Theories of counseling

Sydney, a grief counselor, mentioned to his colleagues in a peer supervision group that he is open to discussing his clients' spiritual and religious beliefs with them. What should he say to his colleagues who are skeptical about this practice?

"My clients' spiritual and religious belief are a major sustaining power that supports them when all else fails. I think it would be unethical for me to overlook this."

What is Robert Wubbolding likely to say about people's problems?

"People don't have problems, they have solutions that have not worked."

What would both cognitive behavior therapists and reality therapists be inclined to say to their clients?

"What do you think about trying out the new behaviors we discussed today during the week? Can you think of opportunities you may have this week to practice being assertive?"

In assessing families, what question(s) might a structural-strategic therapist ask?

"What were the routines that made up your early life, and what rules governed these routines?" "Who was aligned with whom--and what did they use that alignment to achieve?" "What rules and boundaries were set around each subsystem?" "What were common interactional sequences in your family?"

Arbitrary inferences

A form of cognitive distortion that refers to making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence

Cognitive restructuring

A process of actively altering maladaptive thought patterns and replacing them with constructive and adaptive thoughts and beliefs

Collaborative empiricism

A strategy of viewing the client as a scientist who is able to make objective interpretations. The process in which therapist and client work together to phrase the client's faulty beliefs as hypotheses and design homework so that the client can test these hypotheses

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A theory based on the assumption that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship

strengths-based cognitive behavior therapy (SB-CBT)

A therapeutic approach that emphasizes clients' strengths, resilience, and resources for positive change

Cognitive behavior modification (CBM)

A therapeutic approach that focuses on changing the client's self-verbalizations

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

A treatment approach that aims at changing cognitions that are leading to psychological problems

Thought records

Aimed at assisting clients in identifying negative automatic thoughts and testing them by looking for evidence that does and does not support the negative thoughts

The founder of rational emotive behavior therapy is

Albert Ellis

Which of the following individuals is not associated with family therapy?

Albert Ellis

Who were the first known practitioners of family therapy?

Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs

SAMIC3

An acronym pertaining to the essence of a good action plan: simple, attainable, measurable, immediate, involved, controlled by the planner, committed to, and continuously done.

Cognitive therapy (CT)

An approach and set of procedures that attempts to change feelings and behavior by modifying faulty thinking and believing

Irrational belief

An unreasonable conviction that leads to emotional and behavioral problems

Outcome Rating Scale (ORS)

Assessment of the client's therapeutic progress through ratings of a client's personal experience of well-being in his or her individual, interpersonal, and social functioning

Which of the following behavior therapists is credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling, and writing about self-efficacy?

Bandura

Bandura

Behavior therapist credited with developing the social cognitive learning model, doing much work on observational learning and modeling and writing about self-efficacy

coaching

Bowen's and Whitaker's view of the role of the therapist in assisting clients in the process of differentiating the self

Which approach rests on the premise that a family can best be understood when analyzed from a three-generation perspective?

Bowen's approach to family therapy

differentiation of self

Bowen's concept of psychological separation of intellect and emotions and of independence of the self from others. The greater one's differentiation, the better one's ability to keep from being drawn into dysfunctional patterns with other family members

Differentiation of the self is the cornerstone of which theory?

Bowenian family therapy

Which of the following family therapy models makes the most use of genograms, dealing with family-of-origin issues, and detriangulating relationships?

Bowenian multigenerational family therapy

Feedback-informed treatment (FIT)

By consistently obtaining feedback from clients regarding the therapeutic relationship and clinical progress, FIT helps counselors evaluate and improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services and tailor therapy to the unique needs of the client

Which is NOT true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques

Which of the following therapies synthesize the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches?

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) Acceptance and commitment therapy Emotion-focused therapy (it's all of the above)

Distortion of reality

Erroneous thinking that disrupts one's life; can be contradicted by the client's objective appraisal of the situation

________ will increasingly become the organizing force for integration

Evidence-based practice

A good way to change behavior is for us to be self-critical. T/F

FALSE

A systems orientation precludes dealing with the dynamics within the individual because the focus is exclusively on the dynamics within the family. T/F

FALSE

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is based on helping clients control or change unpleasant sensations and thoughts.

