Theories of counseling
Sydney, a grief counselor, mentioned to his colleagues in a peer supervision group that he is open to discussing his clients' spiritual and religious beliefs with them. What should he say to his colleagues who are skeptical about this practice?
"My clients' spiritual and religious belief are a major sustaining power that supports them when all else fails. I think it would be unethical for me to overlook this."
What is Robert Wubbolding likely to say about people's problems?
"People don't have problems, they have solutions that have not worked."
What would both cognitive behavior therapists and reality therapists be inclined to say to their clients?
"What do you think about trying out the new behaviors we discussed today during the week? Can you think of opportunities you may have this week to practice being assertive?"
In assessing families, what question(s) might a structural-strategic therapist ask?
"What were the routines that made up your early life, and what rules governed these routines?" "Who was aligned with whom--and what did they use that alignment to achieve?" "What rules and boundaries were set around each subsystem?" "What were common interactional sequences in your family?"
Arbitrary inferences
A form of cognitive distortion that refers to making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence
Cognitive restructuring
A process of actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs
Collaborative empiricism
A strategy of viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations. The process in which therapist and client work together to phrase the client's faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework so that the client can test these hypotheses
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A theory based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship
strengths-based cognitive behavior therapy (SB-CBT)
A therapeutic approach that emphasizes clients' strengths, resilience, and resources for positive change
Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)
A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing the client's self-verbalizations
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
A treatment approach that aims at changing cognitions that are leading to psychological problems
Thought records
Aimed at assisting clients in identifying negative automatic thoughts and testing them by looking for evidence that does and does not support the negative thoughts
The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is
Albert Ellis
Which of the following individuals is not associated with family therapy?
Albert Ellis
Who were the first known practitioners of family therapy?
Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs
SAMIC3
An acronym pertaining to the essence of a good action plan: simple, attainable, measurable, immediate, involved, controlled by the planner, committed to, and continuously done.
Cognitive therapy (CT)
An approach and set of procedures that attempts to change feelings and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and believing
Irrational belief
An unreasonable conviction that leads to emotional and behavioral problems
Outcome Rating Scale (ORS)
Assessment of the client's therapeutic progress through ratings of a client's personal experience of well-being in his or her individual, interpersonal, and social functioning
Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self-efficacy?
Bandura
Bandura
Behavior therapist credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling and writing about self-efficacy
coaching
Bowen's and Whitaker's view of the role of the therapist in assisting clients in the process of differentiating the self
Which approach rests on the premise that a family can best be understood when analyzed from a three-generation perspective?
Bowen's approach to family therapy
differentiation of self
Bowen's concept of psychological separation of intellect and emotions and of independence of the self from others. The greater one's differentiation, the better one's ability to keep from being drawn into dysfunctional patterns with other family members
Differentiation of the self is the cornerstone of which theory?
Bowenian family therapy
Which of the following family therapy models makes the most use of genograms, dealing with family-of-origin issues, and detriangulating relationships?
Bowenian multigenerational family therapy
Feedback-informed treatment (FIT)
By consistently obtaining feedback from clients regarding the therapeutic relationship and clinical progress, FIT helps counselors evaluate and improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services and tailor therapy to the unique needs of the client
Which is NOT true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques
Which of the following therapies synthesize the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches?
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Acceptance and commitment therapy Emotion-focused therapy (it's all of the above)
Distortion of reality
Erroneous thinking that disrupts one's life; can be contradicted by the client's objective appraisal of the situation
________ will increasingly become the organizing force for integration
Evidence-based practice
A good way to change behavior is for us to be self-critical. T/F
FALSE
A systems orientation precludes dealing with the dynamics within the individual because the focus is exclusively on the dynamics within the family. T/F
FALSE
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is based on helping clients control or change unpleasant sensations and thoughts.
FALSE
Although clients' spiritual and religious beliefs may be important to them, it is ethically inappropriate for clinicians to address these beliefs in the context of therapy.
FALSE
Because solution-focused therapy is designed to be brief, it is essential that therapists teach clients specific strategies for understanding their problems.
FALSE
Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important beginning point for therapy.
FALSE
Directive procedures are called for when clients feel that they are "stuck" in therapy.
FALSE
Evaluating how well psychotherapy works is relatively simple
FALSE
Exploring transference is a key part of the practice of reality therapy.
FALSE
In solution-focused therapy, gathering extensive information about a problem is a necessary step in helping clients find a solution to the problem.
FALSE
It is important to explore the past as a way to change current behavior. T/F
FALSE
Methods of Natalie Rogers's expressive arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic concepts.
