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.
A statistical estimate of the extent to which individual differences in genes in a population contribute to individual differences in a trait is called
heritability..
A woman developed a tumor that diminished her ability to form new long-term memories. Though memory involves numerous parts of the brain, the part most likely affected by the tumor is the
hippocampus..
A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between two neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of
how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire
Narcolepsy is mainly the result of a deficiency in the _______ receptors.
hypocretin
The transitions between sleep stages are triggered by _______, while REM sleep seems to be a function of the _______.
hypocretin in the hypothalamus; pons.
sensory memories
iconic, 0.5 sec long. echoic, 3-4 sec long hepatic, more then 1 sec long
The surgery that H.M. underwent impaired his _______ memory but left his _______ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing
implicit; explicit
Short-term memory is sometimes referred to as working memory because
in order to hold information in short-term memory, we must use i
Memory researchers define forgetting as the
inability to retrieve information from long-term memory
Reinforcement can be distinguished from punishment in that reinforcement _______ a target behavior, whereas punishment _______ a target behavior
increases; decreases.
Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______.
initial state; goal state
People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have
intellectual disabilities
The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called
intelligence
After a behavior is established, the best way to maintain it for the long run is to reinforce it
intermittently
A phobia is the
irrational fear of particular objects or situations
A team of psychologists has devised a new intelligence test. Some versions of the test have 20 questions, and some have 50 questions. Some allow the test-takers one hour to complete the test; others give the test-takers as much time as they need. From this information you know that this new intelligence test
is not standardized
Fluid intelligence
is the ability to reason abstractly to solve novel problems..
One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that
it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.
Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friend's
just noticeable difference (JND)
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of believing that you
know something but you are not able to articulate it
The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test
lacks test-retest reliability.
Saying that language is lateralized in the brain means that
language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain..
right hemisphere
language processing, little lexical or or grammatical abilities. present moment
Photoreceptors are the
light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina.
Last night Enrico dreamt that he was walking through a strange city and was surrounded by tall buildings. According to Freud, the buildings themselves are the _______ content of Enrico's dream.
manifest
Freud's interpretation of dreams included the idea of _______ content, the features of the dream that are obvious to the dreamer
manifest.
The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age.
mental; chronological
The method of loci is a mnemonic device that involves
mentally placing items to be remembered in some imaginary environment.
The overwhelming majority of people who are classified as having an intellectual disability have a _______ disability.
mild
The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the
misinformation effect
The hindsight bias describes the tendency to
misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs
When one individual imitates another, _______ has occurred
modeling.
In general, the slower a subject's reaction time is in a cognitive psychology experiment, the
more mental processing is required for the subject to respond..
The basic units of meaning in a language are called
morphemes.
perception
mortimer mishkin. higher visual areas, two patways, where and what. cumulative cells, grandmother cells.
The singsong, high-pitched speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies is called
motherese.
Escape conditioning is a form of _______ in which the subject learns to perform a response to remove an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
Suppose you are afraid of snakes. You become highly agitated even if you see a picture of a snake, but your fear disappears when you look away. In this case, your avoidance of snakes is being
negatively reinforced
By definition, a test that has been administered to many people so that performance average and variability are established has been
normalized
When psychologists say that intelligence test scores are _______ distributed, they mean that the distribution of scores ________.
normally; follows a bell-shaped curve
The process of shaping
not only speeds up learning, but it can also be used to teach very complex tasks
Retrograde
not remembering the past
Among the brain structures in the reward pathway, the _______ is most important for understanding why addiction can be so powerful.
nucleus accumbens
Andre was unable to make a paper airplane until he watched his cousin Miriam make a few. Now Andre can fold his own paper airplanes. This is an example of
observational learning
The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.
olfactory bulb
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on _______ conditioning
operant
The _______ theory of color vision is the idea that color vision is based on a system of paired opposites of color.
opponent-process
Tiny bones called _______ transmit vibrations to the inner ear.
