psych social psychology exam 3

Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered in front of several eyewitnesses who did not intervene or call for help. According to social psychologists, this failure to assist Kitty was due to ________. a) deficits in empathy b) people's unwillingness to help women in society c) the selfish nature of human beings d) a diffusion of responsibility

d) a diffusion of responsibility

Believing that old people think slowly is an example of ________, but refusing to hire a person because they are advanced in age is an example of ________. a) a stereotype; discrimination b) discrimination, prejudice c) discrimination; a stereotype d) prejudice; a stereotype

a) a stereotype; discrimination

If someone cuts Stevie off on her drive to work, she gets angry and has a hard time getting over it. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude. a) affective b) cognitive c) cognitive dissonance d) behavioral

a) affective

Giselle understands the harmful effects of smoking, and yells at her parents for smoking, but smokes anyway. She feels some psychological discomfort from her hypocritical behavior. This discomfort is called a) cognitive dissonance b) perceptive deception c) attitude d) self-serving bias

a) cognitive dissonance

Scott has always strongly believed that it is wrong to cheat. But after he cheats on a physics test, his attitude toward cheating becomes significantly less harsh. What best accounts for this attitude shift? a) cognitive dissonance theory b) behavioral attitude change c) self-serving bias d) attitude change

a) cognitive dissonance theory

Diego teaches third grade and has heard that one of his students, Farrah, is coming to his class next year. She's supposedly a big troublemaker who likes to talk back to teachers, so Diego is not surprised when she talks back to him on the second day of school. He didn't recognize that she had been obedient and respectful o the first day, however. This experience is an example of ________. a) confirmation bias b) stereotyping c) confirmation preconception d) confirmation prejudice

a) confirmation bias

The ________ is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve. a) just-world hypothesis b) actor-observer bias c) self-serving bias d) self-fulfilling prophecy

a) just-world hypothesis

Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment, but may be lacking in ________. a) passion b) honesty c) liking d) dedication

a) passion

The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication is called a) persuasion. b) consistency. c) cognitive dissonance. d) attitude change.

a) persuasion.

A person will be less likely to fall prey to the Asch effect if there is at least one other dissenter in the group, if the group is small, or if responses are made in ________. a) private b) sequence c) after hearing everyone else's responses d) Public

a) private

Lionel is visiting a new church for the first time. Because he has been to other churches, he understands the appropriate sequence of events that he should follow, also known as a ________. He greets a few people around him before sitting quietly for the service. a) script b) attribution c) social expectations d) social norm

a) script

Jamal is placed in the remedial reading class at school and labels himself as a bad reader, thereby causing him to read less and not improve his reading. This is an example of the a) self-fulfilling prophecy. b) stereotype threat. c) the fundamental attribution error d) mere exposure effect.

a) self-fulfilling prophecy.

JoJo believes firmly that abortion is wrong and that life begins at conception. This is an example of the ________ component of an attitude. a) affective b) behavioral c) cognitive dissonance d) cognitive

d) cognitive

Zoe believes that homeless people deserve to be homeless because she thinks they don't work hard enough. Her belief is an example of the a) self-fulling prophecy b) self-serving bias c) just-world hypothesis d) actor-observer bias

c) just-world hypothesis

The group we identify with and feel a part of is known as our ________. a) peer group b) outgroup c) ingroup d) self-identity

c) ingroup

Matt lost his job two months ago when his company downsized its operations; despite his efforts, he has not yet found another job. One of his neighbors stated that Matt is just like most unemployed people -- irresponsible, unmotivated, and basically lazy. Matt's neighbor is demonstrating which concept? a) Fundamental attribution error b) Actor-observer bias c) Self-serving attribution

a) Fundamental attribution error

A group of operating room nurses were asked about their beliefs and best practices in the operating room. When a doctor ordered some things during a procedure, all of the nurses obeyed, even if that meant doing things they previously said they would not do. This behavior is supported by a) Stanley Milgram's obedience studies. b) Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment c) Albert Bandura's observational learning studies. d) Solomon Asch's conformity studies.

a) Stanley Milgram's obedience studies.

