Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 1, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 2, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 3, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 4, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 6, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 7, Psych. of Wmn. Chapter 8, Psych of Wmn. Chapter 12

A female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a. has a partial or complete masculinization of her external genitals. b. has only one X chromosome. c. has one X and one Y chromosome. d. a and b

a

A recent comprehensive global study of abortion found that: a. abortion is safe in countries where abortion is legal. b. banning abortion deters women who seek the procedure. c. abortion rates are actually much lower in countries where it is legal than where it is outlawed. d. all of the above

a

A study by Lisa Serbin and her colleagues found that 11 year olds knew _______ about stereotypes than 5 year olds, and were ________ aware of gender-role exceptions. a. more; more b. more; less c. less; more d. less; less

a

About one couple in _____ in the United States cannot conceive. a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 35

a

About what proportion of pregnancies result in miscarriage? a. At least one in seven b. About one in 25 c. About one in 50 d. About one in 100

a

According to available research, which of the following ethnic groups engages in less gender stereotyping than the others? a. Blacks b. Whites c. Latinas/os d. All of the above are equal in the degree to which they stereotype by gender.

a

According to cognitive developmental theory, gender typing cannot take place until: a. the child develops gender constancy. b. the child realizes there are genital differences between females and males. c. parents model appropriate gender behaviors for their children. d. a and b

a

According to the New View of Women's Sexual Problems, women's sexual problems may arise in one or more of four interrelated aspects of women's sexual lives. Experiencing lack of interest, fatigue, or lack of time due to family and work obligations would place a woman's sexual problem in which aspect? a. sociocultural, political, or economic factors b. relating to partner and relationship c. psychological factors d. medical factors

a

According to the text, which of the following statements about the term, "race," is not correct? a. Race refers to attitudes and traditions associated with a group of people. b. Race refers to physical characteristics of people. c. The concept of race is problematic because there is considerable genetic diversity among people classified as a single race. d. There is controversy among experts about what constitutes a single race.

a

An early onset of sexual activity and increased rise of pregnancy are linked to all of the following except a. having parents who use firm, consistent discipline b. having sexually active peers or siblings c. having low self esteem d. being in a committed dating relationship

a

An early traditional way of examining psychological gender differences involved sorting through many studies on a particular topic and giving each study the same weight regardless of the sample size or magnitude of the difference is known as the _______. a. box score approach b. meta-analytic c. statistical method approach d. narrative approach

a

Ashley watches her mother bathe her baby brother. Then Ashley washes her doll in the sink. This best illustrates , an important concept of theory. a. observational learning; social learning b. gender constancy; psychoanalytic c. gender constancy; cognitive-development d. identification; gender schema theory

a

Brian believes that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society. Therefore, he does not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. Brian's attitude best reflects: a. modern sexism. b. hostile sexism. c. benevolent sexism. d. ambivalent sexism.

a

Children growing up in single-parent homes a. tend to be less traditional in their gender stereotypes and activities than those from two-parent homes. b. tend to be more traditional in their gender stereotypes and activities than those from twoparent homes. c. tend to have about the same gender stereotypes and activities as children growing up in twoparent homes. d. none of the above

a

Children who learn to identify females and males early show ________ gender-typical preferences for toys and peers compared to children of the same age who do not yet make the distinction. a. more b. fewer c. equal d. there is no relationship between these two variables

a

Compared to children raised in heterosexual families, children raised in lesbian families are a. less likely to have sterotyped notions about gender roles. b. more likely to have transgendered identity. c. more likely to have a lesbian, gay, or bisexual orientation. d. a and b

a

Currently, nearly equal numbers of females and males appear as central characters in: a. children's readers and picture books. b. Saturday morning cartoons. c. TV commercials. d. all of the above

a

During the third stage of childbirth: a. the placenta is expelled. b. the cervix becomes dilated to about 4 inches. c. uterine contractions move the baby through the birth canal. d. the baby is born.

a

Each of the following is an important concept in social cognitive theory except: a. identification. b. reinforcement. c. observation. d. internalization of standards.

a

Feminist research values include all of the following except the belief that research should a. be value-free. b. promote social change. c. attempt to empower women. d. examine diverse groups of women.

a

For older women, the most commonly reported reason for stopping sexual activity is a. lack of a partner b. poor health c. lack of desire d. fear of contracting AIDS and other STDs

a

Girls' and women's participation in sports tends to be associated with a. higher self-esteem b. earlier sexual activity c. reduced academic performance d. a and b

a

In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: a. Hormones brings eggs (ova) to maturity. b. Ovulation (release of an egg) occurs. c. The corpus luteus forms, and releases large amounts of progesterone and estrogen. d. The uterine lining is shed and exits the body as menstrual flow.

a

Lesbians are more satisfied with their relationships if a. they receive approval from family and friends. b. one partner takes on the female gender role and the other assumes the male gender role. c. they hide their sexual orientation from family and friends. d. one partner has more power than the other so that there is no confusion about who makes decisions.

a

On her first day as a student teacher, Megan observes that in her class of 6th graders (11-yearolds) a. the girls are noticeably taller and heavier than the boys. b. all the children appear similar in height and weight. c. The boys are noticeably taller and heavier than the girls. d. The boys are taller but thinner than the girls.

a

Once the gonads develop the remaining sex differentiation processes are regulated by: a. the sex hormones. b. the sex chromosomes. c. sex-related characteristics of the brain. d. all of the above

a

One of the reasons girls become more "womanly" in appearance during puberty and boys become more "manly" is that girls develop twice as much __________ as boys, while boys develop twice as much __________ as girls. a. fatty tissue, muscle tissue b. head hair, body hair c. muscle tissue, fatty tissue d. muscle tissue, bone tissue

a

Problems that can result from genital surgery as an intervention for intersexuality include: a. urinary difficulties. b. reduced sexual feeling. c. infertility problems. d. a and b

a

Recent research shows that standard hormone replacement therapy, which combines estrogen with progestin, tends to increase the risk of all of the following except: a. osteoporosis b. heart attack c. breast cancer d. stroke

a

Research evidence indicates that people view women and men who are employed as more agentic than those who are not employed. This finding is most consistent with: a. social role theory. b. essentialism. c. the social categorization perspective. d. modern sexism.

a

The belief that women and men should have the same political, legal, economic, and educational rights and opportunities is called a. liberal feminism. b. cultural feminism. c. socialist feminism. d. radical feminism.

a

The cluster of traits that includes being independent, ambitious, and achievement-oriented is known as: a. agency b. communion c. essentialism d. Type A behavior

a

The differentiation of the male internal reproductive organs from undifferentiated tissue requires the presence of both_____________ and_______________ . a. testosterone; the mullerian inhibiting substance b. estrogens; the mullerian inhibiting substance c. testosterone; the wolffian inhibiting substance d. estrogens; the wolffian inhibiting substance

a

The majority of American adults feel that lesbians and gay men a. should not be allowed to legally marry b. should not have legal access to job opportunities c. should not have equal access to housing d. all of the above

a

The prevalence of sexual problems __________ with age for women and __________ with age for men. a. declines; increases b. increases; declines c. declines; declines d. increases; increases

a

The review of studies of sexual attitudes and behaviors by Mary Oliver and Janet Hyde found that a. women have much more negative attitudes than men about casual premarital sex. b. women have more negative attitudes than men about masturbation. c. women now are as likely as men to accept premarital sex when couples are committed or engaged. d. a and c

a

The sexual orientation hypothesis and the social status hypothesis both attempt to explain why: a. males more than females receive negative evaluations for engaging in cross-gender stereotypic behaviors. b. lesbian women have more nontraditional gender attitudes than do heterosexual women. c. some intersexuals develop a same-gender sexual orientation. d. all of the above

a

The viewpoint that emphasizes the differences between the behaviors of women and men is known as a. the alpha bias. b. the beta bias. c. essentialism. d. sexism.

a

There is a greater underrepresentation of ____________ than ___________ in movies and television. a. women over age 35; women under age 35 b. women under age 35; women over age 35 c. Black women; Asian American women d. a and c

a

What percentage of states in the U.S. allow same-sex marriage a. Fewer than 10 percent b. About 25 percent c. About half d. About 75 percent

a

Which describes the developmental changes in gender intensification? a. It is strong in early adolescence and starts to decline by middle to late adolescence. b. It increases in strength from early to late adolescence. c. It is strong in preadolescent years, becoming weaker in early adolescence. d. It is equally strong throughout adolescence.

a

Which ethnic group of elderly adults is most likely to live with their children? a. Asian American b. Black c. Latina d. White

a

Which form of feminism contends that gender inequality is rooted in the economic structure of North American society? a. socialist feminism b. cultural feminism c. women of color feminism (womanism) d. radical feminism

a

Which group of women is least likely to report menopausal symptoms? a. Asian American b. Black c. Latina d. White

a

Which group of women is most likely to report hot flashes? a. White American b. Mayan c. Japanese d. hi-caste Indian

a

Which is not true about women with disabilities? a. Their family members encourage them to date. b. They perceive more problems trying to attract dating partners. c. They experience social barriers to dating. d. They are concerned about physical obstacles in the environment.

a

Which is not true of the New View of Women's Sexual Problems? a. It focuses on the need for drug companies to develop medical treatments, such as female Viagra b. It focuses on the prevention of women's sexual problems c. It stresses the sociocultural, political, psychological, social and relational bases of women's sexual problems d. All of the above are true

a

Which is true of online dating sites? a. The popularity of these sites has increased in the past few years b. The popularity of these sites has declined because almost no successful long-term relationships result c. Traditional dating scripts rarely apply online, since women usually send the first e-mail message d. The image of online dating as a last resort for loser or a meeting ground for carnal sex is growing rapidly

a

Which is/are true of older adults and their friends? a. Women are more engaged with friends and social networks than are men. b. Older women's best friends are equally likely to be men and women. c. Older middle-class women's friendships are based more on informal mutual aid, whereas older working class women's friendships often come from shared membership in an association. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following assertions have been offered in support of the viewpoint that women are inferior to men? a. Women's brains are smaller than men's. b. Brain weight relative to body weight is greater in men than in women. c. The corpus callosum is larger in men than in women. d. All of the above.

a

Which of the following groups of individuals is least likely to be seen on television? a. Asian American women over age 35 b. White women over age 35 c. White women under age 35 d. Black women under age 35

a

Which of the following is not a benefit of hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? a. reduces the risk of heart attack b. reduces the risk of colon cancer c. ends hot flashes d. delays bone loss

a

Which of the following is not a risk factor for post-partum depression? a. being an older (over 40) mother b. being a first time mother c. having a prior history of depression d. being less educated

a

Which of the following is not consistent with the concept of the social construction of gender? a. Gender differences have their basis in biological factors. b. Conceptions of femaleness and maleness can vary from culture to culture. c. Our conceptions of specific groups of females and males are influenced by social forces. d. An individual's conceptions of femaleness and maleness can be affected by that person's social experiences.

a

Which of the following is not true of Ann Hopkins' legal battle? a. She lost her case and left Price Waterhouse. b. Her case was appealed to the Supreme Court. c. A federal judge concluded that gender-based stereotyping had played a role in Price Waterhouse's refusal to promote her to partner. d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages.