FALSE

Although clients' spiritual and religious beliefs may be important to them, it is ethically inappropriate for clinicians to address these beliefs in the context of therapy.

FALSE

Because solution-focused therapy is designed to be brief, it is essential that therapists teach clients specific strategies for understanding their problems.

FALSE

Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important beginning point for therapy.

FALSE

Directive procedures are called for when clients feel that they are "stuck" in therapy.

FALSE

Evaluating how well psychotherapy works is relatively simple

FALSE

Exploring transference is a key part of the practice of reality therapy.

FALSE

In solution-focused therapy, gathering extensive information about a problem is a necessary step in helping clients find a solution to the problem.

FALSE

It is important to explore the past as a way to change current behavior. T/F

FALSE

Methods of Natalie Rogers's expressive arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic concepts.

FALSE

Multimodal therapy consists of a series of techniques that are used with all clients in much the same way.

FALSE

Narrative therapists pay more attention to a client's past than they do to the client's present and future

FALSE

One of the best known forms of technical integration is multidimensional therapy created by Arnold Lazarus.

FALSE

One of the therapist's functions is to make judgments about clients' present behavior. T/F

FALSE

Person-centered therapy is best described as a completed and fixed "school," or model of therapy. T/F

FALSE

Significant empirical research on effectiveness has been produced for all of the major models covered in this book

FALSE

The focus of reality therapy is on attitudes and feelings. T/F

FALSE

The trend today is toward reliance on a single theory of family therapy rather than using an integrative approach. T/F

FALSE

Therapeutic goals should always be specific, concrete, and short term.

FALSE

Therapists using motivational interviewing assume that confronting resistance directly is a pathway to change.

FALSE

Typically, the goals of the therapeutic process are determined by the therapist

FAlSE

Cognitive narrative perspective

Focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives

Which is NOT true as it applies to multimodal therapy?

Great care is taken to fit the client to a predetermined type of treatment.

Cognitive distortions

In cognitive therapy, the client's misconceptions and faulty assumptions. Examples include arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization, labeling and mislabeling, dichotomous thinking, and personalization

Joining

In structural family therapy, accommodating to a family's system to help the members change dysfunctional patterns

Enactment

In structural family therapy, an intervention consisting of a family playing out its relationship patterns during a therapy session so that the therapist can observe and then change transactions that make up the family structure

Two of the major founders of solution-focused brief therapy are

Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer

Which statement is NOT true of reality therapy?

It focuses on attitude change as a prerequisite for behavior change.

Automatic thoughts

Maladaptive thoughts that appear to arise reflexively, without conscious deliberation

Two of the major founders of narrative therapy are

Michael White and David Epston

Disengagement

Minuchin's term for a family organization characterized by psychological isolation that results from rigid boundaries

Enmeshment

Minuchin's term referring to a family structure in which there is a blurring of psychological boundaries, making autonomy very difficult to achieve.

Within the field of family therapy, who has been the most influential leader in the development of both gender and cultural perspectives?

Monica McGoldrick

What best defines the focus of family therapy?

Most of the family therapies tend to be brief. Family therapy tends to be solution-focused. The focus is on here-and-now interactions in the family system. Family therapy is generally action-oriented

The concept of triangulation is most associated with:

Murray Bowen

________ involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred.

Negative reinforcement

A multilayered process of family therapy is best supported by a collaborative therapist-client relationship in which mutual respect, caring, empathy, and a genuine interest in others is primary. T/F

TRUE

A program of behavioral change should begin with a comprehensive assessment of the client

TRUE

All change in human systems starts with understanding and accepting things as they are. T/F

TRUE

An abundance of research supports the notion that the human elements of psychotherapy (client factors, therapist effects, and the therapeutic alliance) are far more important than models and techniques in affecting the outcome of therapy.

TRUE

Behavior therapists look to current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies. T/F

TRUE

Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive, and they function as consultants and problem solvers.