FALSE
Multimodal therapy consists of a series of techniques that are used with all clients in much the same way.
FALSE
Narrative therapists pay more attention to a client's past than they do to the client's present and future
FALSE
One of the best known forms of technical integration is multidimensional therapy created by Arnold Lazarus.
FALSE
One of the therapist's functions is to make judgments about clients' present behavior. T/F
FALSE
Person-centered therapy is best described as a completed and fixed "school," or model of therapy. T/F
FALSE
Significant empirical research on effectiveness has been produced for all of the major models covered in this book
FALSE
The focus of reality therapy is on attitudes and feelings. T/F
FALSE
The trend today is toward reliance on a single theory of family therapy rather than using an integrative approach. T/F
FALSE
Therapeutic goals should always be specific, concrete, and short term.
FALSE
Therapists using motivational interviewing assume that confronting resistance directly is a pathway to change.
FALSE
Typically, the goals of the therapeutic process are determined by the therapist
FAlSE
Cognitive narrative perspective
Focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives
Which is NOT true as it applies to multimodal therapy?
Great care is taken to fit the client to a predetermined type of treatment.
Cognitive distortions
In cognitive therapy, the client's misconceptions and faulty assumptions. Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking, and personalization
Joining
In structural family therapy, accommodating to a family's system to help the members change dysfunctional patterns
Enactment
In structural family therapy, an intervention consisting of a family playing out its relationship patterns during a therapy session so that the therapist can observe and then change transactions that make up the family structure
Two of the major founders of solution-focused brief therapy are
Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer
Which statement is NOT true of reality therapy?
It focuses on attitude change as a prerequisite for behavior change.
Automatic thoughts
Maladaptive thoughts that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious deliberation
Two of the major founders of narrative therapy are
Michael White and David Epston
Disengagement
Minuchin's term for a family organization characterized by psychological isolation that results from rigid boundaries
Enmeshment
Minuchin's term referring to a family structure in which there is a blurring of psychological boundaries, making autonomy very difficult to achieve.
Within the field of family therapy, who has been the most influential leader in the development of both gender and cultural perspectives?
Monica McGoldrick
What best defines the focus of family therapy?
Most of the family therapies tend to be brief. Family therapy tends to be solution-focused. The focus is on here-and-now interactions in the family system. Family therapy is generally action-oriented
The concept of triangulation is most associated with:
Murray Bowen
________ involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred.
Negative reinforcement
A multilayered process of family therapy is best supported by a collaborative therapist-client relationship in which mutual respect, caring, empathy, and a genuine interest in others is primary. T/F
TRUE
A program of behavioral change should begin with a comprehensive assessment of the client
TRUE
All change in human systems starts with understanding and accepting things as they are. T/F
TRUE
An abundance of research supports the notion that the human elements of psychotherapy (client factors, therapist effects, and the therapeutic alliance) are far more important than models and techniques in affecting the outcome of therapy.
TRUE
Behavior therapists look to current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies. T/F
TRUE
Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive, and they function as consultants and problem solvers.
TRUE
Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format
TRUE
Choice theory is the framework for the practice of reality therapy T/F
TRUE
Conducting an assessment is one of the phases of the multilayered perspective in family therapy T/F
TRUE
Feedback-informed treatment (FIT), which is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services, meets the criteria of evidence-based practice.
TRUE
From a cognitive perspective, depression is largely due to one's attitudes and beliefs. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
In motivational interviewing, the therapeutic relationship is as important in achieving successful outcomes as the specific theoretical model or school of psychotherapy from which the therapist operates.
TRUE
In solution-focused therapy, the role of the client is to create solutions based on his or her internal resources.
TRUE
In terms of assessment, it is useful to inquire about family perspectives on issues inherent in each of the lenses. T/F
TRUE
It is the client's responsibility to decide on the goals of therapy. T/F
TRUE
Motivational interviewing is deliberately directive and is aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation.
TRUE
Motivational interviewing rests on the therapeutic core conditions; however, it offers a range of strategies that enable clients to develop action plans leading to change.
TRUE
Narrative practitioners encourage clients to avoid being reduced by totalizing descriptions of their identity.
TRUE
Narrative therapists believe new stories take hold only when there is an audience to appreciate and support such stories.
TRUE
Narrative therapy is a relational and anti-individualistic practice
TRUE
Natalie Rogers expanded on her father's theory of creativity using the expressive arts to enhance personal growth for individuals and groups.
TRUE
One of the functions of a narrative therapist is to ask questions of the client and, based on the answers, generate further questions
TRUE
Operant conditioning was mainly developed by B. F. Skinner. T/F
TRUE
Psychotherapy integration stresses tailoring interventions to the individual client, rather than to an overarching theory.