a

Which of the following is true concerning women's and men's sexual responses and attitudes? a. They both experience the four phases of the cycle. b. They are equally likely to have multiple orgasms. c. Females have two kinds of orgasms--clitoral and vaginal--while males experience only one type of orgasm. d. Women and men have equally permissive attitudes toward sexual behavior.

a

Which of the following is/are true? a. Children who are heavy TV viewers have greater knowledge of gender stereotypes. b. Exposure to TV characters who show nontraditional behaviors increases children's gender stereotypes. c. The terms "tomboy" and "sissy" have equally negative overtones. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following is/are true? a. The United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any industrialized nation. b. The decrease in teenage births since the early 1990's is a result of increased use of abortion. c. Most school-based sex education programs discuss contraception and make contraceptives available to students. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about childbirth and age is/are true? a. Women's fertility starts to decline beginning in the late twenties. b. Most women over the age of 40 can conceive using their own eggs. c. Women in their forties are less likely to have abnormal eggs than women in their twenties. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is not correct? a. Few married couples cohabit prior to marriage. b. Married couples who cohabited before marriage have more problems than those who did not. c. People who cohabit tend to be happier than single individuals who are not living with a partner. d. People who cohabit are not as content about their relationship as are married couples.

a

Which of the following statements about discrimination against lesbians and gays is/are true? a. Approximately three-quarters of lesbians and gays reported experiencing discrimination based on their sexual orientation. b. Although verbal anti-lesbian and gay discrimination still occurs, physical attacks against lesbians and gays no longer occur. c. The American Academy in Pediatrics strongly discourages the adoption of a child by the parent's same-sex partner. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about divorce rates is/are correct? a. Asian Americans have the lowest divorce rate of any ethnic group in the U.S. b. Disabled men are more likely than disabled women to experience divorce. c. White women have a higher divorce rate than any other women in the U.S. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about friendships for lesbians is not correct? a. For lesbians in committed relationships, friendships with other women are unimportant. b. Friendship can help lesbians maintain their lesbian identity within a hostile social environment. c. Friendship can serve as an extended family for lesbians. d. Friendships can be very supportive for middle-aged and older lesbians.

a

Which of the following statements about girls and women in athletics is/are correct? a. The passage of Title IX was followed by a significant increase in girls' and women's participation in sports. b. There has been a greater increase in the participation of Black women than of White women as both players and coaches. c. Schools now spend equivalent amounts in scholarships and other expenses for women's and men's sports. d. Only 25% of college athletes are women.

a

Which of the following statements about gonadal development is/are correct? a. In XY embryos, the Y chromosome directs the development of undifferentiated tissue into the testes. b. The gonadal tissue that develops into ovaries differs from the gonadal tissue that develops into testes. c. The entire process of sex differentiation is regulated by the sex chromosomes. d. a and c

a

Which of the following statements about grandmothers is/are true? a. About half of American women become grandparents before they reach the age of 50. b. Less than 10% of American women become grandparents before they reach the age of 50. c. Once they become grandparents, most employed women quit their jobs so that they can devote more time to grandparenting duties. d. a and c

a

Which of the following statements about heterosexism is/are true? a. People of color tend to have more negative attitudes toward lesbians and gays than Whites do. b. Nearly all Americans support adoption rights for lesbian and gay couples. c. A small minority of Americans support health insurance benefits and inheritance rights for lesbians and gay partners. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about individuals with Turner syndrome is/are not correct? a. They have a single X chromosome rather than a pair of sex chromosomes. b. They have either ovaries or testes. c. Females cannot develop female secondary sex characteristics. d. b and c

a

Which of the following statements about medical intervention in response to intersexuality is/are correct? a. In Western nations, the typical medical response is genital surgery. b. In Western nations, physicians generally delay surgical intervention until the individual is mature enough to make an informed decision. c. Early genital surgery nearly always provides the individual with a very clear sense of gender identity. d. a and c

a

Which of the following statements about research findings on behaviors and roles in heterosexual dating relationships is/are correct? a. College students expect males to plan the date. b. No dating couples view themselves as egalitarian. c. Couples that perceive a power inequality in their relationship are more likely to view the female as the more powerful partner. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is/are true? a. Starting in early adolescence, girls' self-esteem decreases and becomes lower than boys' self esteem. b. Self-esteem is higher among white female adolescents than among female adolescents of color. c. Feminine girls have greater self-esteem than androgynous girls. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following statements about sexuality and women with disabilities is/are true? a. Women with disabilities are less satisfied with their sex lives than are able-bodied women. b. Women with disabilities tend to resent the excessive touching they experience. c. Most women with disabilities tend to have less sexual desire than able-bodied women. d. b and c

a

Which of the following statements about the development of the external genitalia is/are correct? a. The external genitalia develop from previously undifferentiatied tissue present in both XX and XY fetuses. b. Female and male external genitalia develop from different types of tissue. c. The sex hormones play no role in the development of the external genitals. d. b and c

a

Which of the following statements about the experiences of women and men during widowhood is/are correct? a. Widowed men are more likely than widowed women to commit suicide. b. Women are more likely than men to suffer psychologically after the death of a spouse. c. Women are more likely than men to experience physical problems after the death of a spouse. d. all of the above

a

Which of the following theories proposes that gender typing stems from the child's identification with the same-gender parent? a. psychoanalytic theory b. social learning theory c. cognitive-development theory d. gender schema theory

a

Protective factors against ovarian cancer include: a. oral contraceptives b. fertility drugs c. remaining childless d. a and c

a.

The government program designed to provide medical care for those who are over 65, regardless of income, is: e. Medicare. f. Medicaid. g. Social Security. h. HMO.

a.

What percentage of women who develop breast cancer die of the disease? a. 20 b. 40 c. 60 d. 80

a.

Which group of women has the lowest rate of smoking? a. Asian Americans b. Blacks c. Latinas d. Whites

a.

Which is/are true of osteoporosis and bone fracture? a. Approximately one in five women experience a hip fracture. b. More men than women have osteoporosis. c. Complications resulting from hip fractures reduce mobility, but are not life threatening. d. a and b

a.

Which of the following statements about women's health around the world is not true? a. The U.S. is the only country in which women outlive men. b. Longevity has increased for both women and men in most countries. c. A major health problem in Africa has been the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. d. There are variations in women's longevity across countries, in part due to death during childbirth.

a.

Which of the sexually transmitted diseases is the most devastating? a. AIDS b. syphilis c. gonorrhea d. chlamydia

a.

Which of these chemicals is not used to treat breast cancer? a. insulin-like growth factor b. taxol c. raloxifene d. tamoxifen

a.

Women of color are more likely than White women to: a. be uninsured. b. receive mammograms. c. receive Pap smears and pelvic exams. d. none of the above

a.

A few days after the birth of her first child, Janet became weepy, felt anxious, and snapped at her husband. After a few days, these behaviors went away. Janet had experienced: a. postpartum depression b. maternity blues c. postpartum psychosis d. postdelivery trauma

b

About __________ U. S. children are being raised by grandparents, without a parent present. a. half a million b. 2.3 million c. 3 million d. 4.5 million

b

About one woman out of ____ experience postpartum depression. a. 5 b. 8 c. 10 d. 14

b

According to cognitive developmental theory, before children can learn gender-appropriate behaviors they must understand that: a. adults are rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviors. b. gender is not altered by time or behavior. c. gender-appropriate activities can be learned by observing adult behavior. d. a and c

b

According to research on ethnic variations in gender attitudes and gender roles, which of the following is/are correct? a. Among Latinas, the greater the acculturation into dominant U.S. culture, the more traditional the gender beliefs. b. For many Native American groups, greater involvement in dominant U.S. culture has led to an increase in patriarchy. c. Black women's attitudes about all types of gender-related roles and behaviors are more nontraditional than the attitudes of women of other ethnicities. d. all of the above

b

According to the _____ view, the traits, behaviors, and roles that we assume with females and males are not inherent in one's sex; they are shaped by numerous interpersonal, cultural, and societal forces. a. social desirability b. social construction of gender c. social responsibility d. social skills

b

All of the following about gender differences in attitudes are true except a. Women generally have less permissive attitudes toward sexual behavior than men. b. When couples are committed or engaged, both women and men equally approve of premarital sex. c. Men from countries around the world are more likely than women to rate sex as important and to report greater physical and emotional pleasure from it. d. As people get older, generally, gender differences in attitudes toward sexual behavior narrow.

b

Among Blacks, Latinas, and Whites, ______ are the least and ______ are the most interested in marriage. a. Whites; Latinas b. Blacks; Latinas c. Latinas; Whites d. Blacks; Whites

b

Among infertile couples who choose developed assisted reproductive technology, about threequarters of them choose to use _______? a. frozen embryos b. in vitro fertilization c. donor eggs d. surrogacy

b

Ann Hopkins filed a lawsuit against Price Waterhouse asserting that her promotion for partnership was denied on the basis of her gender. Price Waterhouse criticized her for all except: a. her "macho" style b. having few billable hours c. her lack of makeup and jewelry d. her unfeminine walk

b

Ann Hopkins' case is an example of: a. ageism b. backlash effect c. spotlighting d. benevolent sexism

b

Children can accurately label pictures of girls and boys between the ages of ___________ years. a. 1 to 1 ½ b. 2 to 2 ½ c. 3 to 3 ½ d. 4 to 4 ½

b

Classroom teachers a. correct and constructively criticize girls more than boys. b. give boys more time to answer questions. c. are more likely to accept calling out from girls than boys. d. praise girls more than boys.

b

Cross-cultural research on valued characteristics of mates shows that a. the U.S. was the only country examined in which men valued physical attractiveness more than women did. b. in most of the countries women valued earning power more than men did. c. in the 1990s neither women nor men in any of the countries examined reported that chastity was an important characteristic. d. all of the above

b

Currently, about ___ percent of college-educated brides do not take their husband's last name. a. 5 b. 20 c. 35 d. 50

b

Currently, approximately _____ percent of women in the U.S. age 75 and over have never married. a. 1 - 2 b. 4 - 5 c. 12 - 15 d. 23 - 25

b

Divorce rates are higher among than among . a. nondisabled women; women with disabilities b. Native American women; women of other ethnicities c. higher-income women; lower-income women. d. b and c

b

Dwayne was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. He has shared this information with his father but has decided to withhold the diagnosis from his mother for as long as possible. Dwayne thinks his mother would be unable to deal with the situation and he wants to shield her from pain. Dwayne's attitude best reflects: a. modern sexism. b. benevolent sexism. c. hostile sexism. d. all of the above.

b

Events of the 1960s signaled the beginning of the modern feminist movement in the United States and included all except a. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan b. Women's right to vote c. formation of NOW d. Equal Pay Act

b

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on women shows that a. White mothers are able to cope more effectively than Black mothers. b. White mothers are more likely than other mothers to receive child support. c. Women from higher income groups are less satisfied with life following divorce than are women from lower income groups. d. none of the above

b

Evidence that children are better able to remember gender-consistent information than genderinconsistent information is most supportive of: a. social learning theory b. gender schema theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. It is equally supportive all each of these theories.

b

Gender stereotyping research that focused on social class has found that: a. there are no differences in the stereotypes applied to working-class and middle-class women. b. working-class women are perceived more negatively than are middle-class women. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women.