TRUE

Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format

TRUE

Choice theory is the framework for the practice of reality therapy T/F

TRUE

Conducting an assessment is one of the phases of the multilayered perspective in family therapy T/F

TRUE

Feedback-informed treatment (FIT), which is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services, meets the criteria of evidence-based practice.

TRUE

From a cognitive perspective, depression is largely due to one's attitudes and beliefs. TRUE/FALSE

TRUE

In motivational interviewing, the therapeutic relationship is as important in achieving successful outcomes as the specific theoretical model or school of psychotherapy from which the therapist operates.

TRUE

In solution-focused therapy, the role of the client is to create solutions based on his or her internal resources.

TRUE

In terms of assessment, it is useful to inquire about family perspectives on issues inherent in each of the lenses. T/F

TRUE

It is the client's responsibility to decide on the goals of therapy. T/F

TRUE

Motivational interviewing is deliberately directive and is aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation.

TRUE

Motivational interviewing rests on the therapeutic core conditions; however, it offers a range of strategies that enable clients to develop action plans leading to change.

TRUE

Narrative practitioners encourage clients to avoid being reduced by totalizing descriptions of their identity.

TRUE

Narrative therapists believe new stories take hold only when there is an audience to appreciate and support such stories.

TRUE

Narrative therapy is a relational and anti-individualistic practice

TRUE

Natalie Rogers expanded on her father's theory of creativity using the expressive arts to enhance personal growth for individuals and groups.

TRUE

One of the functions of a narrative therapist is to ask questions of the client and, based on the answers, generate further questions

TRUE

Operant conditioning was mainly developed by B. F. Skinner. T/F

TRUE

Psychotherapy integration stresses tailoring interventions to the individual client, rather than to an overarching theory.

TRUE

Reality therapy is grounded on some existential concepts. T/F

TRUE

Reframing is the art of putting what is known in a new, more useful perspective. T/F

TRUE

Relaxation training has benefits in areas such as preparing patients for surgery, teaching clients how to cope with chronic pain, and reducing the frequency of migraine attacks.

TRUE

Solution-focused therapists assist clients in paying attention to the exceptions to their problem patterns.

TRUE

Solution-focused therapists use questions that presuppose change, posit multiple answers, and remain goal-directed and future-oriented.

TRUE

Syncretism occurs when a practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, looks for anything that seems to work.

TRUE

The Session Rating Scale (SRS) measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and on client preferences.

TRUE

The best available research reveals that ongoing client feedback provides practitioners with a simple, practical, and meaningful method for documenting the usefulness of treatment

TRUE

The emergence of feminist and postmodern perspectives has moved the field of family therapy toward more egalitarian, collaborative, and co-constructing relationships. T/F

TRUE

The emphasis of contemporary behavior therapy is on evidence-based treatments. T/f

TRUE

The family therapist's skill in communicating understanding and empathy through active listening lays the foundation for an effective working relationship. T/F

TRUE

The use of contracts is often part of reality therapy. T/F

TRUE

Understanding family process is almost always facilitated by "how" questions. T/F

TRUE

What is important is not the way the real world exists but the way we perceive the world to exist. T/F

TRUE

A-B-C model of personality

Temporal sequence of actions, beliefs, and consequences. The theory that people's problems do not stem from activating events but from their beliefs about such events. Thus, the best route to changing problematic emotions is to change one's beliefs about situations

What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?

The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the client's life.

Which of the following is true of narrative therapy and solution-focused therapy?

The client is an expert on his or her own life.

Which of the following statements about creating counter stories is NOT true?

The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story.

Which statement is most true of person-centered theory?

The techniques a therapist uses are less important than are his or her attitudes.

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy?

The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach.

Which is (are) true as applied to behavior therapy?

Therapy should focus on behavior change and not attitude change. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations. A good working relationship between client and therapist is necessary for behavior change to occur.

What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling?

There is growing evidence that spiritual practice promotes psychological well-being.

A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is:

They have strong empirical support.

Eliza considers herself an Adlerian therapist, Julie regards herself as a feminist therapist, and Kyle specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy. What must all three therapists do regardless of their theoretical orientation?

