psych midterm

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Which of the following correlation between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on a basis of level of education

+0.50

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

+0.60

A moderate positive correlation has been found between a person's weight and hours of television watched per week. Which of the following scatterplots best shows this relationship?

1

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?

10, 22, 8, 9, 6

The 130-decibel sound of a rock band is _____________ times louder than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train.

1000

The IQ scores of the five siblings of the Wehavetoomanykidz family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is

36

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

68

On a 10-item test, three students in Mr. Whitney's advanced chemistry class received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of

6

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

7

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

B. F. Skinner

In which brain structure are nerves from the left side of the brain routed to the right side of the body?

Brainstem

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

CR

In classical conditioning, the ____________ signals the impending occurrence of the ____________.

CS; US

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

Ecstacy

After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?

Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages

Watson to the study of learning?

He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?

I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years

Which of the following is true of alcohol

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?

Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations

Why is transduction important to sensation?

It converts physical stimuli, such as light and sound, into neural messages

Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods."

John B. Watson

Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?

John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

Why are researchers careful to use large, representative samples in their studies?

Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results

Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied aspects of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her?

Parallel Processing

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negatives reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding

What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?

Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned

Slow-wave sleep promotes

REM rebound

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep

Which of the following is the best example of the testing effect?

Repeated quizzing of information increases the chances it will be recalled

Why is replication important to science?

Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings.

How does Robert Rescorla's model for classical conditioning differ from Ivan Pavlov's?

Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus

Which ability is likely to predict good adjustment, better grades, and social success?

Self-Control

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

The experimental treatment is absent

Which of the following questions most likely could be answered using an empirical approach?

What causes aggression?

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?

They excite neural activity, and arouse body functions

Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?

They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance

Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language?

Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's law

Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning?

a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark

Gaius is washing his hands, and he adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Gaius' adjustment until he feels the change in temperature is an example of

a difference threshold

Brain Plasticity refers to the

ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

Although Tyler was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Tyler has a lower ______________ for skunk odor than his parents have.

absolute threshold

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as

acetylcholine

The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)

action potential

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing

activation of nerve fibers in your spinal cord

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?

activation-synthesis theory

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the

adrenal glands

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule?

agonists

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called

algorithms

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear?

amygdala

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of

an experiment

The sequential occurrence of two highly unusual events is most likely to contribute to

an illusory correlation

The phenomenon of color constancy, best demonstrates that

an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects

A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are

antagonists

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. At the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)

antagonists

The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enables learning and memory, are called the

association areas

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

assuming that correlation proves causation

Tinnitus is a phantom ______ sensation

auditory

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

availability heuristic

A subliminal message is one that is presented

below one's absolute threshold for awareness

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

barbiturates

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for

becoming aware of what you do not yet know

Encouraging people to elaborate on why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote

belief perseverance

Noam Chomsky argues that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)

biological predisposition

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by

blocking the reuptake of dopamine

We are usually least consciously aware of the processes and functions of which brain structure?

brainstem

Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

cerebellum

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the

cerebellum

The associations areas are located in the

cerebral cortex

Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos. participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated

choice (change) blindness

Aryanna prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence

circadian rhythm

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

classical conditioning

Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,

classroom size has been operationally defined

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of

cognitive processes

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appear to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of __________________ in conditioning.

cognitive processes

The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear.

cohelea

Compared with deaf children exposed to sign language from birth, those who first learn sign language as teens are less likely to

comprehend the grammatical subtleties of sign language

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

conditioned response

Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Mushrush watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Mushrush's surveillance strategy best illustrates

confirmation bias

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that

conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing the occurs in our two-track minds

The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of

context effects

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the children to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of _____________ reinforcement.

continuous; partial

To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)

control condition

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

convergent thinking

Information is most quickly transmitted from one cerebral hemisphere to the other by the

corpus callosum

Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut

corpus callosum

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?