b

In meta-analysis, an effect size of .50 is considered: a. small b. moderate c. large d. meaningful

b

In rural Gambia, toddlers are twice as likely to survive if _____________ is present a. their paternal grandmother b. their maternal grandmother c. their paternal grandfather d. their maternal grandfather e. their father

b

In the United States, ______ have the lowest divorce rate and ______ have the highest. a. Latinos; Whites b. Asian Americans; Native Americans c. Native Americans; Blacks d. Blacks; Latinos

b

In this textbook the word gender is used to refer to a. classification of individuals as female or male based on their genetic makeup. b. the social and cultural aspects of being female or male. c. both of the above. d. neither of the above.

b

Intersexuality refers to: a. a same-sex sexual orientation. b. the presence of both female and male sexual characteristics. c. a condition in which one sex chromosome is missing. d. a gender identity that is inconsistent with one's reproductive organs.

b

Later psychoanalytic theorists have differed from Freud in that they place greater emphasis on ___________ influences on gender development. a. hormonal b. sociocultural c. anatomical d. cognitive

b

Maria Lopez feels in control of her life. She feels she has the ability and opportunity to make important decisions that will influence her personal development. The type of power held by Maria is called a. interpersonal power. b. power-to. c. organizational power. d. power-over.

b

Most miscarriages are a result of: a. hormonal imbalances in the mother b. major genetic defects in the embryo or fetus c. structural problems in the uterus or cervix d. diseases of the immune system

b

Multigenerational households are common in a. the U.S. b. Japan c. Canada d. all of the above

b

Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: a. more favorably than older men b. as comic or eccentric figures c. as active, mature adults d. as successful and assertive

b

Patriarchy is of central importance to a. socialist feminism. b. radical feminism. c. cultural feminism. d. liberal feminism.

b

Recent research indicates that _____ sexism actually has a more harmful effect on women's performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism. a. modern; benevolent b. benevolent; hostile c. hostile; modern d. hostile; benevolent

b

Research on gender stereotypes shows that college students and faculty view: a. the ideal woman as more communal than most women. b. the ideal woman and man as high on both communion and agency. c. the ideal man as high on communion and low on agency. d. the ideal woman as high on agency and low on communion.

b

Research on gender-related traits shows that psychological adjustment is most strongly related to: a. androgyny. b. masculinity. c. femininity. d. undifferentiation.

b

Research on never-married women shows that these women tend to a. have few social contacts. b. enjoy their freedom. c. both of the above d. neither of the above

b

Research on the perception of sexual interest shows that a. since the 1990s, women and men evaluate their partner's desire for sex only on the basis of verbal indications of interest. b. some young adults rely on nonsexual cues, such as initiating a date, to judge sexual interest. c. women are more likely to perceive sexual interest based on a man's nonsexual behavior than men are to perceive sexual interest based on a woman's nonsexual behavior. d. b and c

b

Researchers have found that _____ women report lower rates of sexual problems than other women. a. Black b. Latina c. White d. Asian

b

Studies of gender differences in friendship show that a. women value friendship more than men do. b. women are more likely than men to achieve closeness through sharing thoughts and feelings with their friends. c. women are more likely than men to achieve closeness through sharing activities with their friends. d. all of the above

b

Studies of the parents of newborns have found that: a. there are no differences in the way parents view their newborn daughters and sons. b. parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons. c. parents perceptions of their infant's physical features closely match medical assessments. d. b and c

b

The adolescent growth spurt begins at about age _____ years in girls and at about age _____ years in boys. a. 8, 9 b. 9, 11 c. 10, 12 d. 11, 14

b

The birth congratulations card study found that a. boys and girls were equally likely to be shown performing physical activities. b. girls, more than boys, were described as "little." c. the same type of animals were depicted on the girl cards and the boy cards. d. all of the above

b

The cessation of menstruation periods for a full year is known as: a. perimenopause. b. menopause. c. menarche. d. amenorrhea.

b

The most commonly reported symptom of menopause is: a. osteoporosis. b. hot flashes. c. vaginal dryness. d. headaches, joint pains and sleeping difficulties.

b

The recent longitudinal study of Australian widows found that: a. Their concerns focused entirely on the experience of bereavement and loss b. They worried about their personal finances c. Relationships with friends, neighbors and social groups diminished over time d. b and c

b

The review of sexual attitudes and behaviors by Mary Oliver and Janet Hyde found that men, compared to women a. masturbate less often. b. begin sexual intercourse at a younger age. c. are more likely to be faithful to their spouse. d. all of the above

b

The study of partnering "markets" in Chicago by Laumann and his colleagues found that a. Women were more likely than men to meet a partner through work or church as they got older b. In Hispanic neighborhoods, family, friends and the church played a more important role in meeting partners than in other areas c. Young, upper-income individuals were more apt than other individuals to find partners at school or work d. all of the above

b

What of the following statements about dating is/are true? a. The age when U. S. adolescents start dating has increased over the past 25 years. b. The dating scripts of lesbians are not as strongly gender-typed as those of heterosexual women. c. College students' expected dating behaviors and their actual dating behaviors are very different. d. Delayed onset of dating is associated with being poor and living in a single-parent or stepparent family.

b

When compared to their own mothers, today's college women demonstrate more ______ and fewer _____. a. feminine-typed behaviors; masculine-typed behaviors b. masculine-typed behaviors; feminine-typed behaviors c. single-dimensional behaviors; complex behaviors d. a and c

b

Which child is least likely to receive the requested toy? a. Andrea asks for a football. b. Anthony asks for a doll. c. Isabel asks for a chemistry set. d. Jeff asks for a video game.

b

Which ethnic group of women reports the highest levels of masculinity and androgyny? a. Asian Americans b. Blacks c. Puerto Ricans d. Whites

b

Which form of feminism states that there are differences between women and men and that women's attributes should be given more respect? a. liberal feminism b. cultural feminism c. women of color feminism (womanism) d. radical feminism

b

Which group of adolescent girls has the highest self-esteem in late adolescence? a. Asian Americans b. Blacks c. Latinas d. Whites

b

Which is not true about the importance of physical attractiveness? a. It denigrates women by placing more importance on superficial characteristics than on behaviors and accomplishments. b. Lesbians are more likely to base their relationships on physical appearance. c. Young mothers are getting "mommy makeovers". d. The demand for cosmetic genital surgery is increasing in the United States and the United Kingdom as more women seek to have "designer vaginas".

b

Which is true of older singles and dating? a. They are more interested than younger singles in getting married b. One-third of older women prefer dating younger men c. Most older men prefer dating women of their age or older d. All of the above

b

Which of the following does not characterize most participants in psychological research? a. white b. working class c. able-bodied d. heterosexual

b

Which of the following is an example of spotlighting? a. "Gwendolyn Brooks is an outstanding poetess." b. "Female professor receives prestigious grant." c. "The average student does his homework every night." d. "Pioneers moved West, taking their wives and children."

b

Which of the following is not an early sign of pregnancy? a. morning sickness b. quickening c. breast tenderness d. more frequent urination

b

Which of the following is the most frequently reported sexual problem? a. female orgasmic disorder b. inhibited sexual desire c. sexual pain disorder d. female sexual arousal disorder

b

Which of the following is/are true? a. The majority of adolescents and young women experience PMS. b. The majority of adolescents and women experience menstrual pain each month. c. Anti-anxiety drugs and antidepressants generally are ineffective in reducing the symptoms of PMS. d. all of the above

b

Which of the following regarding gender segregation is/are true? a. Girls show it at a later age than boys. b. It first appears between the ages of 2 and 3. c. It is greatest during the preschool years and decreases during the elementary school years. d. a and b

b

Which of the following statement about surrogacy is/are true? a. About 10 percent of all infants in the United States each year are born through surrogacy. b. Critics are concerned about the potential economic exploitation of poor women as surrogate mothers. c. Most surrogate mothers are single women who have never had children of their own. d. all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about childbirth is/are true? a. The caesarean delivery rate in the U.S. has dropped considerably over the past 30 years. b. Women over 40 are more likely to have complications during pregnancy and to have caesarean sections. c. Infants delivered by nurse midwives have lower birth weights and higher mortality rates than infants delivered by physicians. d. all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about communicating research findings is/are correct? a. There is a publication bias that favors studies showing no gender differences. b. There is a publication bias that favors studies showing gender differences. c. The use of male pronouns to refer to both genders continues to be common in psychological research articles. d. b and c

b

Which of the following statements about gender stereotypes is/are true? a. Knowledge of gender-typed personality traits emerges earlier than other stereotype information. b. By age 3, children have gender stereotypes for toys, clothing and work. c. Stereotypes are held quite rigidly until adolescence. d. all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about marital satisfaction is/are correct? a. Women express greater marital satisfaction than men. b. Intimate disclosure among spouses is related to greater satisfaction. c. Women and men are equally likely to work at maintaining emotional closeness. d. all of the above

b

Which of the following statements about teenage pregnancy is not true? a. The majority of teen pregnancies are unplanned. b. In the U.S. Latinas have the lowest birth rate of all ethnic groups. c. Since 1991 there has been an increase in the teen birth rate. d. Among teens who have babies, there has been an increase in the percentage who are unmarried.

b

Which of the following statements about the differential treatment of females and males in language is/are correct? a. There are more sexual terms associated with males than with females. b. There are several pairs of terms for females and males that have the same objective meaning but that reflect a more negative connotation for the female term. c. Although feminists might find it objectionable, the use of male pronouns to refer to females and males is clearly interpreted as inclusive of both genders. d. all of the above

b

Which of these European countries allow same-sex marriages? a. England, France, and Germany b. Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain c. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark d. Italy, Greece, and Turkey

b

All of the following are classified as IADLs (instrumental activities of daily living) except: a. doing housework b. toileting c. taking medications d. managing money

b.

All of the following are true about sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) except: a. STIs can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can result in infertility. b. STIs are transmitted more easily to men, especially gay men, than to women. c. People with STIs such as herpes, chlamydia and gonorrhea are more likely than others to become infected with HIV. d. Women most at risk for STIs are sexually active at an early age, and have sex frequently and with multiple partners.

b.

Among women, _______ have the shortest life expectancy; and _______ have the longest. a. Latinas; Whites b. Native Americans; Asian Americans c. Blacks; Whites; d. Asian Americans; Whites

b.

Gender inequities present in current medical research include: a. the exclusion of women from federally funded studies. b. a greater focus on heart disease in men then women. c. the overrepresentation of women in studies that set standards for doses of new medications. d. a and b

b.

One out of every ___ women will develop breast cancer at some time in her life. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16

b.

The fastest growing group of Americans infected with HIV are: a. men of color b. women of color c. white women d. white men

b.

The government program designed to provide medical care for the needy of any age is a. Medicare. b. Medicaid. c. Social Security. d. HMO.

b.

The most common sexually transmitted infection in the USA today is: a. gonorrhea b. Chlamydia c. herpes d. syphilis

b.

Which of the following groups of women has the highest death rate from heart attack? a. White b. Black c. Latina d. Native American

b.

Which of the following is one of the ten leading causes of death for men, but not for women? a. unintentional injuries b. cirrhosis of the liver c. kidney disease d. diabetes

b.

Which of the following is referred to by the term gender paradox? a. Older men have greater sexual desire than older women but they are less sexually active. b. Women tend to live longer than men but they are sicker. c. Men have greater physical ability than women but they are less active. d. Women need more health care than men but men visit physicians more frequently.

b.

Which of the following is/are not a symptom of ovarian cancer? a. pelvic pain b. frequent hunger c. frequent urination d. none of the above are symptoms of ovarian cancer

b.

