psych midterm
Which of the following correlation between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on a basis of level of education
+0.50
Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?
+0.60
A moderate positive correlation has been found between a person's weight and hours of television watched per week. Which of the following scatterplots best shows this relationship?
1
For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?
10, 22, 8, 9, 6
The 130-decibel sound of a rock band is _____________ times louder than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train.
1000
The IQ scores of the five siblings of the Wehavetoomanykidz family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is
36
If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?
68
On a 10-item test, three students in Mr. Whitney's advanced chemistry class received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of
6
Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.
7
People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory
Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases
The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was
B. F. Skinner
In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?
Brainstem
The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the
CR
In classical conditioning, the ____________ signals the impending occurrence of the ____________.
CS; US
The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of
Ecstacy
After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages
Watson to the study of learning?
He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning
Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?
I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years
Which of the following is true of alcohol
In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?
Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations
Why is transduction important to sensation?
It converts physical stimuli, such as light and sound, into neural messages
Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods."
John B. Watson
Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?
John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning
Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that
LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations
Why are researchers careful to use large, representative samples in their studies?
Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results
Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied aspects of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her?
Parallel Processing
How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?
Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negatives reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding
What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?
Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned
Slow-wave sleep promotes
REM rebound
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
REM sleep
Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?
Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled
Why is replication important to science?
Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.
How does Robert Rescorla's model for classical conditioning differ from Ivan Pavlov's?
Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus
Which ability is likely to predict good adjustment, better grades, and social success?
Self-Control
Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
The experimental treatment is absent
Which of the following questions most likely could be answered using an empirical approach?
What causes aggression?
What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
They excite neural activity, and arouse body functions
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?
They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance
Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language?
Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
Weber's law
Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?
a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark
Gaius is washing his hands, and he adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Gaius' adjustment until he feels the change in temperature is an example of
a difference threshold
Brain Plasticity refers to the
ability of brain tissue to take on new functions
Although Tyler was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Tyler has a lower ______________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as
acetylcholine
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)
action potential
According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing
activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the
adrenal glands
Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?
agonists
Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called
algorithms
Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?
amygdala
In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of
an experiment
The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to
an illusory correlation
The phenomenon of color constancy, best demonstrates that
an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects
A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are
antagonists
LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
antagonists
The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enables learning and memory, are called the
association areas
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of
assuming that correlation proves causation
Tinnitus is a phantom ______ sensation
auditory
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called
availability heuristic
A subliminal message is one that is presented
below one's absolute threshold for awareness
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbiturates
Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for
becoming aware of what you do not yet know
Encouraging people to elaborate on why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote
belief perseverance
Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)
biological predisposition
When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
blocking the reuptake of dopamine
We are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure?
brainstem
Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his
cerebellum
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the
cerebellum
The associations areas are located in the
cerebral cortex
Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos. participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated
choice (change) blindness
Aryanna prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence
circadian rhythm
An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of
classical conditioning
Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,
classroom size has been operationally defined
Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of
cognitive processes
The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appear to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of __________________ in conditioning.
cognitive processes
The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear.
cohelea
Compared with deaf children exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to
comprehend the grammatical subtleties of sign language
A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
conditioned response
Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Mushrush watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Mushrush's surveillance strategy best illustrates
confirmation bias
Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that
conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing the occurs in our two-track minds
The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of
context effects
A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the children to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of _____________ reinforcement.
continuous; partial
To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)
control condition
Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates
convergent thinking
Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the
corpus callosum
Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut
corpus callosum
Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?
correlation coefficient
Researchers have found that men and women learn to walk at about the same age, experience the same sensations of light, and exhibit similar overall intelligence. These findings support the idea that
correlation does not mean causation
Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of
creativity
Research on memory construction indicates that
false memories often feel as real as true memories
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
decreasing REM sleep
Ivan Pavlov's experiments
demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _________ of a single neuron.
dendrites to the cell body to the axon
An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to
depression
Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?
dilation of the pupil
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
discrimination
The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to
disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
dissociation
Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"?
dual processing
Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.
echoic
The process of getting information into memory is called
encoding
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as
endorphins
People who carry a gene that boosts the availability of ________ are less bothered by pain.
endorphins
The human capacity for storing long-term memories is
essentially unlimited
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events
The most crucial ingredient in all learning is
experience
According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by
external influences
The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves
extrinsic motivation
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to
facially express emotions
The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
feel powerless to overcome the addiction
Katie and Makayla are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of
figure-ground relationships
Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid
fixations
The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called
generalization
Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
glial cells
The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence
goes unpunished
Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition.
hair cells
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations
The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the
hippocampus
Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to
hue
The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus
We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of
imagery
Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to
imagination inflation
Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for
imitation
A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.
implicit
Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?
informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
instinctive drift
Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
interneurons
Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine
intrinsic motivation
With her eyes closed, Cassandra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of
kinesthesis
Which makes finding statistical significance more likely?