TRUE
Reality therapy is grounded on some existential concepts. T/F
TRUE
Reframing is the art of putting what is known in a new, more useful perspective. T/F
TRUE
Relaxation training has benefits in areas such as preparing patients for surgery, teaching clients how to cope with chronic pain, and reducing the frequency of migraine attacks.
TRUE
Solution-focused therapists assist clients in paying attention to the exceptions to their problem patterns.
TRUE
Solution-focused therapists use questions that presuppose change, posit multiple answers, and remain goal-directed and future-oriented.
TRUE
Syncretism occurs when a practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work.
TRUE
The Session Rating Scale (SRS) measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and on client preferences.
TRUE
The best available research reveals that ongoing client feedback provides practitioners with a simple, practical, and meaningful method for documenting the usefulness of treatment
TRUE
The emergence of feminist and postmodern perspectives has moved the field of family therapy toward more egalitarian, collaborative, and co-constructing relationships. T/F
TRUE
The emphasis of contemporary behavior therapy is on evidence-based treatments. T/f
TRUE
The family therapist's skill in communicating understanding and empathy through active listening lays the foundation for an effective working relationship. T/F
TRUE
The use of contracts is often part of reality therapy. T/F
TRUE
Understanding family process is almost always facilitated by "how" questions. T/F
TRUE
What is important is not the way the real world exists but the way we perceive the world to exist. T/F
TRUE
A-B-C model of personality
Temporal sequence of actions, beliefs, and consequences. The theory that people's problems do not stem from activating events but from their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best route to changing problematic emotions is to change one's beliefs about situations
What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?
The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life.
Which of the following is true of narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy?
The client is an expert on his or her own life.
Which of the following statements about creating counter stories is NOT true?
The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story.
Which statement is most true of person-centered theory?
The techniques a therapist uses are less important than are his or her attitudes.
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy?
The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach.
Which is (are) true as applied to behavior therapy?
Therapy should focus on behavior change and not attitude change. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations. A good working relationship between client and therapist is necessary for behavior change to occur.
What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling?
There is growing evidence that spiritual practice promotes psychological well-being.
A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is:
They have strong empirical support.
Eliza considers herself an Adlerian therapist, Julie regards herself as a feminist therapist, and Kyle specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy. What must all three therapists do regardless of their theoretical orientation?
They must decide what relationship style to adopt with each client. They must decide what techniques, procedures, or intervention methods to use in each case. They must decide when to use certain techniques, procedures, or intervention methods, and with which clients.
Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption guiding the practice of solution-focused brief therapy?
Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way
Which of the following statements is true as it applies to choice theory?
We are motivated completely by internal forces, and our behavior is our best attempt to get what we want.
The founder of reality therapy is
William Glasser
Which of the following is NOT true of reality therapy?
Working through the transference relationship is essential for therapy to occur.
self-directed behavior
a basic assumption that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change
Coping skills program
a behavioral procedure for helping clients deal effectively with stressful situations by learning to modify their thinking patterns
postmodernist
a believer in subjective realities that cannot exist independently of the observational processes used. Problems exist when people agree that there is a problem that needs to be addressed
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
a blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan
social skills training
a broad category of learning that deals with an individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. A treatment package used to teach clients skills that include modeling, behavior rehearsal, and reinforcement
totalizing descriptions
a categorical description of people that constricts them to a single dimension that purports to capture their identity.
A family therapist poses the following question: "Who seems to be most upset when mom comes home late from work?" She is asking _____ question.
a circular or relational
selective abstraction
a cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event
Dichotomous thinking
a cognitive error that involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes
The multilayered approach to family therapy is best supported by
a collaborative therapist-client relationship
self-modification
a collection of cognitive behavioral strategies based on the idea that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in various problematic situations
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
a comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression
Theoretical integration
a conceptual of theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques with the goal of producing a synthesis of the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches; assumes that the combined creation will be richer than either theory alone.
empathy
a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client
A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Roger's writings is
a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established
functional family
a family in which the needs of the individual members are met and there is a balance of interdependence and autonomy among members
Identified patient
a family member who carries the symptom for a family and who is identified by the family as the person with the problem. In genograms this person is the index person
technical integration (technical eclecticism)
a focus on selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem. It tends to focus on differences, chooses from many approaches, and is a collection of techniques
stress inoculation training (SIT)
a form of cognitive behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving
formula first session task
a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their first and second therapy sessions. Clients are asked to simply observe what is happening in their lives that they want to continue happening
Rational emotive imagery
a form of intense mental practice for learning new emotional and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the way they would like to in everyday situations
actualizing tendency
a growth force within us; a directional process of striving towards self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship
motivational interviewing (MI)
a humanistic client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach that was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s
Facilitating change is what happens when family therapy is viewed as
a joint or collaborative process
The person-centered philosophy views diagnosis as:
a labeling process that diminishes the therapist's ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client
Which of these techniques is NOT used in solution-focused therapy?