Lissana was waiting in line at the grocery store for about twenty minutes. When she finally got to the cashier, Lissana was angry that the cashier seemed to be so annoyed. Lissana wondered why the cashier worked there, believing that she was temperamental and had poor social skills and therefore, was in the wrong profession. Which bias does this best illustrate? a) The fundamental attribution error b) Stereotypes c) the spotlight effect d) The self-serving bias

a) The fundamental attribution error

According to the ________, the source, content, and audience will all influence the persuasiveness of a message. a) Yale attitude change b) Stanford attitude change c) central route of persuasion d) The central route relies logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness. The question is asking about a theory that demonstrated that certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and the characteristics of the audience will influence the persuasiveness of a message. e) Asch attitude change

a) Yale attitude change

Perhaps the most surprising result from Milgram's study was that a) so many of the "teachers" continued to provide shocks because they were told to do so. b) the "students" did not retaliate against the "teachers" when provided with the opportunity. c) so many of the "learners" quit the study early. d) a vast majority of the "teachers" refused to provide shocks after they became obviously painful.

a) so many of the "teachers" continued to provide shocks because they were told to do so.

Janica recently started hanging around two different guys: Michael and Devarius. She likes them both a lot and can't decide who she would rather date. She makes a list of pros and cons and attempts to decide which relationship would provide the most benefits. Her reasoning is in accordance with the a) social exchange theory. b) reciprocity theory. c) triangular theory of love. d) attribution theory.

a) social exchange theory.

Professor Wilcox has students work in groups, but also requires that each group member submit a paper detailing what exactly they did for the project. He does this to prevent a) social loafing. b) social facilitation. c) groupthink. d) group polarization

a) social loafing.

A person is most likely to assist another a) when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high. b) when the cost of helping and rewards are both high. c) when the cost of helping and rewards are both low. d) when the costs of helping are high and the rewards are low.

a) when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high.

When Catherine landed a big contract for her firm, she accepted the credit for her hard work and smart "wheeling and dealing." When she failed to get the contract in another situation, she blamed the sneaky and dishonest tactics of the competition. What is this an example of? a) The false-consensus effect b) The self-serving bias c) The fundamental attribution error

b) The self-serving bias

According to a study done by Sarah Master and her colleagues, which was most helpful in reducing pain? a) holding an object b) holding hands of a loved one c) holding hands with a stranger d) looking at a picture of hands

b) holding hands of a loved one

The tendency for people to form social networks, like friendships and relationships, with others who are similar to them is known as a) the mere exposure effect. b) homophily. c) Proximity. d) reciprocity.

b) homophily.

Sternberg argues that the healthiest relationships have consummate love, which includes a) trust, attraction, and dedication. b) intimacy, passion, and commitment. c) passion + commitment. d) consistency, passion, and honesty.

b) intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Fatuous love includes passion and commitment, but is lacking in a) honesty. b) intimacy. c) privacy. d) liking.

b) intimacy.

Jamela has a localized surgery approaching, and her friend tells her about some research conducted by Sarah Master and her colleagues that may help reduce her pain levels during the procedure. Her friend recommends that for the most helpful, pain-reducing effect, Jamela should a) look at a picture of a person in a magazine. b) look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure. c) look at a picture of her favorite vacation destination. d) take her boyfriend to the appointment

b) look at a picture of her boyfriend during the procedure.

Jarred Younger's research showed that a) looking at a picture of anything can effectively reduce pain. b) looking at images of a romantic partner or holding hands with a romantic partner was helpful in reducing pain. c) looking at images of stranger or other distractors were both helpful in reducing pain. d) looking at images of romantic partners is by far the least effective tool in pain reduction.

b) looking at images of a romantic partner or holding hands with a romantic partner was helpful in reducing pain.

The saying, "I scratch your back, you scratch mine." best fits with the concept of a) altruism. b) reciprocity. c) social exchange. d) homophily.

b) reciprocity.