Which of the following is/are true? a. Women rely less heavily than men on Medicaid and Medicare. b. Women are less likely than men to have medical insurance through their own employer. c. A women who is covered under a spouse's medical insurance plan automatically retains coverage in the event of divorce, death or the spouse's retirement. d. all of the above

b.

Which of the following regarding heart disease in women is not true? a. Women are less likely than men to receive an angiogram or angioplasty. b. Women adjust better than men psychologically following a heart attack. c. Women with Type A personality are more likely to develop heart disease than women with Type B personality. d. Women are more likely than men to be referred to cardiac rehabilitation programs.

b.

Which of the following statements about risk factors for breast cancer is not true? a. Low income women are more likely than higher income women to die of breast cancer. b. Black women are more likely than White women to develop breast cancer. c. The more alcohol consumed, the greater the chance of developing breast cancer. d. The more weight gained in adulthood, the greater the chance of developing breast cancer.

b.

Which of the following statements about the psychological effects of breast cancer is/are true? a. Women who show a fighting spirit and express their anxieties are likely to die sooner than those who passively accept their disease. b. Among women with advanced breast cancer, those who regularly attend group therapy have more adaptive coping responses than those not in therapy. c. Women who have a mastectomy tend to be more comfortable with their body image than those who have a lumpectomy. d. a and b

b.

"People stereotype females as communal and males as agentic because they have observed females as caregivers and males as workers." This statement best reflects: a. the social categorization perspective. b. essentialism. c. social role theory. d. modern sexism.

c

A genetic male labeled a female at birth who experiences a masculinization of his genitals during puberty most probably has the inherited disorder known as: a. Turner syndrome. b. androgen-insensitivity syndrome. c. 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. d. congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

c

A selection effect can account for the greater marital instability of couples who cohabited prior to marriage compared to couples who did not. This effect refers to a. the tendency for unattractive people more than attractive people to consent to cohabitation for fear of being alone. b. the tendency for psychologically disturbed individuals more than healthy individuals to be willing to cohabit. c. the different attitudes toward marriage and divorce held by individuals who cohabit and those who do not. d. the tendency for men to take advantage of women who are willing to cohabit.

c

According to the New View of Women's Sexual Problems, women's sexual problems may arise in one or more of four interrelated aspects of women's sexual lives. Experiencing depression or anxiety would place a woman's sexual problem in which aspect? a. sociocultural, political, or economic factors b. relating to partner and relationship c. psychological factors d. medical factors

c

According to the text, adolescent girls' declining interest and participation in athletic activities may be due to a. boys' advantage in strength, size and power. b. social pressures in girls to act more feminine. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

c

According to the text, problems that stem from the overrepresentation of White middle class women in psychological research include a. faulty generalizations to underrepresented groups. b. devaluation of the experiences of excluded groups. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b.

c

According to the text, women in the empty nest period frequently a. are very depressed. b. have an increase in conflict with their husbands. c. feel that they have new opportunities for self-development. d. a and b

c

Among elementary and high school students, both girls and boys a. view boys more favorably than they view girls. b. view girls more favorably than they view boys. c. view their own gender more favorably than the other gender. d. view their own gender less favorably than they view the other gender.

c

Approximately ____ percentage of all marriages end in divorce. a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 75

c

Beginning in early adolescence, self-esteem a. decreases for girls, but increases for boys. b. decreases for boys, but increases for girls. c. decreases for both genders. d. increases for both genders.

c

Between the 1970's and the 1990's, there was an: a. increase in undifferentiation among both women and men. b. increase in femininity among men. c. increase in masculinity among women. d. decrease in androgyny in both men and women.

c

Black women who are raising their grandchildren, compared to White women a. report feeling more burdened. b. report feeling less satisfied in their caregiving role. c. are generally in poorer health. d. a and c

c

Compared to heterosexual mothers, lesbian mothers a. tend to be less nurturant. b. are equally likely to purchase gender-stereotyped toys for their children. c. are less traditional as gender role models. d. all of the above

c

Compared with married women, never-married women are a. in poorer health. b. more likely to be depressed. c. better educated. d. all of the above

c

Cross-cultural research on gender attitudes indicates that the most egalitarian attitudes have been found in: a. African countries. b. the U.S. c. northern Europe countries. d. Asian countries.

c

Dr. Joyce Lin wanted to examine the feminist attitudes of young adult women in the U. S. Consequently, she administered a feminist attitude questionnaire to 100 young adult women from each of three universities. The 300 tested women form the _______ and young adult women in the U. S. comprise the _______. a. effect size; population. b. meta-analysis; effect size. c. sample; population. d. population; sample.

c

Emma is very competitive, independent, gentle, and kind. Emma can best be categorized as: a. feminine. b. masculine. c. androgynous. d. undifferentiated

c

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on women shows that a. most divorced women are unhappier a few years after their divorce than they were during the last year of their marriage. b. most divorced women experience no increase in depression or distress even immediately after the breakup. c. most divorced women experience little long-term effect on their psychological adjustment. d. none of the above

c

Female sex hormones are collectively known as ______ and male sex hormones are collectively known as ______. a. mullerians; wolffians b. wolffians; mullerians c. estrogens; androgens d. androgens; estrogens

c

Feminist research methods might include the _____ approach in which participants are asked to describe, in their own words, a particular event or feeling; or the _____ approach in which participants are asked to complete a questionnaire, written by the researcher, expressing their feelings and interactions. a. informal; formal b. indirect; direct c. subjective; objective d. objective; subjective

c

For women with a bachelor's degree, the average age at first marriage is over ___ and for those with a masters or professional degree it is ___. a. 23; 26 b. 25; 28 c. 27; 30 d. 29; 33

c

Four-year old Nykesha feels bad when she plays with her brother's toy trucks but she feels good when she plays with her toy tea set. This suggests that Nykesha has developed internal standards about appropriate gender-related activities, an important concept of: a. psychoanalytic theory. b. social learning theory. c. social cognitive theory. d. all of the above

c

Freud proposed that experiences during the phallic stage of development lead to life-long consequences for females. Which of the following is not one of these consequences? a. jealousy b. feelings of inferiority c. pride in being female d. a weak superego

c

Freud's theory has been criticized for: a. failing to recognize the importance of children's anatomy in their gender development. b. over-emphasizing the role of sociocultural factors on children's gender development. c. its lack of empirical foundation. d. b and c

c

Gender differences in children's _______ are more evident than they are in other areas. a. personality qualities b. attitudes c. play activities d. none of the above

c

Girls and boys are likely to receive rewards for performing gender-appropriate behaviors and receive negative consequences for showing gender-inappropriate behaviors. As a result, they show more gender-appropriate behaviors. This illustrates the mechanism of _________, a concept of _________ theory. a. observational learning; cognitive-development b. identification; gender schema c. reinforcement and punishment; social learning d. gender constancy; psychoanalytic

c

In a recent survey of Americans over 60, _____% of sexually active women said they are as satisfied with their sex lives or more satisfied than they were in their 40s. a. 30 b. 50 c. 70 d. 90

c

In developing countries a. most older adults live alone. b. older women are more likely to live with a daughter than a son. c. few older adults live alone. d. a and b

c

In examining women's sexuality in music and music videos, which of the following statements is/are true? a. Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to women. b. Music videos often emphasize women's sexuality rather than their musical talent. c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

c

Jayne Stake examined behaviors that respondents used to cope with dual demands in the workplace. Her findings showed that: a. androgynous coping was no better than agentic coping. b. the most beneficial approach was engagement in communal behaviors. c. androgynous coping was more beneficial than either communal or agentic coping alone. d. agentic coping was the most beneficial approach.

c

Leah Rubin is a middle-level manager who has the resources to reward her subordinates' good performance and punish their poor performance. The type of power held by Leah is called a. interpersonal power. b. power-to. c. organizational power. d. subordinate power.

c

Many North Americans think that mothers of young children should not be employed. This belief reflects the a. matriarch stereotype. b. superwoman stereotype. c. motherhood mandate. d. sex-role spillover hypothesis.

c

Maria, a genetic female, received a(n) ____ chromosome from her mother and a (n) ____ chromosome from her father. a. X; Y b. Y; X c. X; X d. It is not possible to answer the question on the basis of the information presented.

c

Menarche refers to a. menstrual pain. b. the time in the menstrual cycle when the egg is released. c. the first menstrual period. d. early onset of puberty.

c

Pregnant women in war zones are at especially high risk. Currently, the country with the highest maternal death rate in the world, where one woman dies out of every six who give birth, is _____. a. Pakistan b. Iraq c. Afghanistan d. Lebanon

c

Research on the sexual double standard indicates that a. there is a double standard regarding the sexual behavior of young adults but not of older adults. b. women in late adulthood are viewed as highly sexually active. c. women in late adulthood are viewed as sexually unattractive. d. none of the above.

c

Studies show that college students and faculty view the ideal woman as having: a. many female-related traits and few male-related ones. b. many male-related traits and few female-related ones. c. many female-related and many male-related traits. d. few male-related and few female-related traits.

c

The belief that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society is known as a. the Whorfian hypothesis. b. male generic language. c. male as normative. d. social role theory.

c

The external female sexual organs are called the a. mons pubis. b. clitoris. c. vulva. d. labia majora.

c

The higher divorce rate of couples who previously cohabited compared to those who did not can be explained by different attitudes toward marriage and divorce held by individuals in these two groups. This explanation illustrates a. a Boston marriage. b. a stereotype effect. c. a selection effect. d. none of the above.

c

The most common reproductive technology used by infertile couples involves: a. donor eggs b. a donor uterus c. in vitro fertilization d. frozen embryos

c

The order of prenatal sex differentiation is: a. chromosomes, internal reproductive organs, gonads, external genitalia b. gonads, chromosomes, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia c. chromosomes, gonads, internal reproductive organs, external genitalia d. chromosomes, external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, gonads

c

The study that asked college students to list advantages and disadvantages associated with being the other gender found that disadvantages associated with being female included all of the following except: a. pressure to be attractive. b. discrimination in the workplace. c. pressure to be successful. d. reproductive processes.

