Psych Quiz #5 Powerpoint

inflammation

increases leukocytes in the injured area to combat invading bacteria

approach-approach conflict

least stressful, both goals are desirable and within reach (going out for dinner or seeing a movie)

avoidance-avoidance conflict

more stressful, motivated to avoid each of two negative outcomes (going to the dentist or pain?)

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

most complex, several alternatives have both pros and cons (studying for an exam, going to a party, or talking to a boy/girlfriend on the phone)

Activating events → Beliefs → Consequences

Albert Ellis irrational beliefs

conscientiousness

Contrasts organization, thoroughness, and reliability with carelessness, negligence, and unreliability

standardization

process to check out scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups

id

psychic structure present at birth that represents physiological drives, and is fully unconscious; follows the pleasure principle

traits

reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior

personality

reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another

daily hassles

regularly occurring experiences that can threaten or harm one's well-being

ego

second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification; adult

reliability

stability of one's test results from one testing to another

steroids

stress stimulates production of ______

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

the Big Five traits (five-factor model)

aproach avoidance conflict

the choice has both pros and cons (eating pizza but having to spend an extra hour at the gym)

1) producing leukocytes to kill pathogens 2) generate antibodies to battle antigens

the immune system combats disease by

psychic structures

their presence is suggested by behavior, expressed thoughts, and emotions (id, ego, superego)

supergo

third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior; parent

genes

______ create predispositions toward health problems

-Psychodynamic perspective -Trait perspective -Learning-theory perspectives -Humanistic-existential perspective -Sociocultural perspective (in text)

approaches to personality include:

self-efficacy

belief that one can accomplish certain things

openness to experience

Contrasts imagination, curiosity, and creativity with shallowness and lack of perception

agreeableness

Contrasts kindness, trust, and warmth with hostility, selfishness, and distrust

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

- Drawings open to interpretations - Individuals are given a card and asked to make up stories about them (used in research on motivation and in clinical practice and to assess attitudes toward others)

Rorschach inkblot test

- Shape of blot is considered a sign of adequate reality testing - Test-takers project their own personality in making a response

conscious

Freud argued that we are aware of only a small part of the ideas and impulses that dwell within our minds

alarm reaction

GAS stage that is triggered by perception of a stressor; adrenaline and noradrenaline are released; fight, flight, freeze

resistance

GAS stage that occurs if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the stressor is not removed

exhaustion stage

GAS stage that occurs when stressor is not dealt with adequately; muscles become fatigues

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Group of bodily changes that occur in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance stage, exhaustion stage. these changes mobilize the body for action

T

T/F Children with antisocial personality exhibit low responses to threats and stressors

collective unconscious

contains archetypes that affect one's thoughts and feelings

preconscious

contains ideas outside one's awareness, ideas just below the surface

unconscious

contains primitive instincts; some urges are kept below the surface via repression

extroversion

contrasts talkativeness, assertiveness, and the activity with silence, passivity, and reserve

stress

demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust

pleasure principle

demands instant gratification without consideration for law, social customs, or other people

validity

extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure

conflict

feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives

behaviorists

focus on behaviors and presume that those behaviors are largely learned; do not theorize in terms of traits

Hans Eysenck's Trait Theory

focused on the relationship between two dimensions 1) Introversion/extraversion and 2) Emotional stability/instability (neuroticism)

life changes

generally positive; occur at irregular intervals

biopsychosocial

having to do with the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

40-60%

heritability of extraverted personality

•Memory problems or forgetfulness •Headache, muscle tension, neck or back pain •Upset stomach •Dry mouth •Chest pains, rapid heartbeat •Fatigue - Irritability •Difficulty falling or staying asleep •Loss of appetite or overeating "comfort foods" •Increased frequency of colds •Jitters •Anxiety •Short temper •Lack of concentration or focus

warning signs of stress

endocrine and sympathetic

what activity is lower in the resistance stage?

brain levels of dopamine

what are involved with extraversion?

-Suppress immune system functioning -Decrease inflammation and interfere with antibody formation

what do steroids (produced from stress) do?

Overtaxes the ability to adjust Affects moods Impairs the ability to experience pleasure Harms the body

what does intense or prolonged stress do?

parasympathetic divison

what dominates in exhaustion stage?

money

what is the major source of stress?

Karen Horney

−Agreed with Freud that childhood experiences are important −Believed that social relationships are more important than sexual and aggressive impulses −Denied that girls feel inferior to boys

Erik Erikson

−Believed Freud placed too much emphasis on sex −Spoke of psychosocial development, not psychosexual development −Labeled stages of development according to traits, not erogenous zones −Argued that ego identity, not genital sexuality, was the key goal of adolescence

Carl Jung

−Developed analytical psychology −Downplayed the importance of sexual instinct −Believed that people have a personal and a collective unconscious

social-cognitive theory

−Developed by Albert Bandura −Focused on learning by observation and on cognitive processes that underlie personal differences −People influence their environment as much as the environment influences them

Alfred Adler

−Developed individual psychology −Believed that people are motivated by an inferiority complex (feelings of inferiority elicit a drive for superiority −Believed that self-awareness plays a major role in formation of personality -Concept of the creative self