If Dana's management team wants to avoid falling prey to groupthink, they should a) vote verbally as a group when decisions are made. b) seek outside opinions on group decisions. c) just have smaller groups (3-4 people instead of big groups 8-10 people). d) listen to Dana's ideas first

b) seek outside opinions on group decisions.

The behaviors by the prison guards in the Stanford prison experiment coincided with expected________; the guards gave orders and expected the prisoners to follow them. a) social expectations b) social roles c) social norms. d) experimental procedures

b) social roles

Joe Banks is running for mayor. First, he has a team walk through neighborhoods to handout buttons and small fliers. A week later, another team goes by to ask if people would be willing to put small signs in their yards. Two weeks after that, he goes through the neighborhood to ask for help on voting day. He is using methods of ________. a) peripheral route b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon c) cognitive dissonance d) central route of persuasion.

b) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Which of the following situations is an example of instrumental aggression? a) Darlington is mad at Jake and decides to hurt him by shoving him down the stairs. b) Jackson punches John for stepping on his musical instrument. c) John really wants his toy back from Evan, so he pushes him out of the way. d) Wilmer performs poorly at his lacrosse match and blames it on his teammate, Demarcus. Wilmer corners Demarcus and punches him.

c) John really wants his toy back from Evan, so he pushes him out of the way.

________ is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. a) Attribution. b) Confirmation bias c) Situationism d) Dispositionism

c) Situationism

The famous Stanford prison experiment was conducted by ________. a) Asch b) Rosenthal c) Zimbardo d) Milgram

c) Zimbardo

Inferences that we make about the causes of our own and others' behavior are termed ________. a) the spotlight effect b) biases c) attributions d) stereotypes

c) attributions

Ramona heard screams in the subway station, and fearlessly jumped onto the tracks to rescue a young boy who had fallen onto the tracks. Ramona's behavior is an example of ________. a) bystander apathy b) pluralistic ignorance c) bystander intervention d) diffusion of responsibility

c) bystander intervention

Using cold, hard facts to sell a computer is an example of the ________ to persuasion. a) peripheral route b) cognitive route c) central route d) foot-in-the-door route

c) central route

Racism is both prejudice and ________ toward another group because of their skin color. a) hatred b) attribution c) discrimination d) scapegoating

c) discrimination

According to the Batson's ________ model of prosocial behavior, putting yourself in the shoes of someone else and thinking about how they feel will make you more likely to help. a) reciprocal altruism b) egoism c) empathy-altruism d) arousal: cost-reward

c) empathy-altruism

Bobby performed poorly during his soccer game, and gets in a fist fight with his brother later that night. According to the ________, Bobby became aggressive because of is disappointing performance. a) instrumental aggression principle b) hostile aggression theory c) frustration aggression theory d) self-handicapping theory

c) frustration aggression theory

What is groupthink? a) the persuasion of the opinions of leadership to agree with the minority population b) groupthink happens when people get together in groups of 3-4 people to find solutions to problems c) modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus d) pressure from a group to act carefully to reach an appropriate response

c) modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Recent economic problems combined with a refugee crisis has led many countries to blame refugees for taking jobs and inciting terrorist activities. In this example, refugees are victims of ________, as they are blamed because of frustration experienced within an in-group. a) prejudice b) discrimination c) scapegoating d) in-group bias

c) scapegoating

High unemployment, family background, recessions, and lack of educational opportunities are all ________ factors of why people may be in poverty. a) temporary b) dispositional c) situational d) unchangeable

c) situational

The influence that a group has on the judgment of an individual is called a) the Milgram effect. b) social influence effect. c) the Asch effect. d) Rosenthal effect

c) the Asch effect.

Sam sees a woman stumbling and clumsily tripping over her feet on her way to her car. She looks like she is either drunk or ill in some way. Sam wants to help, but has groceries in his hand and sees other people who are closer to her car and will probably step up to help. This failure to act is called a) the cost-benefit analysis. b) bystander apathy. c) the diffusion of responsibility. d) the fundamental attribution error.

c) the diffusion of responsibility.