correlation coefficient

Researchers have found that men and women learn to walk at about the same age, experience the same sensations of light, and exhibit similar overall intelligence. These findings support the idea that

correlation does not mean causation

Intrinsic motivation is thought to be an important component of

creativity

Research on memory construction indicates that

false memories often feel as real as true memories

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing REM sleep

Ivan Pavlov's experiments

demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _________ of a single neuron.

dendrites to the cell body to the axon

An undersupply of serotonin is most closely linked to

depression

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

dilation of the pupil

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of

discrimination

The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to

disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments

A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called

dissociation

Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"?

dual processing

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

echoic

The process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as

endorphins

People who carry a gene that boosts the availability of ________ are less bothered by pain.

endorphins

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

essentially unlimited

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

experience

According to B. F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by

external influences

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves

extrinsic motivation

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to

facially express emotions

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

feel powerless to overcome the addiction

Katie and Makayla are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of

figure-ground relationships

Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid

fixations

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

generalization

Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from

glial cells

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence

goes unpunished

Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition.

hair cells

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the

hippocampus

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to

hue

The brain structure that provides a major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of

imagery

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

imitation

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory.

implicit

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of

instinctive drift

Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?

interneurons

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine

intrinsic motivation

With her eyes closed, Cassandra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of

kinesthesis

Which makes finding statistical significance more likely?

large sample size

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called

lateralization

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

learned helplessness

Conditioning is the process of

learning associations

A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately

locating sounds

Brightness is to light as ________________ is to sound

loudness

Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act pro-socially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to

make sure their own actions and words are consistent

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help

Breathing and heartbeat are controlled by the

medulla

When asked to recall their attitudes of 10 years ago regarding marijuana use, people offer recollections closer to their current views than to those they actually reported a decade earlier. This best illustrates

memory construction

Damage to the hippocampus would result in

memory problems

Profesional psychologists associations require researchers to

minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects

The constant quivering movements of our eyes enable us to

minimize sensory adaptation

Which of the following circumstances is most likely to contribute to conduction hearing loss?

misuse of Q-tips (cotton swabs) in cleaning your ears

Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.

modeling

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the

motor cortex

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles.

motor neurons

The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n)

myelin sheath

To study the development of relationships, Mrs Mushrush carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal among boys and girls in the cafeteria. Which research method did Mrs Mushrush employ?

naturalistic observation

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer.

negative

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

negative punishment

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated

The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the

nervous system

The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of

neural networks

Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote

neurogenesis

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called?

neurogenesis

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ________ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite.

nicotine

If you burn your finger, ________ transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system.

nociceptors

When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to

note the range and size of the scale values

Sensory adaption helps us to focus our attention on what kind of stimuli?

novel

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the Power Rangers illustrates the role of television as a source of

observational learning

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are

often a combination of fact and fiction

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?

operant conditioning

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

operant conditioning

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variables is known as a(n)

operational definition

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move

Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an

oversupply of glutamate

The brain's release of endorphins reduces

pain

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

partial reinforcement

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

people are more likely to dream of failure than of success

The best evidence that there is a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that

people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood

As the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects. This process best illustrates

perception

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been reviewed by psychologists' renewed interest in

perception

The impact of experience on perception is most clearly illustrated by

perceptual adaptation

After learning that her new school friend had experienced several episodes of depression during junior high. Emily incorrectly perceived her friend's laughter as artificial and phony. This best illustrates the impact of

perceptual set

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common

phoneme

Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?

physical dependence

Which endocrine gland regulates body growth?

pituitary

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory.

place

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates

plasticity

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)

population

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered

positive punishment

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a _____________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

positive reinforcer

Reading a romantic novel caused Chinelo to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Chinelo memory retrieval is an illustration of

priming

Memory of your familiar old e-mail password may block the recall of your new password. This illustrates

proactive interference

Which of the following best describes explicit memories?

processed by the cerebellum

Complete sensation is the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by

prosopagnosia

Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.