a lifestyle assessment
progressive muscle relaxation
a method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned
Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT)
a mindfulness-based program that encourages clients to accept, rather than attempt to control or change, unpleasant sensations
multimodal therapy
a model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus
Positive psychology
a movement that has come into prominence that shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach
humanistic psychology
a movement, often referred to as the "third force," that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health
social effectiveness training (SET)
a multifaceted treatment program designed to reduce social anxiety, improve interpersonal skills, and increase the range of enjoyable social activities
According to most behavior therapists, a good working relationship between client and therapist is
a necessary, but not sufficient condition for behavior change to occur.
family sculpting
a nonverbal experiential technique that consists of physically arranging members of a family in space, which reveals significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings about one another
triangulation
a pattern of interaction consisting of detouring conflict between two people by involving a third person
Cognitive triad
a pattern that triggers depression
social learning approach (or social-cognitive approach)
a perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura
postmodernism
a philosophical movement across a variety of disciples that has aimed at critically examining many of the assumptions that are part of the established truths of society. The postmodern worldview acknowledges the complexity, relativity, and intersubjectivity of all human experience
In reality therapy, our quality world is likened to
a picture album
narrative therapy
a postmodern approach to therapy that is based on the therapist's personal characteristics that allow for creating a climate that encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist clients in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.
solution-focused brief therapy
a postmodern approach to therapy that provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking about their problems. SFBT is an optimistic, anti deterministic, future-oriented approach based on the assumption that clients have the ability to change quickly and can create a problem-free language as they strive for a new reality.
syncretism
a practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, grabs for anything that seems to work, often making no attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are indeed effective
systematic desensitization
a procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety-arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response
reauthoring
a process in narrative therapy in which client and therapist jointly create an alternative life story
Acceptance
a process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment
overgeneralization
a process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings
socratic dialogue
a process that cognitive therapists use in helping clients empirically test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses about their behavior through observation and monitoring
mindfulness
a process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation
interpersonal effectiveness
a process that involves learning to ask for what one needs and how to say "no" while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others
therapeutic collaboration
a process whereby the therapist strives to engage the client's active participation in all phases of therapy
To a large degree, cognitive therapy is
a psychoeducational model
constructivist approach
a recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of the client rather than looking to the objective bases of faulty beliefs
Negative punishment
a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior
genogram
a schematic diagram of the family system, usually including at least three generations; employed by many family therapists to identify recurring behavior patterns within the family
common factors approach
a search for common elements across different theoretical systems
mapping-the-influence questions
a series of questions asked about a problem that a client has internalized as a means of understanding the relationship between the person and the problem
behavioral assessment
a set of procedures used to get information that will guide the development of a tailor-made treatment plan for each client and help measure the effectiveness of treatment
Reality therapy is best described as
a short-term therapy that stresses doing
narrative
a social constructionist conceptualization of how people create "storied" meaning in their lives
anger management training
a social skills program designed for individuals who have trouble with aggressive behavior
miracle question
a solution-focused technique that asks clients to imagine how their life would be different if they woke up tomorrow and they no longer had their problem
scaling questions
a solution-focused technique that asks clients to observe changes in feelings, moods, thoughts, and behaviors. On a scale of zero to 10, clients are asked to rate some change in their experiences
reinforcement
a specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response
shame-attacking exercises
a strategy used in REBT therapy that encourages people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts
Behavior rehearsal
a technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations
personalization
a tendency for for people to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection
Musturbation
a term coined by Ellis to refer to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or be something.
structural therapy
a therapeutic approach directed at changing or realigning the organization of a family to modify dysfunctional patterns and clarify boundaries
Behavior modification
a therapeutic approach that deals with analyzing and modifying human behavior
Experiential therapy
a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the values of the therapist's realness in interacting with a family
strategic therapy
a therapeutic approach whereby the therapist develops a specific plan and designs interventions geared toward solving a family's presenting problems
social constructionism
a therapeutic perspective within a postmodern worldview that stresses that client's reality without disputing the accuracy or validity of the reality. Social constructionism emphasizes the ways in which people make meaning in social relationships
not-knowing position
a therapist's stance that invites clients to become the experts who are informing the therapist about the significant narratives of their lives
triangle
a three-person system; the smallest stable emotional unit of human relations
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them
externalizing conversation
a way of speaking in which the problem may be spoken of as if it is a distinct entity that is separate from the person
dominant story
a way of understanding a situation that has been so widely accepted within a culture that it appears to represent "reality." Growing out of conversations in a social and cultural context, dominant stories shape reality in that they construct and constitute what people see, feel, and do.