large sample size
The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called
lateralization
After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates
learned helplessness
Conditioning is the process of
learning associations
A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately
locating sounds
Brightness is to light as ________________ is to sound
loudness
Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act pro-socially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to
make sure their own actions and words are consistent
Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help
Breathing and heartbeat are controlled by the
medulla
When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates
memory construction
Damage to the hippocampus would result in
memory problems
Profesional psychologists associations require researchers to
minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects
The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to
minimize sensory adaptation
Which of the following circumstances is most likely to contribute to conduction hearing loss?
misuse of Q-tips (cotton swabs) in cleaning your ears
Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.
modeling
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the
motor cortex
For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.
motor neurons
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)
myelin sheath
To study the development of relationships, Mrs Mushrush carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal among boys and girls in the cafeteria. Which research method did Mrs Mushrush employ?
naturalistic observation
Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.
negative
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
negative punishment
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are
negatively correlated
The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the
nervous system
The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of
neural networks
Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote
neurogenesis
Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?
neurogenesis
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.
nicotine
If you burn your finger, ________ transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system.
nociceptors
When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to
note the range and size of the scale values
Sensory adaption helps us to focus our attention on what kind of stimuli?
novel
A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of
observational learning
Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are
often a combination of fact and fiction
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
operant conditioning
The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by
operant conditioning
A specification of how a researcher measures a research variables is known as a(n)
operational definition
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move
Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an
oversupply of glutamate
The brain's release of endorphins reduces
pain
The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates
partial reinforcement
Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that
people are more likely to dream of failure than of success
The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood
As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates
perception
By 1960, the study of consciousness had been reviewed by psychologists' renewed interest in
perception
The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by
perceptual adaptation
After learning that her new school friend had experienced several episodes of depression during junior high. Emily incorrectly perceived her friend's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of
perceptual set
When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common
phoneme
Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?
physical dependence
Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?
pituitary
After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.
place
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a
placebo
After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates
plasticity
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
population
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered
positive punishment
The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a _____________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.
positive reinforcer
Reading a romantic novel caused Chinelo to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Chinelo memory retrieval is an illustration of
priming
Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates
proactive interference
Which of the following best describes explicit memories?
processed by the cerebellum
Complete sensation is the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by
prosopagnosia
Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.
prototype; category
The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called
proximity
Stanley Milgram designed his influential studies on obedience in the response to thinking about the Holocaust. In their defense, Nazi war criminals said they had committed such atrocities against the Jews and others because they were "just following order." Milgram's motivation to study obedience to authority illustrates that
psychology is not value free; it affects what psychologists study
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
punishment
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group the researchers should make use of
random assignment
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
random assignment
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?
random sampling
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
recall; recognition
Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for
receptive language
Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of
rehearsal
For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of
reinforcement over punishment
Greater cortical space is devoted to body areas that
require more precise control
An automatic response to some stimulus is called
respondent behavior
An individual experiences an accident that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged?
reticular formation
The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the rods and cones is the
retina
The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as
retrograde
Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?
reuptake
A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her
right hand to indicate she saw a mouse
The occipital lobes are to _____________ as the temporal lobes are to _________________.
seeing; hearing
In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates
selective attention
You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates
selective attention
To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Kalina often relates it to her own life experiences. Kalina's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates
semantic imagery
Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.
semantics; syntax
Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
semicircular
As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates
sensation
Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.
sensation; perception
Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ______________ memory.
sensory
Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of
sensory input
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Halimat. This illustrates the importance of
sensory interaction
For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.
sensory neurons
At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting from the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience?
serial position effect
To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as
shaping
After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.
short-term
Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?
signal detection theory
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to
speak fluently
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
specified number of responses have been made
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response in reinforced only after a(n)
specified time period has elapsed
Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?
spontaneous recovery
Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?
standard deviation
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
statistical significance of the difference between two sample means
Mr. Imburgia noticed that the distribution of students' scores on his last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
students' scores tended to be very similar to one another
Features detectors pass information to other cortical areas where complex patterns are processed by
supercell clusters
Random sampling is to _________________ as random assignment is to _________________.
surveys; experiments
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
sweating in hot weather
Messages are transmitted from your spina cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the
sympathetic nervous system
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The spatial junctions were impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called
synapes
Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place?
synapse
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the
synaptic gap
A mental set is a
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
thalamus
When informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular TV program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. Since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate
the McGurk effect
In explaining pro-social behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized
the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior
Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by
the body's release of stress hormones
To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of
the double-blind procedure
In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to be aware of
the framing effect
The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by
the placebo effect
Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?
the misinformation effect
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
the opponent-process theory
According to frequency theory
the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard
Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates
the spacing effect
James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early
the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
the survey
The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on
the vestibular sense
Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"?
the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks
After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in
threatening dreams
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the
threshold
In the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?
time of day
Our experience of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the importance of
top-down processing
Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is an example of
top-down processing
Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
treating obesity
A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-interval
Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their
visual cortex
The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?
vivid memories
Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?
voluntary
Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of
wording effects
As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Jordan was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Jordan's current thoughts being processed?
working memory