ossicles
The results of experiments in which participants viewed ambiguous figures with verbal labels, then drew the figures from memory, showed that
people are particularly sensitive to suggestion in the process of encoding
skinner interview
pigeons at 3/4 body weight, graph of pecking response. Schedules of reinforcement, gambling
Geno was just an average student in school, but he operates a very successful auto repair shop. According to Sternberg's views, Genomost likely has a reasonable amount of _______ intelligence.
practical
Sensory adaptation is the
progressive loss of responsiveness in sensory cells exposed to a constant stimulus
This study, which involves electrical brain stimulation of specific areas of the brain, may shed light on face blindness or _________________.
prosopagnosia
man who cannot recognize faces
prosopagnosia
The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called
psychophysics
Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able toA)
remember all of the details of every book he had ever read
Which statement correctly defends the assertion that procedural memory does not stop with learning how to do a particular task?
repeatedly practicing an action can make one more skilled and effective at conducting that action
According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to
repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam
In order for our visual system to work properly, the lens must focus light onto the
retina.
When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference
retroactive; proactive
In terms of prototypes and concepts, a desk is to office furniture as a _______ is to _______.
sandwich; lunch
dreaming
satisfy our wishes, file away memories, develop and preserve neural pathways
Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying
savant syndrome
Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"—even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of
second-order conditioning.
A team of psychologists administers two new intelligence tests to 1,000 people. Eighty percent of those taking the tests answer less than 40 percent of the questions correctly on Test 1 and more than 75 percent of the questions correctly on Test 2. Based on this information, the tests
seem to lack cross-test reliability and convergent validity
Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory
semantic
Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _______. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a _______.
sensation; perception
Vision and hearing are different
sensory modalities
eyes and ears are
sensory receptor organs.
The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that
separate areas of the thalamus process all of the sensory information at once
hubel and wiesel (nobel peace winners)
serendipitous discovery of feature detector. cells in the straite cortex of a cat respond only to stimuli of certain sizes or direction of movement.
It is not surprising that MDMA (ecstasy) can trigger depression during withdrawal because the drug produces significant changes in the distribution of
serotonin
skinner-operant conditioning
shaping. faulty shaping practices- in advent information. Behavior - Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences
One key difference between sensory memory and short-term memory is that
short-term memories can be described, while sensory memories cannot.
In serial position studies, the recencyeffect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _______ during the delay.
short-term memory decays
capacity
should to be able to remember 7 letters 2
You would expect that your pupils would be smallest when you are
sitting on the beach on a very sunny day..
You awaken some nights gasping for air, and your roommate tells you that you snore loudly, even when you are just dozing. Your symptoms are consistent with
sleep apnea
synestisaia
smell sounds or taste colors
The research of Albert Bandura is most closely associated with
social learning.
bottom up processing
sounding out a word
The fact that people with Williams syndrome have normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning suggests that
the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks.
The activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreams states that dreams are
the result of random activation throughout the cortex
Drug withdrawal symptoms can be very unpleasant, especially because
the symptoms are the exact opposite of the euphoric feelings induced by the drug
Ashley was telling her friend about a movie she saw last night when she realized she could not remember the lead actor's name. She could only remember that it began with a B.This is an example of
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that
the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.
The reason that we have blind spots in our visual fields is that
there are no photoreceptors on the optic disc
Saying that there is a sensitive period for human language acquisition in early life means that
there is a time during development when children must be exposed to a language in order to master it..
Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZtwins raised apart. This offers proof that
there may be an environmental influence on intelligence.
left hemisphere
thinks linearly and methodically
If you believe that hypnosis is a truly altered state of consciousness in which you have more flexible behaviors, you believe in the _______ theory of hypnosis.
trance
sham
trial where they are doing nothing
Dr David Miller
two visual systems, not consous of the right visual field
Motherese is a
type of speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies.
Characteristics
unusual brain, read 12,000 books. walked at age 4
A psychological test that measures the trait it is intended to measure is said to be
valid..
Dr Devalois of berkley
visual cortex of the monkeys using x rays,
Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how
we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.