Unconditional positive regard refers to
accepting clients as worthy persons.
All of the following are true of narrative therapy except for
accepting the premise that diagnosis is a basic prerequisite for effective treatment
Which of the following is considered important in person-centered therapy?
accurate diagnosis accurate therapist interpretation therapeutic experiments NONE OF THE ABOVE
The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are:
activating event, belief, consequence
Which technique(s) is(are) most often used in the person-centered approach?
active listening and reflection
immediacy
addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now
classical conditioning
also known as Pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning. A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response. The result is that eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response
An axiom of choice theory is that
although the past may have contributed to a current problem the past is never the problem
coalition
an alliance between two people against a third
"Third force" in therapy
an alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches; under this heading are the experiential and relationship-oriented therapies (existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy)
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
an approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term "behavior therapy," due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions.)
positive psychology
an approach that concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and problems
constructivist narrative perspective
an approach that focuses on the stories that people tell about themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives
expressive arts therapy
an approach that makes use of various arts--such as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation--in a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing
self-instructional therapy
an approach to therapy based on the assumption that what people say to themselves directly influences the things they do. Training consists of learning new self-talk aimed at coping with problems
positive punishment
an aversive stimulus adding after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior
conjoint family therapy
an early human validation process model developed by Virginia Satir that emphasizes communication and emotional experiencing
human validation process model
an experiential and humanistic approach developed by Virginia Satir, which viewed techniques as being secondary to the relationship a therapist develops with the family
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
an exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients
picture album
an image of our specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants
self-efficacy
an individual's belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change
Which of the following would NOT be used by a reality therapist?
analysis of the transference relationship hypnosis the analysis of dreams the search for causes of current problems
applied behavior analysis
another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.
Pretherapy change is a solution-focused therapy technique that
asks clients to address changes that have taken place fro the time they made an appointment to the first therapy session
unique outcome
aspects of lived experience that lie outside the realm of dominant stories or in contradiction to the problem-saturated story.
The _____ approach is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches.
assimilative integration
pre therapy change
at the first therapy session, solution-focused therapists often inquire about precession improvements, or anything clients have done since scheduling the appointment that has made a difference in their problems
reality therapy
based on choice theory, this approach provides a way of implementing therapeutic procedures for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives
Behavior therapists tend to
be active and directive function as consultants function as problem solvers
Behavior therapists tend to:
be active and directive. function as consultants. function as problem solvers.
Which of the following approaches does NOT emphasize the personal relationship as the crucial determinant of treatment outcomes?
behavioral approach
self-compassion
being understanding toward ourselves when we suffer or fail rather than being self-critical
in vivo desensitization
brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
structural-strategic approaches
by the late 1970s, these complimentary approaches were the most used models in family systems therapy. Interventions generated in the models became synonymous with a systems approach; they included joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, paradoxical interventions, and enactments.
homework
carefully designed and agreed upon assignments aimed at getting clients to carry out positive actions that induce emotional and attitudinal change. These assignments are checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective ways to dispute self-defeating thinking
paining behaviors
choosing misery by developing symptoms (such as head aching, depressing, and anxietying) because these seem like the best behaviors at the time
self-evaluation
clients' assessment of current behavior to decide whether it is working and if what they are doing is meeting their needs. It is the cornerstone of reality therapy procedures
Most outcome studies in counseling have been conducted by researchers affiliated with
cognitive behavior therapy
Support, warmth, feedback, reassurance, and credibility are considered _____ that have empirically been shown to be curative
common factors
According to Glasser, all of the following are basic psychological needs except for
competition
Beck's cognitive therapy involves all of the options below except: looking at a client's "internal dialogue." helping clients recognize and discard self defeating thinking. correcting erroneous beliefs. conducting a lifestyle assessment.
conducting a lifestyle assessment.
Which of the following is NOT a key general movement of the multilayered approach to family systems therapy?
conducting empirical research to evaluate outcomes
The antidote to stress communications, according to Satir, is _______, in which family members are emotionally honest, speak for themselves, stay grounded (or centered), and are able to share their feelings and ask for what is needed.
congruence
According to Carl Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are
congruence unconditional positive regard empathic understanding
In deciding which interventions will be most helpful for the client, the counselor practicing in an integrative manner must:
consider the client's personality and motivation for change. consider the approach that relates most consistently to the client's world view. be willing to accept feedback from clients. consider the client's cultural context.