They must decide what relationship style to adopt with each client. They must decide what techniques, procedures, or intervention methods to use in each case. They must decide when to use certain techniques, procedures, or intervention methods, and with which clients.

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption guiding the practice of solution-focused brief therapy?

Using techniques in therapy is a way of discounting a client's capacity to find his or her own way

Which of the following statements is true as it applies to choice theory?

We are motivated completely by internal forces, and our behavior is our best attempt to get what we want.

The founder of reality therapy is

William Glasser

Which of the following is NOT true of reality therapy?

Working through the transference relationship is essential for therapy to occur.

self-directed behavior

a basic assumption that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change

Coping skills program

a behavioral procedure for helping clients deal effectively with stressful situations by learning to modify their thinking patterns

postmodernist

a believer in subjective realities that cannot exist independently of the observational processes used. Problems exist when people agree that there is a problem that needs to be addressed

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

a blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan

social skills training

a broad category of learning that deals with an individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations. A treatment package used to teach clients skills that include modeling, behavior rehearsal, and reinforcement

totalizing descriptions

a categorical description of people that constricts them to a single dimension that purports to capture their identity.

A family therapist poses the following question: "Who seems to be most upset when mom comes home late from work?" She is asking _____ question.

a circular or relational

selective abstraction

a cognitive distortion that involves forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event

Dichotomous thinking

a cognitive error that involves categorizing experiences in either-or extremes

The multilayered approach to family therapy is best supported by

a collaborative therapist-client relationship

self-modification

a collection of cognitive behavioral strategies based on the idea that change can be brought about by teaching people to use coping skills in various problematic situations

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

a comprehensive integration of the principles and skills of mindfulness applied to the treatment of depression

Theoretical integration

a conceptual of theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques with the goal of producing a synthesis of the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches; assumes that the combined creation will be richer than either theory alone.

empathy

a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client

A consistent theme that underlies most of Carl Roger's writings is

a faith in the capacity of individuals to develop in a constructive manner if a climate of trust is established

functional family

a family in which the needs of the individual members are met and there is a balance of interdependence and autonomy among members

Identified patient

a family member who carries the symptom for a family and who is identified by the family as the person with the problem. In genograms this person is the index person

technical integration (technical eclecticism)

a focus on selecting the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem. It tends to focus on differences, chooses from many approaches, and is a collection of techniques

stress inoculation training (SIT)

a form of cognitive behavior modification developed by Donald Meichenbaum that is a combination of information giving, Socratic discussion, cognitive restructuring, problem solving

formula first session task

a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their first and second therapy sessions. Clients are asked to simply observe what is happening in their lives that they want to continue happening

Rational emotive imagery

a form of intense mental practice for learning new emotional and physical habits. Clients imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving in exactly the way they would like to in everyday situations

actualizing tendency

a growth force within us; a directional process of striving towards self-regulation, self-determination, realization, fulfillment, perfection, and inner freedom; the basis on which people can be trusted to identify and resolve their own problems in a therapeutic relationship

motivational interviewing (MI)

a humanistic client-centered, psychosocial, directive counseling approach that was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick in the early 1980s

Facilitating change is what happens when family therapy is viewed as

a joint or collaborative process

The person-centered philosophy views diagnosis as:

a labeling process that diminishes the therapist's ability to develop a holistic understanding of the client

Which of these techniques is NOT used in solution-focused therapy?

a lifestyle assessment

progressive muscle relaxation

a method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned

Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT)

a mindfulness-based program that encourages clients to accept, rather than attempt to control or change, unpleasant sensations

multimodal therapy

a model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus

Positive psychology

a movement that has come into prominence that shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach

humanistic psychology

a movement, often referred to as the "third force," that emphasizes freedom, choice, values, growth, self-actualization, becoming, spontaneity, creativity, play, humor, peak experiences, and psychological health

social effectiveness training (SET)

a multifaceted treatment program designed to reduce social anxiety, improve interpersonal skills, and increase the range of enjoyable social activities