prototype; category

The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called

proximity

Stanley Milgram designed his influential studies on obedience in the response to thinking about the Holocaust. In their defense, Nazi war criminals said they had committed such atrocities against the Jews and others because they were "just following order." Milgram's motivation to study obedience to authority illustrates that

psychology is not value free; it affects what psychologists study

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a

punishment

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group the researchers should make use of

random assignment

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

random assignment

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?

random sampling

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.

recall; recognition

Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity for

receptive language

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of

rehearsal

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of

reinforcement over punishment

Greater cortical space is devoted to body areas that

require more precise control

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

respondent behavior

An individual experiences an accident that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged?

reticular formation

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the rods and cones is the

retina

The inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known as

retrograde

Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking in excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?

reuptake

A picture of a cat is briefly flashed in the left visual field and a picture of a mouse is briefly flashed the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The individual will be able to use her

right hand to indicate she saw a mouse

The occipital lobes are to _____________ as the temporal lobes are to _________________.

seeing; hearing

In University of Utah driving-simulation experiments, students conversing on cell phones were slower to detect and respond to traffic signals. This best illustrates

selective attention

You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates

selective attention

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Kalina often relates it to her own life experiences. Kalina's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

semantic imagery

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.

semantics; syntax

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

semicircular

As you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. The rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit the information to the brain. This process best illustrates

sensation

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

sensation; perception

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ______________ memory.

sensory

Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of

sensory input

The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Halimat. This illustrates the importance of

sensory interaction

For you to experience the pain of a sprained ankle, ________ must first relay messages from your ankle to your central nervous system.

sensory neurons

At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting from the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience?

serial position effect

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

shaping

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

short-term

Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?

signal detection theory

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to

speak fluently

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

specified number of responses have been made

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response in reinforced only after a(n)

specified time period has elapsed

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of events?

standard deviation

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the

statistical significance of the difference between two sample means

Mr. Imburgia noticed that the distribution of students' scores on his last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the

students' scores tended to be very similar to one another

Features detectors pass information to other cortical areas where complex patterns are processed by

supercell clusters

Random sampling is to _________________ as random assignment is to _________________.

surveys; experiments

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

sweating in hot weather

Messages are transmitted from your spina cord to your digestive system's stomach muscles by the

sympathetic nervous system

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The spatial junctions were impulses are chemically transmitted from one neuron to another are called

synapes

Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place?

synapse

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the

synaptic gap

A mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

thalamus

When informed that a brief imperceptible message would be flashed repeatedly during a popular TV program, many viewers reported feeling strangely hungry or thirsty during the show. Since the imperceptible message had nothing to do with hunger or thirst, viewers' strange reactions best illustrate

the McGurk effect

In explaining pro-social behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized

the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by

the body's release of stress hormones

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control conditions can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of

the double-blind procedure

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to be aware of

the framing effect

The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated by

the placebo effect

Which of the following poses the greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse?

the misinformation effect

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by

the opponent-process theory

According to frequency theory

the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard

Students who restudy course material in order to pass a comprehensive examination are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates

the spacing effect

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early

the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.

Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?

the survey

The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on

the vestibular sense

Which of the following is the best definition of the modern memory model "connectionism"?

the view that memory emerges from interconnected neural networks

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

threatening dreams

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the

threshold

In the hypothesis "students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

time of day

Our experience of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the importance of

top-down processing

Our experiences, assumptions, and expectations may give us a perceptual set that influences what we perceive. This is an example of

top-down processing

Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in

treating obesity

A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

People who demonstrate blindsight have most likely suffered damage to their

visual cortex

The area of the brain that receives information from the nose is directly connected with the limbic system. This connection may explain why smells are often involved in which of the following?

vivid memories

Which of the following terms best describes an operant behavior?

voluntary

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

wording effects

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Jordan was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Jordan's current thoughts being processed?

working memory


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