In vivo flooding
consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli
schema
core beliefs that are centrally related to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive therapy involves restructuring distorted core beliefs
In solution-focused therapy, which kind of relationship is characterized by the client and therapist jointly identifying a problem and a solution to work toward?
customer-type relationship
A limitation of traditional behavior therapy is its
de-emphasis on the role of feelings in therapy
Generic cognitive model
describes principles pertaining to all CT applications from depression and anxiety treatments to therapies for a wide variety of other problems
Rogers made a contribution to:
developing the humanistic movement in psychotherapy pioneering research in the process and outcomes of therapy fostering world peace pioneering the encounter-group movement
A major contribution of Bowen's theory is the notion of
differentiation of the self
A major difference between an eclectic and an integrated approach to counseling is:
eclectic approaches are susceptible to syncretism, while integrated approaches combine techniques based on theoretical reasons.
The main goal of behavior therapy is
eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning
main goal of behavior therapy
eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning
Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of brief therapy?
emphasis on client's deficits and unconscious dynamics
emotion-focused therapy (EFT)
entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. Strategies used in EFT are aimed at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning
consequences
events that take place as a result of a specific behavior being performed
Mindfulness practices rely on
experiential learning and client discovery
Which method(s) is(are) often used in reality therapy?
exploring a client's quality world the use of questioning behavior-oriented methods designing an action plan
What are some procedures in reality therapy that are said to lead to change?
exploring wants, needs, and perceptions focusing on current behavior the client's evaluating of his or her own behavior. the client's committing to a plan of action.
An exposure-based procedure that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the induction of rapid, rhythmic eye movements aimed at treatment of traumatic experiences is called
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
In person-centered group counseling, the role of the counselor is best described as a
facilitator
hierarchical structure
family functioning based on generational boundaries that involve parental control and authority
The person-centered approach has been applied to:
family therapy personal-growth groups foreign relations education
Prolonged/intense exposure--either in real life or in imagination--to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called
flooding
A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a
genogram
Congruence refers to the therapist's
genuineness
Which of the following roles and functions would be most atypical for a structural family therapist?
giving voice to the therapist's own impulses and fantasies
Behavior therapy is suited for
group therapy institutions and clinics classroom learning situations individual therapy
Behavior therapy is suited for:
group therapy. institutions and clinics. classroom learning situations. individual therapy.
Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches
have received empirical support as an effective form of therapy
Roger and his wife are experiencing tension in their relationship because he believes she is far too lenient with their children when they misbehave. This forces him to play the role of "bad cop" as a parent, which makes him angry. A family therapist working with Roger and his family might:
help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries.
Which approach attempts to bring family patterns to life in the present through sculpting and family reconstructions?
human validation process model
Person-centered therapy is a form of
humanistic
Person-centered therapy is a
humanistic approach to therapy
behavioral analysis
identifying the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behavior, and the consequences of the problem
boundary
in structural family therapy, an emotional barrier that protects individuals within a system
The systems perspective implies
individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family
The client's quality world consists of all of the following except
insight
In vivo flooding consists of
intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli
in vivo flooding
intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli
cognitive processes
internal events such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements
A major goal of narrative therapy is to
invite clients to describe their experience in new and fresh language, and in doing this open up a new vision of what is possible
in vivo exposure
involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations
stress inoculation
involves giving individuals opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli
Negative reinforcement
involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred
REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of
irrational thinking and behaving
Yelina seems to ignore the major marital problems that she and her husband Carlos are having as a result of sharp differences in their viewpoints on political and social issues that are affecting their native country, Cuba. Whenever a friend points our the tension she observes, Yelina changes the subject and talks about the weather forecast. Yelina is adopting which of the following communication stances?
irrelevant
Dialectical behavior therapy
is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques
According to the approach, insight
is not necessary for producing behavior change
Emotion-focused therapy
is rooted in a person-centered philosophy incorporates aspects of Gestalt therapy into the process. incorporates aspects of existential therapy into the process
The MI spirit
it is essential that therapists function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply applying the strategies of the approach. The attitudes and skills in MI are based on a person-centered philosophy
Regarding the goals of reality therapy,
it is the client's responsibility to decide goals.