c

There are over 800 online dating sites available with over ___ million subscribers. a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60

c

What percent of elderly parents live within 10 miles of a child? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75

c

Which age group holds the most positive views of menopause? a. younger women age 35 or less b. premenopausal middle-aged women c. post-menopausal women d. all three groups have equally positive views

c

Which is not true of gender stereotyping and gender-role adoption between the ages of 1 and 5 years? a. "Gender-appropriate" toy preferences emerge b. Gender stereotyping of activities, occupations, and behaviors appears c. Gender stereotyping of personality traits expands rapidly d. Gender segregation appears

c

Which is true of acts of harassment and abuse directed toward gays and lesbians? a. Although this problem exists in the U.S., it is absent in Canada b. At colleges with strong support groups for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender students, harassment of these students has been eliminated c. In some cases, lesbian, gay, and bisexual teens and adults who "come out" to their families are compelled to leave home and seek survival in the streets d. All of the above

c

Which is/are true of adolescent friendships? a. Most teenage males choose females as their best friends. b. Intimacy is a characteristic of adolescent friendships of girls but not of boys. c. Middle-class White girls are much more likely than low-income Black girls to report competition and jealousy in their friendships. d. all of the above

c

Which is/are true of marriage? a. Among the elderly, many more women than men are married. b. Older women are more satisfied than men with their marriages. c. Married people, especially men, live longer. d. all of the above

c

Which is/are true of widowhood? a. Older widows initially have a harder time coping than younger widows. b. Widows are more likely to remarry than are widowers. c. Men suffer more than women from the death of a spouse. d. all of the above

c

Which of the following groups is most likely to experience age-based prejudice? a. female teenagers b. male teenagers c. women in late adulthood d. men in late adulthood

c

Which of the following groups of women is unlikely to be perceived as nurturers? a. White women b. Latinas c. women with disabilities d. all of the above

c

Which of the following is a feminist perspective on cybersex? a. Women and girls are harmed by it b. Women and girls benefit from it c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

c

Which of the following is not one of the primary sex characteristics? a. ovaries b. vagina c. breasts d. fallopian tubes

c

Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? a. underrepresentation of females b. portrayal of gender-based social roles c. overrepresentation of female characters with both family and paid work responsibilities d. depiction of female communion and male agency

c

Which of the following is true? a. Boys are better than girls at tasks requiring flexibility, precise movement and arm-leg coordination. b. Gender differences in motor skills are large in early childhood and become smaller in adolescence. c. Around puberty, hormonal changes increase fat in girls and muscle mass in boys. d. In grade school and high school, girls are just as involved in athletic activities as boys are.

c

Which of the following is/are true of puberty? a. Boys start their growth spurt about age 9, while girls start their spurt about age 11. b. Girls gain more height and weight during their growth spurt than boys do. c. Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem and poorer body image than latermaturing girls. d. all of the above.

c

Which of the following is/are true? a. Men and women are equally capable of multiple orgasms. b. Masters and Johnson demonstrated the existence of both vaginal and clitoral orgasms. c. Freud believed that vaginal orgasm is a more mature and sexually adequate form of orgasm than clitoral orgasm. d. all of the above

c

Which of the following psychologists did not carry out research that challenged assumptions of female inferiority? a. Helen Thompson Woolley b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth c. Margaret Kuenne Harlow d. Ruth Bleier

c

Which of the following statements about abortion is/are true? a. In recent years, the abortion rate has been increasing steadily, especially among teens. b. The safest and most common method of abortion is the pill known as RU-486. c. No link has been found between abortion and subsequent mental health. d. all of the above

c

Which of the following statements about gender and body image is not true? a. Adolescent girls are more dissatisfied with their body image than adolescent boys are. b. Gender differences in body image have increased over the past 50 years. c. Lesbians are more concerned with weight and dieting than heterosexual women are. d. In contrast to boys, a girl's self-esteem is more closely tied to her physical appearance.

c

Which of the following statements about hysterectomy is/are true? a. Hysterectomy impairs sexual functioning. b. Following a hysterectomy many women experience a decrease in sexual desire. c. Following a hysterectomy some women feel that their ability to enjoy sex is diminished. d. all of the above are true

c

Which of the following statements about lesbian relationships is/are correct? a. Few lesbians are in committed relationships. b. Most lesbians tend to engage in either a male or female role in their relationship. c. Lesbian relationships are characterized by more equality of power than are heterosexual relationships. d. a and b

c

Which of the following statements about marriage rates is/are correct? a. A higher proportion of men than women marry. b. There has been a dramatic increase over time in the percentage of women and men who marry. c. The age of marriage has gone up since the 1970s. d. all of the above

c

Which of the following statements about parental influence on gender development is not true? a. Parents tend to act more warmly toward their daughters than their sons. b. Mothers are more likely to try to stop risk-taking behavior of their daughters than their sons. c. Parents are more likely to make decisions for their daughters than their sons. d. Mothers use more supportive speech with their daughters than their sons.

c

Which of the following statements about single parents is not true? a. More female-headed then male-headed single-parent families are poor. b. Fewer households are headed by a single father than a single mother. c. Approximately 2/3 of single mothers are Black. d. The most rapidly increasing group of single mothers is the never-married adult.

c

Which of the following statements about teenage mothers is not true? a. They are more likely than teenage non-mothers to be depressed. b. They typically drop out of school. c. They have stable employment patterns. d. They suffer from a lack of psychological and social support.

c

Which of the following statements regarding multiple genders is/are correct? a. Western nations are more likely than non-Western cultures to recognize and accept individuals who do not fit into typical gender identities. b. A greater assimilation into Western beliefs on the part of Native Americans has been related to a greater acceptance of multiple genders. c. A greater assimilation into Western beliefs on the part of Native Americans has been related to a decrease in acceptance of multiple genders. d. a and b

c

Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of women of color on television is/are correct? a. Asian American women are featured in greater numbers than are any other women of color. b. In college textbooks approximately one-half of the references to women are specifically focused on ethnic minority women. c. The media tend to portray Latinas in low-status occupations. d. a and b

c

Which of the following theories has/have been criticized for being male-biased? a. social learning theory b. social cognitive theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. gender schema theory

c

Women who ______ show an increase in various types of sexual dysfunction. a. are currently married b. are more educated c. have lower levels of household income d. are younger

c

Women's feelings during pregnancy tend to be: a. positive at the beginning, becoming more negative. b. negative at the beginning, becoming more positive. c. sometimes positive and sometimes negative at each stage. d. positive throughout.

c

____ percent of men surveyed in 1977 felt women should tend to the children and home while men earned the money, while ___ percent expressed this view in 2002. a. 24; 12 b. 44; 22 c. 74; 42 d. 94; 62

c

_______________________________have a gender identity that is inconsistent with their reproductive organs. a. Lesbians b. Females with Turner syndrome c. Transgendered individuals d. Masculine females

c

_____________________families include adult nonrelatives in the same household as a mother and her children, and __________________families include at least one adult relative in the same household as a mother and her children a. Matriarchal; patriarchal b. Patriarchal; matriarchal c. Augmented; extended d. Extended; augmented e. Matriarchal; extended

c

A Pap smear is used to identify: a. early breast lumps b. precancerous changes in the ovaries c. precancerous changes in the cervix d. all of the above

c.

By age 60, approximately _____ percent of American women will have had their uterus removed. a. 10 b. 25 c. 33 d. 50

c.

Older women are less likely than younger women to receive: a. Pap smears. b. mammograms. c. a and b d. neither a nor b

c.

Recently a vaccine has been developed to protect women against human papilloma virus (HPV) that may eliminate ______ cancer. a. uterine b. ovarian c. cervical d. none of the above

c.

Removal of the breast alone, as a treatment for breast cancer, is known as: a. radical mastectomy. b. modified radical mastectomy. c. simple mastectomy. d. lumpectomy.

c.

What is the greatest risk factor for breast cancer? a. ethnicity b. social class c. age d. fat consumption

c.

Which ethnic group of American teen-age and young adult women has the highest rate of AIDS? a. White b. Latina c. Black d. Native American

c.

Which is/are not a characteristic of managed care insurance? a. It emphasizes preventive care. b. It provides services to members for a flat fee. c. It provides unlimited access to specialists. d. all of the above

c.

Which of the following does not increase a woman's risk of heart disease? a. being overweight b. high levels of LDL c. low intake of saturated fat d. being diabetic

c.

Which of the following is not considered an ADL (activity of daily living)? a. bathing b. walking c. preparing meals d. getting in and out of bed

c.

Which of the following is/are true regarding breast cancer? a. Most women diagnosed with breast cancer ultimately die from it. b. Reducing overall fat intake significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer. c. Women who have consumed at least two drinks a day since their early 20's increase their breast cancer risk. d. Family history of breast cancer is not a risk factor for developing the disease.

c.

Which of the following statements about the global AIDS epidemic is/are true? a. Worldwide, approximately 10% of people infected with HIV are women. b. The most severely affected world region is North America. c. In Africa and India females are more vulnerable to AIDS/HIV than males. d. a and b

c.

Which of the following statements about women and heart disease is/are true? a. Awareness of risk factors for heart disease remains low, particularly for women younger than 45 and for ethnic minority women. b. Nearly 30 percent of American women die annually from heart disease compared to four percent from breast cancer. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

c.

Which of the following statements about women and heart disease is/are true? a. Most women have a strong fear of developing heart disease. b. Approximately 10% of women die of heart disease. c. Women tend to be older than men when they develop heart disease. d. a and c

c.

You are at greater risk for osteoporosis if you: a. are Black. b. have early menarche and late menopause. c. have an eating disorder. d. all of the above

c.

A recent study of 600 teenage girls of varied socioeconomic and ethnic background reported: a. one-half of the girls heard discouraging, sexist comments about their science, math or athletic abilities b. three-fourths of the girls received disparaging remarks about their athletic or sports involvement c. teachers and fathers were a frequent source of discouraging remarks about girls' academic ability d. all of the above

d

A study of popular films found that older women , compared to older men, were portrayed as more: a. unfriendly b. unintelligent c. wicked d. a, b, and c

d

According to Rintala and her colleagues, women with disabilities have several concerns about dating. These concerns include a. physical obstacles in the environment. b. ability to attract dating partners. c. too much pressure from family to date. d. a and b

d

According to recent surveys by Elizabeth Paul and her colleagues, about what percentage of college students say they have "hooked up"? a. nearly 20 percent b. nearly 40 percent c. nearly 60 percent d. nearly 80 percent

d

According to the text's discussion of the relative influence of prenatal and postnatal experiences on gender-related development, case studies of intersexuals and females with Turner syndrome: a. provide consistent evidence that prenatal influences play no role. b. provide consistent evidence that gender-related behaviors, such as aggression, are caused primarily by prenatal factors. c. provide consistent evidence that sex identity is due entirely to prenatal factors. d. provide mixed evidence regarding this issue.

d

According to the text, gender stereotypes: a. can affect how we interact with others. b. can affect how individuals structure their own behavior. c. stem primarily from biological gender differences that are evident early in life. d. a and b

d

According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated with power and prestige than are _______ traits. a. biologically-based; socially constructed b. socially constructed; biologically-based c. communal; agentic d. agentic; communal

d

According to the text, probably the best thing to respond to a couple who has just experienced a miscarriage is: a. Say nothing and act as though the event has not occurred b. Say "It was meant to be" c. Say "You can always have another child" d. Listen and respond supportively as you would following the loss of any loved one

d

According to the text, sexual orientation is determined by: a. environmental factors such as early learning experiences. b. genetic predisposition. c. prenatal sex hormones. d. a combination of all of the above

d

According to the text, which of the following helps explain why psychological research has only infrequently examined topics related to girls and women? a. Most researchers have been women and they have wanted to learn more about men. b. Female respondents have not been available for investigation. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

d

According to your text, research has found that women and men no longer differ on a number of traits long considered to be masculine. These include which of the following? a. acting as a leader b. being self-reliant c. being ambitious d. all of the above

d

According to your text, which of the following about the role of siblings is/are true? a. About a third of adolescent girls and boys disguise their feelings and thoughts in dealing with certain people. b. As girls make the transition to adolescence, they experience conflicts brought about by views of the patriarchal society, causing "loss of voice". c. Gender role identity, not gender itself, predicts the level of voice. d. all of the above

d

Adjustment to widowhood is harder if a. the woman has a history of depression. b. the marriage was very satisfying. c. the husband's death followed the deaths of close relatives and friends. d. a and c

d

After several miscarriages, a woman's chances of having a normal pregnancy are: a. nonexistent b. about 25 percent c. about 45 percent d. about 65 percent

d

Ageism is: a. a bias against people based on their age. b. a bias against older people. c. more strongly directed toward women than men. d. a and c

d

Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of: a. modern sexism and modern sexism. b. modern sexism and benevolent sexism. c. modern sexism and hostile sexism. d. benevolent sexism and hostile sexism.

