Psych Quiz #5 Powerpoint
inflammation
increases leukocytes in the injured area to combat invading bacteria
approach-approach conflict
least stressful, both goals are desirable and within reach (going out for dinner or seeing a movie)
avoidance-avoidance conflict
more stressful, motivated to avoid each of two negative outcomes (going to the dentist or pain?)
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
most complex, several alternatives have both pros and cons (studying for an exam, going to a party, or talking to a boy/girlfriend on the phone)
Activating events → Beliefs → Consequences
Albert Ellis irrational beliefs
conscientiousness
Contrasts organization, thoroughness, and reliability with carelessness, negligence, and unreliability
standardization
process to check out scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups
id
psychic structure present at birth that represents physiological drives, and is fully unconscious; follows the pleasure principle
traits
reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior
personality
reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another
daily hassles
regularly occurring experiences that can threaten or harm one's well-being
ego
second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification; adult
reliability
stability of one's test results from one testing to another
steroids
stress stimulates production of ______
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
the Big Five traits (five-factor model)
aproach avoidance conflict
the choice has both pros and cons (eating pizza but having to spend an extra hour at the gym)
1) producing leukocytes to kill pathogens 2) generate antibodies to battle antigens
the immune system combats disease by
psychic structures
their presence is suggested by behavior, expressed thoughts, and emotions (id, ego, superego)
supergo
third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior; parent
genes
______ create predispositions toward health problems
-Psychodynamic perspective -Trait perspective -Learning-theory perspectives -Humanistic-existential perspective -Sociocultural perspective (in text)
approaches to personality include:
self-efficacy
belief that one can accomplish certain things
openness to experience
Contrasts imagination, curiosity, and creativity with shallowness and lack of perception
agreeableness
Contrasts kindness, trust, and warmth with hostility, selfishness, and distrust
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Drawings open to interpretations - Individuals are given a card and asked to make up stories about them (used in research on motivation and in clinical practice and to assess attitudes toward others)
Rorschach inkblot test
- Shape of blot is considered a sign of adequate reality testing - Test-takers project their own personality in making a response
conscious
Freud argued that we are aware of only a small part of the ideas and impulses that dwell within our minds
alarm reaction
GAS stage that is triggered by perception of a stressor; adrenaline and noradrenaline are released; fight, flight, freeze
resistance
GAS stage that occurs if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the stressor is not removed
exhaustion stage
GAS stage that occurs when stressor is not dealt with adequately; muscles become fatigues
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Group of bodily changes that occur in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance stage, exhaustion stage. these changes mobilize the body for action
T
T/F Children with antisocial personality exhibit low responses to threats and stressors
collective unconscious
contains archetypes that affect one's thoughts and feelings
preconscious
contains ideas outside one's awareness, ideas just below the surface
unconscious
contains primitive instincts; some urges are kept below the surface via repression
extroversion
contrasts talkativeness, assertiveness, and the activity with silence, passivity, and reserve
stress
demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust
pleasure principle
demands instant gratification without consideration for law, social customs, or other people
validity
extent to which the test measures what it is supposed to measure
conflict
feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives
behaviorists
focus on behaviors and presume that those behaviors are largely learned; do not theorize in terms of traits
Hans Eysenck's Trait Theory
focused on the relationship between two dimensions 1) Introversion/extraversion and 2) Emotional stability/instability (neuroticism)
life changes
generally positive; occur at irregular intervals
biopsychosocial
having to do with the interactions of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
40-60%
heritability of extraverted personality
•Memory problems or forgetfulness •Headache, muscle tension, neck or back pain •Upset stomach •Dry mouth •Chest pains, rapid heartbeat •Fatigue - Irritability •Difficulty falling or staying asleep •Loss of appetite or overeating "comfort foods" •Increased frequency of colds •Jitters •Anxiety •Short temper •Lack of concentration or focus
warning signs of stress
endocrine and sympathetic
what activity is lower in the resistance stage?
brain levels of dopamine
what are involved with extraversion?
-Suppress immune system functioning -Decrease inflammation and interfere with antibody formation
what do steroids (produced from stress) do?
Overtaxes the ability to adjust Affects moods Impairs the ability to experience pleasure Harms the body
what does intense or prolonged stress do?
parasympathetic divison
what dominates in exhaustion stage?
money
what is the major source of stress?
Karen Horney
−Agreed with Freud that childhood experiences are important −Believed that social relationships are more important than sexual and aggressive impulses −Denied that girls feel inferior to boys
Erik Erikson
−Believed Freud placed too much emphasis on sex −Spoke of psychosocial development, not psychosexual development −Labeled stages of development according to traits, not erogenous zones −Argued that ego identity, not genital sexuality, was the key goal of adolescence
Carl Jung
−Developed analytical psychology −Downplayed the importance of sexual instinct −Believed that people have a personal and a collective unconscious
social-cognitive theory
−Developed by Albert Bandura −Focused on learning by observation and on cognitive processes that underlie personal differences −People influence their environment as much as the environment influences them
Alfred Adler
−Developed individual psychology −Believed that people are motivated by an inferiority complex (feelings of inferiority elicit a drive for superiority −Believed that self-awareness plays a major role in formation of personality -Concept of the creative self