Sometimes it seems as though people actually choose to be miserable (depressed). Glasser explains the dynamics of depressing as being based on
keeping anger under control getting others to help us excusing our unwillingness to do something more effective
modeling
learning through observation and imitation
Psychotherapy integration
looks beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives
session rating scale (SRS)
measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and client preferences
The technique of reflection involves the therapist:
mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation
Which is (are) a key role (or roles) of most family therapists?
model teacher coach consultant
Negative cognitive triad
negative views of the self (self-criticism), the world (pessimism), and the future (hopelessness)
Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows:
no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another
In person-centered therapy, transference is
not an essential or significant factor in the therapy process
antecedent events
ones that cue or elicit a certain behavior
The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is:
operant conditioning
Applied behavior analysis makes use of
operant conditioning techniques
A limitation of the approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is
oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances
exceptions
past experiences in a client's life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur, but somehow it did not
When reality therapists explore a client's past, they tend to focus on
past successes
stages of change
people are assumed to progress through a series of five identifiable stages of motivation and readiness to change in the counseling process. They include the pre contemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage, and the maintenance stage.
problem-saturated story
people often come to therapy feeling overwhelmed by their problems to which they are fused. Narrative therapists assist clients in understanding that they do not have to be reduced by these totalizing descriptions of their identity.
magnification and minimization
perceiving a case or a situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves
The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is:
personalization
labeling and mislabeling
portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity
Which of the following interventions is least likely to be used by a narrative therapist?
power analysis and intervention
In what stage of change do individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes?
preparation
relapse prevention
procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and developing coping skills for such situations
cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy
procedures aimed at teaching clients specific skills to deal effectively with problematic situations
flooding
prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them
__________ is best characterized by attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives.
psychotherapy integration
assessment interview
questioning that enables the therapist to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an individual's behavior
positive reinforcement
receiving something desirable as a consequence of a behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence
reframing
relabeling a family's description of behavior by putting it into a new and more positive perspective
Research evidence from meta-analyses has demonstrated that psychotherapy is
remarkably effective
Cognitive behavioral therapists assist clients in using language that:
replaces absolutes with preferences. depicts the client's thoughts in a rational and accurate manner. is not self-condemning.
EMDR is typically used to help clients
restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events
EMDR is typically used to help clients:
restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events
family life-fact chronology
satir's experiential technique in which clients retrace their family history for the purpose of gaining insight into current family functioning
responsibility
satisfying one's needs in ways that do not interfere with others' fulfilling their needs
The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration:
searches for shared elements across different theoretical systems
Assimilative integration
selectively incorporating a variety of interventions from other therapeutic approaches, but grounded in a single coherent theoretical system
As a result of experiencing person-centered therapy, it is hypothesized that the client will move toward
self-trust an internal source of evaluation being more open to experience a willingness to continue growing
Accurate empathic understanding refers to the therapist's ability to
sense the inner world of the client's subjective experience
exception questions
solution-focused therapists inquire about those times in clients' lives when the problems they identify have not been problematic. Exploring these exceptions reminds clients that problems are not all-powerful and have not existed forever
cycle of counseling
specific ways of creating a positive climate in which counseling can occur. The proper environment is based on personal involvement and specific procedures aimed at change
self-management
strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behaviors, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions
Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common pathways toward the integration of psychotherapies?
symbolic integration
Which path calls for using techniques from different schools without necessarily subscribing to the theoretical positions that spawned them?
technical integration
A limitation of the person-centered approach is a
tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients sufficiently
The therapeutic process in solution-focused brief therapy involves all of the following except for the notion
that clients are the experts on their own lives
The view of human nature underlying reality therapy is
that we have a need for identity. that we have the need to feel loved and to love others. that we need to feel worthwhile to ourselves and others.
presence
the ability to "be with" someone fully in the present moment; being engaged and absorbed in the relationship with the client
accurate empathic understanding
the act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person's subjective world without losing one's own identity
commitment
the act of sticking to a realistic plan aimed at change
Behavior therapy
the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence
self-actualization
the central theme of the work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of self-actualization is postulated on a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation
In behavior therapy it is generally agreed that
the client should decide the treatment goals
BASIC I.D.
the conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions
deconstruction
the exploration of meaning by taking apart, or unpacking, the taken-for-granted categories and assumptions underlying social practices that pose as truth
family structure
the functional organization of a family, which determines interactional patterns among members
family rules
the implicit agreements that prescribe the rights, duties, and range of appropriate behaviors within the family
family dysfunction
the inability of a family to attain harmonious relationships and to achieve interdependence
total behavior
the integrated components of doing, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Choice theory assumes that all elements of behavior are interrelated
Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning?
the integration of thoughts and feelings in the process of behavior change
Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on
the interplay between the individual and the environment
WDEP system
the key procedures applied to the practice of reality therapy groups. The strategies help clients identify their wants, determine the direction their behavior is taking them, make self-evaluations, and design plans for change.
Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe life without the problem?
the miracle question
therapeutic core conditions
the necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic understanding
psychological needs
the needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun; these are the forces that drive humans and explain behavior
Unconditional positive regard
the nonjudgmental expression of fundamental respect for the person as a human; acceptance of a person's right to his or her feelings.
Behavior therapy is characterized by
the objective assessment of the results of therapy a focus on overt specific behavior the design of an appropriate treatment plan a formulation of precise treatment goals
Behavior therapy is characterized by:
the objective assessment of the results of therapy. a focus on overt specific behavior. the design of an appropriate treatment plan. a formulation of precise treatment goals.
cognitive structure
the organizing aspect of thinking, which monitors and directs the choice of thoughts; implies an "executive processor," one that determines when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns
family of origin
the original nuclear family into which one was born or adopted
quality world
the perceptions and images we have of how we can fulfill our basic psychological needs; another phrase for picture album
Virginia Satir's human validation process model emphasizes
the presence of the therapist. the relationship between therapist and family. empathic listening. nurturance
Behavior therapy is grounded on
the principles of learning
coauthoring
the process by which both therapist and client share responsibility for the development of alternative stories
punishment
the process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior
self-monitoring
the process of observing one's own behavior patterns as well as one's interactions in various social situations
functional assessment
the process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior
mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
the program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health
Rationality
the quality of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help us attain our goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that are self-defeating and that thwart our goals
perceived world
the reality that we experience and interpret subjectively
What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?
the relationship between the client and therapist
In narrative therapy, the process of finding evidence to bolster a new view of the person as competent enough to have stood up to or defeated the dominance or oppression of the problem refers to
the search for unique outcomes
internal dialogue
the sentences that people tell themselves and the debate that often goes on "inside their head"; a form of self-talk, or inner speech
family life cycle
the series of events that marks an individual's life within a family, from separation from one's parents to marriage to growing old and dying
evidence-based practice
the shift toward adopting therapeutic practices that are grounded in empirical evidence reflects a commitment to "what works, not on what theory applies."
operant conditioning
the situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them
congruence
the state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. As applied to the therapist, congruence is matching one's inner experiencing with external expressions; congruence is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist
Alternative story
the story that develops in counseling in contradiction to the dominant story that is embedded in a client's problem
negative reinforcement
the termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior
choice theory
the view that humans are internally motivated and behave to control the world around them according to some purpose within them. We are basically self-determining and create our own destiny
multigenerational transmission process
the way in which dysfunctional patterns are passed from one generation to the next
According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by
their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.
Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere blending of techniques?
theoretical integration
One aspect of integration that is particularly well suited to taking cultural factors into account is
therapeutic flexibility
Evidence-based treatments
therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use
involvement
therapist interest in and caring for the client
One strength of the person-centered approach is that
therapists have the latitude to develop their own counseling style
One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that:
there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge
postmodern approaches to family therapy
these models seek to reduce or eliminate the power and impact of the family therapist. They include solution-focused and solution-oriented therapies as well as narrative therapy
spiritual/religious values
these play a major part in the lives and struggles of many people. Exploring spiritual/religious values, when deemed important by the client, can enhance the therapy process
The cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy stresses:
thinking, judging, analyzing, and doing
multilayered process of family therapy
this perspective serves as a basic structure for assessment both of the family members and the system
The function of the reality therapist is
to assist clients in dealing with the present
exposure therapies
treatment for fears and other negative emotional responses by carefully exposing clients to situations or events contributing to such problems
A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing with their own conflicts. This is an example of
triangulation
Which is NOT a key concept of reality therapy?
unconscious motivation
A major strength of both solution-focused and narrative therapies is the
use of questioning
WDEP stands for
wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning
hierarchy of needs
we are able to strive toward self-actualization only after these four basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love, and esteem
Reality therapy sets on the central idea that
we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel
self-talk
what people "say" to themselves when they are thinking. The internal dialogue that goes on within an individual in stressful situations
extinction
when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior in the future
Chun Hei is a Korean immigrant who has been separated from her family and friends for over a year since she came to the U.S. with her husband. She spends her days taking care of their two young children while he goes to work, and feels increasingly depressed without her support system. It is likely that a family therapist who meets Chun Hei:
would be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process.
contingency contracting
written agreement between a client and another person that specifies the relationship between performing target behaviors and their consequences
Reality therapy was designed originally for working with
youthful offenders in detention facilities