According to most behavior therapists, a good working relationship between client and therapist is

a necessary, but not sufficient condition for behavior change to occur.

family sculpting

a nonverbal experiential technique that consists of physically arranging members of a family in space, which reveals significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings about one another

triangulation

a pattern of interaction consisting of detouring conflict between two people by involving a third person

Cognitive triad

a pattern that triggers depression

social learning approach (or social-cognitive approach)

a perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura

postmodernism

a philosophical movement across a variety of disciples that has aimed at critically examining many of the assumptions that are part of the established truths of society. The postmodern worldview acknowledges the complexity, relativity, and intersubjectivity of all human experience

In reality therapy, our quality world is likened to

a picture album

narrative therapy

a postmodern approach to therapy that is based on the therapist's personal characteristics that allow for creating a climate that encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist clients in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.

solution-focused brief therapy

a postmodern approach to therapy that provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking about their problems. SFBT is an optimistic, anti deterministic, future-oriented approach based on the assumption that clients have the ability to change quickly and can create a problem-free language as they strive for a new reality.

syncretism

a practitioner, lacking in knowledge and skill in selecting interventions, grabs for anything that seems to work, often making no attempt to determine whether the therapeutic procedures are indeed effective

systematic desensitization

a procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety-arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response

reauthoring

a process in narrative therapy in which client and therapist jointly create an alternative life story

Acceptance

a process involving receiving our present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and gentleness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment

overgeneralization

a process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings

socratic dialogue

a process that cognitive therapists use in helping clients empirically test their core beliefs. Clients form hypotheses about their behavior through observation and monitoring

mindfulness

a process that involves becoming increasingly observant and aware of external and internal stimuli in the present moment and adopting an open attitude toward accepting what is, rather than judging the current situation

interpersonal effectiveness

a process that involves learning to ask for what one needs and how to say "no" while maintaining self-respect and relationships with others

therapeutic collaboration

a process whereby the therapist strives to engage the client's active participation in all phases of therapy

To a large degree, cognitive therapy is

a psychoeducational model

constructivist approach

a recent development in cognitive therapy that emphasizes the subjective framework and interpretations of the client rather than looking to the objective bases of faulty beliefs

Negative punishment

a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior

genogram

a schematic diagram of the family system, usually including at least three generations; employed by many family therapists to identify recurring behavior patterns within the family

common factors approach

a search for common elements across different theoretical systems

mapping-the-influence questions

a series of questions asked about a problem that a client has internalized as a means of understanding the relationship between the person and the problem

behavioral assessment

a set of procedures used to get information that will guide the development of a tailor-made treatment plan for each client and help measure the effectiveness of treatment

Reality therapy is best described as

a short-term therapy that stresses doing

narrative

a social constructionist conceptualization of how people create "storied" meaning in their lives

anger management training

a social skills program designed for individuals who have trouble with aggressive behavior

miracle question

a solution-focused technique that asks clients to imagine how their life would be different if they woke up tomorrow and they no longer had their problem

scaling questions

a solution-focused technique that asks clients to observe changes in feelings, moods, thoughts, and behaviors. On a scale of zero to 10, clients are asked to rate some change in their experiences

reinforcement

a specified event that strengthens the tendency for a response to be repeated. It involves some kind of reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response

shame-attacking exercises

a strategy used in REBT therapy that encourages people to do things despite a fear of feeling foolish or embarrassed. The aim of the exercise is to teach people that they can function effectively even if they might be perceived as doing foolish acts

Behavior rehearsal

a technique consisting of trying out in therapy new behaviors (performing target behaviors) that are to be used in everyday situations

personalization

a tendency for for people to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection

Musturbation

a term coined by Ellis to refer to behavior that is absolutist and rigid. We tell ourselves that we must, should, or ought to do or be something.

structural therapy

a therapeutic approach directed at changing or realigning the organization of a family to modify dysfunctional patterns and clarify boundaries