The peripheral route to persuasion a) is most effective if the audience needs to be analytical or motivated. b) typically results in lasting attitude change. c) typically results in less permanent behavior changes.

c) typically results in less permanent behavior changes.

Before registering for the next semester, Karen asks her friends about a professor she doesn't know. They all say the professor is a great teacher. Consequently, Karen assumes that this person is a great teacher and enrolls in the course. Which type of conformity is this? a) Educational conformity. b) Normative conformity c) Intentional conformity d) Informational conformity

d) Informational conformity

According to the frustration aggression theory, what would you expect to happen after Mekayla bombs her performance at the piano recital? a) Mekayla meditates. b) Mekayla takes a nap. c) Mekayla eats a sandwich. d) Mekayla kicks her cat.

d) Mekayla kicks her cat.

________ designed the obedience study to test if subjects would give "learners" electric shocks when they missed test questions. a) Bandura b) Asch c) Zimbardo d) Milgram

d) Milgram

Sam, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, several of his friends regularly smoke and say that "It's no big deal." As a result, Sam begins smoking also. Which type of conformity is this? a) Intentional conformity b) Informational conformity c) Adolescent conformity. d) Normative conformity

d) Normative conformity

Which of the following statements is correct regarding social exchange theory? a) It is possible to exchange relationships with money. b) Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more benefits than costs. c) People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. d) People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs.

d) People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs.

Where would the fundamental attribution error most likely occur? a) underwater b) China c) Japan d) The United States

d) The United States

Miguel signed up for match.com because he thought it might actually be a good way to meet a nice girl who shares his interests, but he assumes his roommate only signed up because he is shallow wants to look through all the pictures and profiles. This is an example of the a) attribution effect. b) spotlight effect. c) fundamental attribution error. d) actor-observer bias.

d) actor-observer bias.

Which type of persuasion may account for the fact that Jane is willing to drive her friend an hour to the airport after her friend first agreed to only drive her to the store? a) peripheral route b) Head-in-the-sand c) central route d) foot-in-the-door

d) foot-in-the-door

Cedrick is the floor manager at a restaurant. He calls a meeting with his staff to discuss scheduling, and he gives his idea first. Everyone quickly agrees with him and his new idea is implemented. This is an example of a) inter-group bias. b) group polarization. c) group patterns. d) groupthink.

d) groupthink.

Celebrity endorsements of produces utilize the ________ to persuasion. a) Central route. b) foot-in-the-door c) cognitive route d) peripheral route

d) peripheral route

Intrapersonal things focus on topics like emotions, attitudes that things that affect the ________, whereas interpersonal things examine topics like prejudice, discrimination, relationships, and ________ behavior. a) social mind; physical mind b) mind; unintentional c) group; self d) self; group

d) self; group

Those who examine external forces on behavior take the side of ________, while those who focus on internal factors take the side of ________. a) dispositionism; situationalism b) attribution; internal factor analysis c) confirmation bias; information avoidance d) situationism; dispositionism

d) situationism; dispositionism

Wendy is a good runner. In her last half marathon, her speed improved at every mile marker, where people were there to cheer her on. Her improved performance can be explained by a) social loafing. b) Groupthink. c) group polarization d) social facilitation.

d) social facilitation.

The Stanford prison experiment mostly showed that a) students should not be trusted as authority figures. b) people will obey another person's commands simply because they appear to have authority. c) personality is more powerful than the situation forces d) social roles have an impact on behavior.

d) social roles have an impact on behavior.

A social role is defined as a a) person's tendency to view themselves as a social butterfly. b) group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members. c) person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting. d) socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.

d) socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group.

A person's knowledge about the appropriate behavior and sequence of events to follow in a new situation is called a/an ________. a) normative behavior b) social screenplay. c) social norm. d) attribution e) script.

e) script.