d

Among women, those who are more negative about cohabitation tend to a. be highly religious. b. hold traditional views about sex. c. hold traditional views about gender roles and behaviors. d. all of the above

d

Another name for an experienced female labor coach is: a. Lamaze instructor. b. nurse-midwife. c. birthing partner. d. doula.

d

As research samples are often restricted to middle class women, problems that have a greater impact on poor women are rarely studied. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding research involving poor women? a. Little is known about sexual harassment of low income women by their landlords even though it is a common occurrence. b. Relatively little is known about women in blue collar jobs. c. When researchers do study the poor, they tend to focus on people of color, perpetuating a biased assumption about ethnicity and social class. d. all of the above

d

Bias against people because of their disabilities is known as: a. disablement b. handicapism c. unableness d. abelism

d

Both hostile and benevolent sexism: a. imply women are weak. b. serve to justify and maintain patriarchal social structures. c. serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men. d. all of the above

d

Causes of infertility in the woman include: a. blocked Fallopian tubes b. endometriosis c. failure of the ovaries to produce eggs d. a and b

d

Children show less stereotyped gender concepts if a. their mothers are employed. b. their fathers are highly involved in sharing housework. c. their mothers engage in tasks such as doing yard work and washing the car. d. all of the above

d

Compared to 30 years ago, modern children's school textbooks: a. show less gender bias b. still show more male characters than female characters in basic readers and math materials c. now have about equal numbers of male and female characters in basic readers and math materials d. a and b

d

Compared to late-maturing girls, which of the following is not true of early-maturing girls? a. They have a poorer body image. b. As adults, they appear to be as well adjusted as other women. c. They are more likely to violate social norms. d. They associate with younger peers.

d

Compared to late-maturing girls, which of the following is/are true of early-maturing girls? a. They have higher self-esteem. b. They are less depressed. c. They are less likely to smoke or drink. d. none of the above

d

Compared to midlife men, midlife women a. are less critical of the appearance of mid-life women. b. are more dissatisfied with their bodies. c. use more age concealment techniques. d. b and c

d

Compared to teens who do not practice contraception, those who do are more likely: a. to have high educational aspirations. b. to have begun sexual activity at a later age. c. have a supportive, communicative relationship with their parents. d. all of the above

d

Comparisons of lesbian and heterosexual relationships show that a. their levels of satisfaction are comparable. b. because of their experience with unique stressors, lesbians are less satisfied with their relationships than are heterosexuals. c. lesbians experience greater financial difficulties than do heterosexuals. d. a and c

d

Comparisons of married and unmarried individuals shows that married people are a. physically healthier. b. psychologically healthier. c. happier. d. all of the above

d

Cross-cultural research indicates that a. same-gender sexual behavior is illegal in many countries. b. several cultures had more favorable attitudes toward lesbianism prior to exposure to Western ideas. c. in some countries same-gender behavior is punishable by death. d. all of the above

d

Cross-cultural research indicates that the major reasons that teen pregnancy is higher in the U.S. than in other countries is that in the U.S.: a. teens begin sexual activity at an earlier age. b. a higher proportion of teens are sexually active. c. teens are less likely to use contraception. d. all of the above

d

Cross-cultural research into the development of gender stereotypes has shown that a. in the countries studied, children began to develop stereotypes in early adolescence. b. in the countries studied, girls tended to acquire stereotypes earlier than boys did. c. children in predominantly Muslim nations learned stereotypes later than children in non- Muslim countries. d. none of the above

d

Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: a. the more hostile sexism endorsed by the men, the less benevolent sexism reported by the women. b. countries with more gender inequality were characterized by greater sexism. c. across countries, men showed stronger hostile sexism than women did. d. b and c

d

Currently, what percentage of doctoral degrees in psychology are awarded to women? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 67%

d

Ethnic minority girls and women a. have no concerns about their weight. b. are less satisfied with their bodies than White females. c. are more apt to diet than White females. d. are more apt to diet than males of color.

d

Evidence about single mothers indicates that a. the percentage of single mothers who have never been married has increased in recent decades. b. more single mothers are White than any other ethnicity. c. single mothers are likely to be poor. d. all of the above

d

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on children shows that a. children in joint custody are as well-adjusted as those in two-parent families. b. children experience emotional and behavioral problems immediately following divorce. c. girls experience problems after divorce but sons do not. d. a and b

d

Evidence regarding the effects of divorce on children shows that a. immediately following divorce, children experience a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. b. children in conflict-ridden families are more psychologically maladjusted than children in divorced families. c. several years post-divorce, there are few differences in the psychological adjustment of children in divorced families and children in two-parent families. d. all of the above

d

Examination of personal ads shows that a. heterosexual men, compared to women, place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their partner. b. gay men, compared to lesbian women, place more importance on the physical attractiveness of their partner. c. heterosexual women, compared to lesbian women, are more likely to offer attractiveness. d. all of the above

d

First marriages that end in divorce last about ___ years. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 8

d

Gender schema theory incorporates assumptions of: a. psychoanalytic theory. b. cognitive developmental theory. c. social learning theory. d. b and c

d

Gender stereotyping research that focused on the ethnicity of the target found that: a. some traits are associated with all women, regardless of their ethnicity. b. some traits are not uniformly applied to women in diverse ethnic groups. c. women, regardless of their ethnicity, are generally viewed as unpleasant. d. a and b

d

Girls are more likely than boys a. to play in large groups. b. to show more socially competent play. c. to engage in symbolic or "pretend" play. d. b and c

d

In meta-analysis, the value of d is large when the difference between means is ______, and the variability within each group is _______. a. large; large b. small; small c. small; large d. large; small

d

In middle childhood, under which of the following conditions is it permissible to make contact with the other gender? a. when the contact involves teasing b. when the child making contact is not accompanied by any other children of his/her gender c. when the contact is accidental d. a and c

d

In the preschool and elementary school years, girls are better than boys at a. balancing on one foot. b. jumping higher. c. gymnastics. d. a and c

d

Individuals with the androgen-insensitivity syndrome are genetic __________and tend to have___________ external genitals. a. females; feminine-looking b. males; masculine-looking c. females; masculine-looking d. males; feminine-looking

d

Jane Collins, a woman married to Mark Sullivan, wants her potential employer to view her as highly achievement-oriented, independent and ambitious. Based on research presented in the text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? a. Mrs. Jane Sullivan b. Ms. Jane Sullivan c. Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan d. Ms. Jane Collins-Sullivan

d

Magazines targeted at teen girls and young women a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and use of beauty products. b. prey on women's insecurities to get them to buy advertiser's products. c. have increased use of sexual imagery in recent years. d. all of the above

d

Media define females, more than males, by their a. intelligence b. physical attractiveness c. suggestive clothing d. b and c

d

Meta-analysis is a statistical method in which a. each study is given the same weight regardless of its sample size. b. each study is given the same weight regardless of the magnitude of the reported difference. c. researchers count the number of studies finding a difference. d. a measure is provided of the size of a given difference across several studies.

d

Parents are more likely to do which of the following with their daughters than with their sons? a. talk more about emotions b. emphasize prosocial behaviors and politeness c. make decisions for them d. all of the above

d

Preschoolers are more likely to label an ambiguous emotional display as _________ when shown by ________. a. anger; boys b. sadness; girls c. happiness; girls d. both a and b

d

Psychological and emotional benefits of sexual activities among the elderly might include: a. improving one's sense of well-being b. increasing life satisfaction c. enhancing a woman's feelings of femininity and desirability d. all of the above

d

Reactions to pregnant women can include: a. having their pregnant abdomen patted. b. being perceived as irritable, emotional and suffering from physical maladies. c. receiving lower hiring recommendations than a non-pregnant candidate even when qualifications are equal. d. all of the above

d

Reasons given by women for choosing not to have children include: a. a desire for a flexible lifestyle b. wanting economic independence c. not enjoying children d. all of the above

d

Research on gender attitudes indicates that: a. college students tend to be strongly traditional about all domains of gender attitudes. b. college students tend to have more nontraditional beliefs about women's employment role than they do about women's combined work and family roles. c. White men have more traditional beliefs than do White women. d. b and c

d

Researchers found that the best predictors of a woman's sexual satisfaction is/are her a. general emotional well-being b. emotional relationship with her partner c. physical arousal d. both a and b

d

Sex differences in the brain: a. are less observable than sex differences in reproductive organs. b. are more controversial than sex differences in reproductive organs. c. primarily are found in the cortex. d. a and b

d

Sexual problems are more likely to be experienced by: a. people with higher as opposed to lower education b. people who are married, as opposed to unmarried c. Latina, as opposed to White or black women d. people with lower as opposed to higher income

d

Some feminists criticize the concept of androgyny. Which of the following is not one of their criticisms? a. Androgyny maintains the division of gender into feminine and masculine components. b. Androgyny may set unrealistic goals that people should be competent in both feminine and masculine domains. c. Androgyny does not attempt to eliminate the greater cultural value placed on male activities. d. Androgyny over-emphasizes the value of femininity in comparison to masculinity.

d

Teenagers are more likely to begin dating early if they a. reach puberty early. b. are poor. c. are from one-parent families. d. all of the above

d

The "good mother" stereotype a. can lead to blaming mothers for their children's problems. b. reflects an assumption that mothers have more knowledge than fathers do about taking care of children. c. reflects an assumption that mothers are more self-sacrificing than fathers are. d. all of the above

d

The Sex Role Egalitarianism Scale (King & King, 1990), does not include which of the following life domains? a. education b. religion c. political views d. b and c

d

The increase in children living in homes with a grandparent is a result of a. an increase in single mothers. b. new immigrants with a tradition of multigenerational households. c. elderly adults moving in with their adult children's families. d. all of the above

d

The mullerian ducts are the basis for the development of ______, and the wolffian ducts are the basis for the development of ______. a. the ovaries; the testes b. the testes; the ovaries c. male internal reproductive structures; female internal reproductive structures d. female internal reproductive structures; male internal reproductive structures

d

The period in a parent's life when children no longer live at home is called the period. a. extended b. augmented c. spillover d. empty nest

d

The term "statistical significance" means that the research findings a. have societal importance. b. are not due to chance alone. c. are due primarily to chance. d. a and b

d

The terms "hag," "wicked old witch" and "old maid" are examples of: a. sexism. b. ageism. c. elder abuse. d. a and b

d

The theories of Carol Gilligan and Nancy Chodorow illustrate which approach? a. liberal feminism b. socialist feminism c. radical feminism d. cultural feminism

d

When Deborah Tolman interviewed high school girls about their sexual desires, she found all girls reported sexual desire feelings, but they feared which of the potential negative consequences of expressing sexual desire? a. STIs b. limiting educational opportunities c. losing respect and reputation d. all of the above

d

Whereas socialist feminism believes that is the source of gender inequality, radical feminism argues that is the source. a. inborn traits; capitalism b. racism; capitalism c. patriarchy; inborn traits d. capitalism; men

d

Which factor(s) contribute(s) to the development of gender intensification? a. physical changes of puberty b. the increasing pressure on girls by peers and parents to display feminine behavior c. cognitive changes that make adolescents more aware of what others think of them d. a, b, and c

d

Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians? a. As recently as 15 years ago, the few visible gay characters were usually portrayed negatively b. In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, movies, and theater c. The New York Times now publishes announcements of same-sex weddings and commitment ceremonies d. All of the above.