Behavior modification

a therapeutic approach that deals with analyzing and modifying human behavior

Experiential therapy

a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the values of the therapist's realness in interacting with a family

strategic therapy

a therapeutic approach whereby the therapist develops a specific plan and designs interventions geared toward solving a family's presenting problems

social constructionism

a therapeutic perspective within a postmodern worldview that stresses that client's reality without disputing the accuracy or validity of the reality. Social constructionism emphasizes the ways in which people make meaning in social relationships

not-knowing position

a therapist's stance that invites clients to become the experts who are informing the therapist about the significant narratives of their lives

triangle

a three-person system; the smallest stable emotional unit of human relations

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them

externalizing conversation

a way of speaking in which the problem may be spoken of as if it is a distinct entity that is separate from the person

dominant story

a way of understanding a situation that has been so widely accepted within a culture that it appears to represent "reality." Growing out of conversations in a social and cultural context, dominant stories shape reality in that they construct and constitute what people see, feel, and do.

Unconditional positive regard refers to

accepting clients as worthy persons.

All of the following are true of narrative therapy except for

accepting the premise that diagnosis is a basic prerequisite for effective treatment

Which of the following is considered important in person-centered therapy?

accurate diagnosis accurate therapist interpretation therapeutic experiments NONE OF THE ABOVE

The correct components of the A-B-C theory of personality are:

activating event, belief, consequence

Which technique(s) is(are) most often used in the person-centered approach?

active listening and reflection

immediacy

addressing what is going on between the client and therapist right now

classical conditioning

also known as Pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning. A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a particular response. The result is that eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response

An axiom of choice theory is that

although the past may have contributed to a current problem the past is never the problem

coalition

an alliance between two people against a third

"Third force" in therapy

an alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches; under this heading are the experiential and relationship-oriented therapies (existential therapy, person-centered therapy, and Gestalt therapy)

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

an approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term "behavior therapy," due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions.)

positive psychology

an approach that concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and problems

constructivist narrative perspective

an approach that focuses on the stories that people tell about themselves and others regarding significant events in their lives

expressive arts therapy

an approach that makes use of various arts--such as movement, drawing, painting, sculpting, music, and improvisation--in a supportive setting for the purpose of growth and healing

self-instructional therapy

an approach to therapy based on the assumption that what people say to themselves directly influences the things they do. Training consists of learning new self-talk aimed at coping with problems

positive punishment

an aversive stimulus adding after the behavior to decrease the frequency of a behavior

conjoint family therapy

an early human validation process model developed by Virginia Satir that emphasizes communication and emotional experiencing

human validation process model

an experiential and humanistic approach developed by Virginia Satir, which viewed techniques as being secondary to the relationship a therapist develops with the family

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

an exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients

picture album

an image of our specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants

self-efficacy

an individual's belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change

Which of the following would NOT be used by a reality therapist?

analysis of the transference relationship hypnosis the analysis of dreams the search for causes of current problems

applied behavior analysis

another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.

Pretherapy change is a solution-focused therapy technique that

asks clients to address changes that have taken place fro the time they made an appointment to the first therapy session

unique outcome

aspects of lived experience that lie outside the realm of dominant stories or in contradiction to the problem-saturated story.

The _____ approach is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches.

assimilative integration

pre therapy change

at the first therapy session, solution-focused therapists often inquire about precession improvements, or anything clients have done since scheduling the appointment that has made a difference in their problems

reality therapy

based on choice theory, this approach provides a way of implementing therapeutic procedures for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives

Behavior therapists tend to

be active and directive function as consultants function as problem solvers

Behavior therapists tend to:

be active and directive. function as consultants. function as problem solvers.