d

Which is/are true about cohabitation? a. The majority of first marriages and remarriages follow a period of cohabitation. b. Cohabitation serves as a way to determine whether couples are compatible. c. An estimated 50 percent or more of couples in the United States and Europe live together before marriage. d. all of the above

d

Which is/are true of grandparents and children? a. Social and economic support for grandchildren is more prevalent among ethnic minority groups than among Whites. b. The majority of grandparents who are raising their grandchildren are White. c. Grandchildren usually are ineligible for coverage under grandparent's medical insurance, even if they have custody. d. all of the above

d

Which is/are true of grandparents and grandchildren? a. The number of children living with a grandparent has decreased over the last few decades. b. Grandmothers, compared to grandfathers, generally have warmer relationships with their grandchildren. c. Most states have laws that allow grandparents to petition courts to continue seeing their grandchildren in the event of divorce or death of a child's parent. d. b and c

d

Which is/are true of never married, heterosexual women? a. An increasing number are choosing to become mothers via adoption. b. They enjoy their opportunities for personal growth. c. They are purchasing homes as well as buying vacation homes. d. all of the above

d

Which is/are true of older people and their siblings? a. Feelings of closeness among siblings decrease throughout the course of adulthood. b. Whites depend on their siblings more than Blacks do. c. Relationships with brothers are as emotionally close as relationships with sisters. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following additional restrictions on abortion is/are true? a. Many states require parental consent for minors seeking abortions. b. Medicaid funds cannot be used for abortion except when the mother's life is endangered, or in cases of rape or incest. c. Congress banned a late term abortion known as dilation and extraction and referred to by critics as "partial birth" abortion. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following characteristics is associated with more nontraditional gender-role attitudes? a. lower degree of religious commitment b. higher social class and educational level c. higher grade-point average d. all of the above

d

Which of the following circumstances might lead to a cesarean section? a. the baby is very large b. the baby is not in the normal birth position c. the mother's pelvis is small and misshapen d. all of the above

d

Which of the following demographic and personality characteristics is/are related to differences in gender attitudes? a. religious beliefs b. authoritarianism c. social class d. all of the above

d

Which of the following factors affect the onset of sexual behaviors in girls? a. observable levels of pubertal development b. parents c. peers d. all of the above

d

Which of the following factors are related to the incidence of sexual dysfunction? a. previous sexual experience b. level of education c. marital status d. b and c

d

Which of the following factors is/are associated with delayed onset of sexual activity? a. communicating well with parents b. not using drugs c. doing well in school d. all of the above

d

Which of the following influences selection of topics for psychological research? a. the gender of the researcher b. assumptions about gender characteristics c. assumptions about the characteristics of ethnic groups d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is a bias in interpreting the results of research? a. interpreting the results in a way that suggests female weakness b. generalizing results from one group to other groups c. assuming that the presence of gender differences implies a biological cause d. all of the above.

d

Which of the following is an example of a sexist experience? a. receiving unwanted sexual advances b. experiencing discrimination in employment c. being forced to listen to jokes that belittle women d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is not an assumption of the social categorization perspective on stereotyping? a. People naturally classify others into categories. b. Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes. c. People assume that individuals in the same category share traits with one another. d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate.

d

Which of the following is not an example of masculine generic language? a. "The typical job applicant worries about his chances of getting the job." b. "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle." c. "Throughout history mankind has been plagued by disease." d. "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment."

d

Which of the following is not true of media portrayals of women and men? a. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. b. In several forms of media men are more likely than women to be depicted in work-related activities. c. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male sexuality. d. The majority of teen magazines for girls focus on self and career development more than on relationships and domestic topics.

d

Which of the following is true? a. Gender differences in body image have decreased over the past 50 years. b. The more ethnic minority women have adapted the values of mainstream U.S. culture, the more satisfied they are with their bodies. c. Lesbians are less concerned about weight loss and dieting than heterosexual men are. d. More teenage girls are choosing to undergo cosmetic surgery than in past years.

d

Which of the following is/are methodological problems that must be addressed when performing cross-cultural research? a. Samples in different countries might not reflect their populations similarly. b. Similar findings might have different meanings in different countries. c. The results might vary across countries. d. a and b

d

Which of the following is/are reasons why some adult women are sexually inactive? a. lack of available partner b. guilt about sexual desire c. fear of a heart attack d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is/are sexual pain disorders? a. sexual aversion disorder b. dyspareunia c. vaginismus d. b and c

d

Which of the following is/are true about Roe v. Wade? a. It gave women the legal right to terminate pregnancy by abortion during the first trimester. b. It allowed individual states to set condition for second trimester abortions. c. It ruled third trimester abortions are illegal except when the mother's life is endangered. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is/are true of sexual behavior in mid-life women? a. Sexual activity decreases slightly and gradually during one's 40's and 50's. b. The number and intensity of orgasmic contractions are reduced. c. Women who have been sexually responsive during young adulthood are most likely to be sexually active as they get older. d. all of the above.

d

Which of the following is/are true of sexual behaviors of women and men? a. There is considerable consistency between sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors. b. The largest gender difference in sexual activity appears to be in the incidence of masturbation. c. Both women and men express fairly high levels of satisfaction with marital sex. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is/are true of the sexual behavior of the elderly? a. Among older women who do not engage in sexual activity, the most common reason is physical discomfort. b. Among older women who do not engage in sexual activity, the most common reason is lack of desire. c. The majority of senior adults report that they have no desire for sexual intimacy. d. none of the above.

d

Which of the following is/are true? a. Growing numbers of the elderly are caring for their parents. b. Caregivers of the elderly are usually female relatives. c. Asian Americans are more likely than any other ethnic group to care for aging family members. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is/are ways females resolve "dilemmas of desire"? a. Avoid situations that could arouse sexual feelings. b. Arrange conditions in which they could safely express desire. c. Suppress their sexual desires. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following language practices directly reflect the belief of male as normative? a. spotlighting. b. diminutive suffixes for female terms. c. animal and food terms to refer to females. d. a and b

d

Which of the following occurs during the excitement phase of the human sexual response? a. clitoris and labia swell with blood b. vagina becomes lubricated c. the inner two-thirds of the vagina expands d. all of the above

d

Which of the following probably contribute(s) to an earlier onset of puberty? a. better nutrition b. improved medical care c. environmental stress d. a, b, and c

d

Which of the following reasons has been proposed to explain why children play primarily with children of their own gender? a. Boys have a rough, aggressive dominant play style. b. Boys are unresponsive to girls' polite suggestions. c. Children of the same gender share a preference for gender-typed toys. d. a, b, and c

d

Which of the following reduces hot flashes in menopausal women? a. exercising regularly b. limiting or eliminating caffeine and alcohol c. consuming phyto-estrogens d. all of the above

d

Which of the following statements about TV depiction of older adults is/are true? a. Elderly women are often depicted as wise and respected figures in television shows. b. There are more older adult than younger adult characters in television shows. c. There are a greater number of elderly women than elderly men in television shows. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about changes in gender-related traits of females over recent years is/are correct? a. Females have been encouraged to become more assertive. b. Females have been more opportunities to develop agentic skills. c. Changes in women's personal sense of gender seems to be related to their social experiences. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following statements about discrimination against lesbians and gays is/are true? a. Same sex marriage is no longer banned in any state. b. The number of violent hate crimes committed against homosexuals has been dropping, even though the overall crime rate has increased. c. The most common types of harassment experienced by lesbian and gay youth in schools is name calling and ridicule. d. a and c

d

Which of the following statements about dysmenorrhea is/are true? a. The prevalence tends to decline after the mid-twenties. b. The majority of adolescents and women experience menstrual pain each month. c. It is likely due to hormone-like chemicals that are secreted shortly before menstruation. d. all of the above

d

Which of the following statements about early-maturing girls is/are true? a. Others may place unrealistic expectations on them. b. They may be teased by boys. c. Those who experienced adjustment difficulties earlier actually adapt more easily to their early maturation. d. a and b

d

Which of the following statements about gender identity is/are correct? a. Children usually develop gender identity between the ages of 2 and 3 years. b. Children's gender identity generally fluctuates numerous times before it becomes stable at puberty. c. Gender identity is usually consistent with one's anatomy. d. a and c

d

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping of children is/are correct? a. Adults tend to stereotype infants but not older children. b. Parents tend to see their newborns as unique and do not apply gender stereotypes to them. c. Although adults apply gender stereotypes to children, these stereotypes are different from the communal-agentic distinction comprising stereotypes of adults. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about identity is/are true? a. Career choice and interpersonal relationships are central to the identity of both genders. b. Most adolescent girls perceive interconnections between their career goals and family goals. c. Most adolescent boys perceive interconnections between their career goals and family goals. d. a and b

d

Which of the following statements about premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is/are true? a. The majority of women meet the definition of PMS. b. PMS refers to menstrual pain. c. Anti-depressant and anti-anxiety drugs have no effect in treating PMS. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about puberty is/are true? a. In the U.S. the average age of menarche for White girls is 12.5. b. The average age for the onset of puberty in the U.S. has progressively increased over time. c. Stress may trigger an earlier onset of puberty. d. a and c

d

Which of the following statements about reactions to menarche is/are true? a. Black and Latina girls have more positive attitudes than do White girls. b. Many women have vivid memories of their first period. c. Girls who have more negative attitudes tend to experience greater discomfort. d. b and c

d

Which of the following statements about social learning theory is/are correct? a. The theory's concepts are clear and observable. b. There has been considerable scientific examination of the theory. c. The theory places considerable emphasis on the role of biological factors on gender development. d. a and b

d

Which of the following statements about the current presentation of participants' gender in research articles is/are correct? a. Regardless of whether they examine both genders or only one, all researchers report the number of participants of each gender included in their study. b. The gender composition of the research participants is specified only when both genders are examined. c. The title of the article always specifies whether the study involved both genders or only one. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about the double standard of sexuality in our society is/are true? a. Women, more than men, are encouraged to express their sexuality only within the context of a committed, socially approved relationship. b. Women, unlike men, were taught they should not enjoy sex, nor initiate it. c. There is no correlation between expectations for sexual intercourse and the length of relationships for men. d. both a and b

d

Which of the following statements about the living arrangements of the elderly is/are correct? a. After losing a partner, most elderly adults prefer living with friends or relatives to living alone. b. The majority of divorced or widowed older adults live with family members. c. Living with a child is the most popular choice for older adults. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements about the loss of a same-sex partner is/are correct? a. The loss of a same-sex partner is especially stressful if the relationship was public; that is, out in the open. b. Even when the relationship was public, friends may not understand the depth of the loss. c. Some lesbians and gay men are additionally burdened by their ineligibility for survivor benefits. d. b and c

d

Which of the following statements about the onset of sexual activity is/are true? a. In the 1990s there was a significant increase in the percentage of sexually active Black females. b. In the 1990s there was a decline in the percentage of sexually active male teens. c. Males become sexually active at younger ages than females. d. b and c

d

Which of the following statements about the study of gender differences is not correct? a. An emphasis on gender similarities is referred to as the beta bias. b. An emphasis on gender differences is referred to as the alpha bias. c. Cultural feminists emphasize the differences approach. d. Female-male differences necessarily imply biological difference.

d

Which of the following statements about women's involvement in the American Psychological Association (APA) is/are correct? a. Women now hold the majority of leadership roles in the APA. b. No woman has ever been president of the APA. c. Women currently represent approximately 1/4 of the APA members. d. none of the above

d

Which of the following statements comparing younger and older widows is/are correct? a. Younger widows initially experience more distress following the death of their spouse than older widows do. b. Younger widows tend to have less forewarning of the spouse's impending death. c. Because they are in better physical health, younger widows cope more effectively with the death of a spouse, both initially and in the long run. d. a and b

d

Which of the following statements concerning women's participation in sports is/are true? a. Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more media coverage than women competing in more masculine team sports such as basketball or baseball. b. Despite the increased participation of women in sports, female athletes continue to be underrepresented in the media. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact such as martial arts, shotput, and weightlifting received extensive media coverage. d. a and b

d

Which of the following statements regarding college athletes is/are not true? a. Athleticism of female athletes tends to be overemphasized. b. In media guides, both female and male athletes are more likely to be shown in passive, nonathletic poses than in active poses. c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. d. both a and b

d

Which of the following theories of gender development incorporates clearly defined and easily measurable concepts? a. psychoanalytic theory b. cognitive developmental theory c. social learning theory d. b and c

d

Which of the following types of power is considered desirable by feminist psychologists? a. males' organizational power b. power-over c. males' interpersonal power d. power-to

d

Which statement best describes developmental changes in rigidity/flexibility of gender stereotypes? a. quite rigid until adolescence; then more flexible b. quite flexible until adolescence; then very rigid c. quite flexible until age 7 or 8; then more rigid until adolescence d. quite rigid until age 7 or 8; then more flexible until adolescence

d

Which type of gender-stereotype knowledge emerges last? a. clothing b. activities c. occupation d. personality traits

d

Why is volunteer bias considered a limitation of research on sexual attitudes and behaviors? a. Samples include only the responses of individuals who are willing to discuss their intimate behavior. b. Individuals who participate tend to have more liberal attitudes toward sexuality. c. Survey results may not be representative of the population at large. d. all of the above

d

Women at greatest risk of pregnancy-related death around the world are those who: a. live in rural areas b. are members of minority groups c. lack access to good health care d. all of the above

d

Women of color feminism contends that a. the feminist movement has focused primarily on the needs of White women. b. classicism and racism are as important as sexism. c. women will not achieve equality with men unless technology takes over reproductive functions. d. a and b

d

Women who prefer to use the title Ms. are often perceived as: a. unmarried women. b. more agentic than traditionally titled women. c. less communal than traditionally titled women. d. all of the above.

d

Women who report high levels of menstrual pain and discomfort are also more likely to: a. report high levels of stress b. have poorer health c. smoke d. all of the above

d

_____________________contends that the reason people have more negative evaluations of males who engage in female-stereotypic behaviors than of females who engage in male-stereotypic behaviors is that the male gender role is more highly valued. a. Social role theory b. Gender schema theory c. The sexual orientation hypothesis d. The social status hypothesis

d

According to the text, teenage girls are drawn to smoking in order to: a. Express independence b. Curb appetite c. Display "adult" behavior d. All of the above

d.

According to the text, which of the following is/are true? a. Arthritis and incontinence are a normal part of aging and require little or no medical b. attention. c. Medical journal ads that portray elderly women as disheveled and disoriented are ageist and sexist. d. Women are underrepresented in ads for cardiovascular medication.

d.

Endometriosis: a. is a disorder in which the lining of the uterus migrates to and grows on pelvic structures. b. is a cause of infertility. c. produces menstrual pain. d. all of the above

d.

Fibroid tumors are: a. noncancerous uterine growths. b. more common in White than in Black women. c. the most common reason for hysterectomy. d. a and c

d.

Lesbians' access to health care tends to be reduced because: a. many avoid gynecological checkups in order to avoid possible negative physician reactions. b. they are less likely to have health insurance. c. managed-care plans may limit their ability to choose lesbian-friendly health care providers. d. all of the above

d.

Mortality rates from ____________ are higher for Black women than for White women. a. car accidents b. chronic obstructive lung disease c. suicide d. diabetes

d.

Older women are more likely than older men to ultimately wind up in nursing homes because they are more likely to a. outlive men. b. have chronic illness. c. have been living by themselves. d. all of the above

d.

Reasons why women don't have mammograms include which of the following? a. fear of the discomfort and pain of the procedure b. low income and limited access to affordable health care c. fear of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis d. all of the above

d.

Regular physical activity among elderly women and men is associated with a. reduction in the incidence of breast cancer, colon cancer and diabetes. b. higher self-esteem and reduced stress. c. better memory, reasoning and planning abilities. d. all of the above

d.

Research indicates that for small tumors in the early stages of breast cancer, __________ followed by radiation treatment, is as effective as ___________. a. simple mastectomy; chemotherapy b. modified radical mastectomy; chemotherapy c. chemotherapy; lumpectomy d. lumpectomy; mastectomy

d.

The most common reason for a hysterectomy is: a. ovarian cancer. b. uterine cancer. c. cervical cancer. d. fibroid tumors.

d.

The risk of an HIV-infected woman passing the virus to her child is reduced if: a. The mother takes the drug AZT during pregnancy. b. The mother has a Caesarean section prior to the onset of labor. c. The newborn is started on AZT at birth. d. a and c

d.

Ways that physicians respond differently to female and male patients include: a. the assumption that women's pain more than men's has an emotional basis. b. treating women's pain but dismissing men's. c. prescribing tranquilizers for women more than men. d. a and c

d.

When are the caloric needs of females lowest? a. During puberty b. During pregnancy c. While breastfeeding d. After menopause

d.

Which group of women has the highest rate of smoking? a. Asian Americans b. Blacks c. Latinas d. Native Americans

d.

Which of the following factor is/are contributors to sexually transmitted diseases? a. sexual intercourse b. multiple sex partners c. failure to use condoms d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following forms of exercise can help build bone mass? a. climbing stairs b. lifting weights c. low-impact aerobics d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following help(s) explain the smaller female longevity advantage in developing nations? a. poorer access to health care b. death during childbirth c. neglect of daughters d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following increase(s) bone mass? a. Boniva b. calcium c. estrogen d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following increases a woman's risk of heart disease? a. inactivity b. smoking c. consuming one alcoholic drink a day d. a and b

d.

Which of the following increases the risk of cervical cancer? a. early age at first intercourse b. multiple sex partners c. obesity d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following is not true of women and HIV/AIDS? a. HIV is increasing at a faster rate among women than among men. b. In women over 60, most AIDS cases are now caused by heterosexual contact. c. Older women with HIV/AIDS, compared to younger women, are more likely to be diagnosed later or misdiagnosed. d. There has been an increase in condom use among the elderly, thus protecting them against HIV.

d.

Which of the following is/are changeable risk factors of heart disease? a. smoking b. high blood pressure c. physical inactivity d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following is/are covered by Medicare? a. most long-term care b. home care c. prescription drugs d. none of the above

d.

Which of the following is/are true regarding mammograms? a. A mammogram is an ultrasound of the breast tissue. b. The purpose of a mammogram is to destroy lumps, detected through self-examination. c. Approximately 1 in 4 women have had a mammogram in the last year or two. d. none of the above.

d.

Which of the following is/are true? a. Lesbians and heterosexual women do not differ in overall psychological adjustment. b. Adult lesbians are much more likely then nonlesbians to seek psychological counseling. c. Lesbian and gay teens, compared to heterosexual teens, have higher rates of poor school performance, running away from home, and substance abuse. d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following is/are true? a. Physicians are more likely to attribute women's than men's health complaints to psychosomatic factors. b. Female physicians, compared to male physicians, spend more time with their patients and provide them with more information. c. Men are more likely than women to change physicians because of dissatisfaction. d. a and b

d.

Which of the following is/are true? a. Women are twice as likely as men to report negative feelings about the patient-physician relationship. b. Women of color are more likely than white women to be uninsured. c. Women of color are less likely than white women to get preventive health services such as Pap Smears and breast exams. d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following is/are unchangeable risk factors of heart disease? a. gender b. family history c. diabetes d. a and b

d.

Which of the following procedures do medical experts recommend for early detection of breast cancer? a. a monthly breast self-examination. b. a clinical breast examination by a health professional every 1-3 years, depending on age. c. an annual mammogram. d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following reasons has been proposed for women's outliving men? a. Their estrogen levels are higher. b. They are less likely to engage in risky behaviors. c. Their metabolism rate is higher. d. a and b

d.

Which of the following regarding heart disease in women and men is true? a. Women are less likely than men to have the heart disease symptom of chest pain. b. Women with heart disease are more likely than men to be misdiagnosed. c. Women are more likely than men to be included in studies of heart disease treatment. d. a and b

d.

Which of the following statements about Medicaid is/are true? a. Medical care is provided for the needy of any age. b. Most recipients are women. c. Individuals are eligible regardless of their financial resources. d. a and b

d.

Which of the following statements about breast cancer is/are true? a. The majority of women diagnosed with breast cancer die within five years. b. Early detection has not decreased the death rate from breast cancer. c. At every age women have a 1 in 8 chance of developing breast cancer. d. none of the above

d.

Which of the following statements about physical exercise is/are true? a. Women of all ages are less likely than men to engage in physical exercise. b. More educated women are more likely to engage in exercise than are less educated women. c. White women are less likely than ethnic minority women to engage in exercise. d. a and b

d.

Which of the following statements about women and health is/are true? a. Women suffer from more chronic diseases than men. b. Women spend more years of their lives than men in good health and free of disability. c. Poor women report more chronic health conditions than other women. d. all of the above

d.

Which of the following statements about women and heart disease is/are true? a. Women are less likely to die of heart disease and stroke than of breast cancer. b. Approximately 1 in 10 women develops heart disease after age 40 c. When women develop heart disease they have a better prognosis than do men with heart disease. d. none of the above

d.

Which of the following statements about women's and men's health behaviors is/are true? a. Women are less likely to drive recklessly. b. The frequency of men's smoking has been increasing while that of women is decreasing. c. Women are more likely to seek medical treatment when ill. d. a and c

d.

Which of the following statements is/are true of AIDS in older women? a. AIDS is often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's because their symptoms are similar. b. Older women with AIDS are more likely to deteriorate rapidly because of their already weakened immune system. c. HIV takes an enormous emotional toll on older women and they may suffer alone. d. all of the above

d.

With regard to heart disease, women are more likely than men: a. to die after a heart attack. b. to have a second heart attack. c. to die after treatment for heart disease. d. all of the above

d.

Women are less likely than men to receive: a. coronary artery bypass surgery b. angioplasty c. kidney dialysis d. all of the above

d.

Women in managed care are more likely than those in fee-for-service plans to a. have their cancers diagnosed at a later stage. b. report not getting needed care. c. be less satisfied with their physicians. d. b and c

d.

Women in managed care are more likely than those in fee-for-service plans to receive: a. Pap smears. b. colon-cancer screening. c. coronary artery bypass surgery. d. a and b

d.