Which of the following approaches does NOT emphasize the personal relationship as the crucial determinant of treatment outcomes?

behavioral approach

self-compassion

being understanding toward ourselves when we suffer or fail rather than being self-critical

in vivo desensitization

brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event

structural-strategic approaches

by the late 1970s, these complimentary approaches were the most used models in family systems therapy. Interventions generated in the models became synonymous with a systems approach; they included joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, paradoxical interventions, and enactments.

homework

carefully designed and agreed upon assignments aimed at getting clients to carry out positive actions that induce emotional and attitudinal change. These assignments are checked in later sessions, and clients learn effective ways to dispute self-defeating thinking

paining behaviors

choosing misery by developing symptoms (such as head aching, depressing, and anxietying) because these seem like the best behaviors at the time

self-evaluation

clients' assessment of current behavior to decide whether it is working and if what they are doing is meeting their needs. It is the cornerstone of reality therapy procedures

Most outcome studies in counseling have been conducted by researchers affiliated with

cognitive behavior therapy

Support, warmth, feedback, reassurance, and credibility are considered _____ that have empirically been shown to be curative

common factors

According to Glasser, all of the following are basic psychological needs except for

competition

Beck's cognitive therapy involves all of the options below except: looking at a client's "internal dialogue." helping clients recognize and discard self defeating thinking. correcting erroneous beliefs. conducting a lifestyle assessment.

conducting a lifestyle assessment.

Which of the following is NOT a key general movement of the multilayered approach to family systems therapy?

conducting empirical research to evaluate outcomes

The antidote to stress communications, according to Satir, is _______, in which family members are emotionally honest, speak for themselves, stay grounded (or centered), and are able to share their feelings and ask for what is needed.

congruence

According to Carl Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are

congruence unconditional positive regard empathic understanding

In deciding which interventions will be most helpful for the client, the counselor practicing in an integrative manner must:

consider the client's personality and motivation for change. consider the approach that relates most consistently to the client's world view. be willing to accept feedback from clients. consider the client's cultural context.

In vivo flooding

consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli

schema

core beliefs that are centrally related to dysfunctional behaviors. The process of cognitive therapy involves restructuring distorted core beliefs

In solution-focused therapy, which kind of relationship is characterized by the client and therapist jointly identifying a problem and a solution to work toward?

customer-type relationship

A limitation of traditional behavior therapy is its

de-emphasis on the role of feelings in therapy

Generic cognitive model

describes principles pertaining to all CT applications from depression and anxiety treatments to therapies for a wide variety of other problems

Rogers made a contribution to:

developing the humanistic movement in psychotherapy pioneering research in the process and outcomes of therapy fostering world peace pioneering the encounter-group movement

A major contribution of Bowen's theory is the notion of

differentiation of the self

A major difference between an eclectic and an integrated approach to counseling is:

eclectic approaches are susceptible to syncretism, while integrated approaches combine techniques based on theoretical reasons.

The main goal of behavior therapy is

eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

main goal of behavior therapy

eliminating maladaptive learning and providing for more effective learning

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of brief therapy?

emphasis on client's deficits and unconscious dynamics

emotion-focused therapy (EFT)

entails the practice of therapy being informed by understanding the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic change. Strategies used in EFT are aimed at strengthening the self, regulating affect, and creating new meaning

consequences

events that take place as a result of a specific behavior being performed

Mindfulness practices rely on

experiential learning and client discovery

Which method(s) is(are) often used in reality therapy?

exploring a client's quality world the use of questioning behavior-oriented methods designing an action plan

What are some procedures in reality therapy that are said to lead to change?

exploring wants, needs, and perceptions focusing on current behavior the client's evaluating of his or her own behavior. the client's committing to a plan of action.

An exposure-based procedure that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the induction of rapid, rhythmic eye movements aimed at treatment of traumatic experiences is called

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

In person-centered group counseling, the role of the counselor is best described as a

facilitator

hierarchical structure

family functioning based on generational boundaries that involve parental control and authority

The person-centered approach has been applied to:

family therapy personal-growth groups foreign relations education

Prolonged/intense exposure--either in real life or in imagination--to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called

flooding

A tool for collecting and organizing key relationships in a three-generational extended family is a

genogram

Congruence refers to the therapist's

genuineness

Which of the following roles and functions would be most atypical for a structural family therapist?

giving voice to the therapist's own impulses and fantasies

Behavior therapy is suited for

group therapy institutions and clinics classroom learning situations individual therapy

Behavior therapy is suited for:

group therapy. institutions and clinics. classroom learning situations. individual therapy.

Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches

have received empirical support as an effective form of therapy

Roger and his wife are experiencing tension in their relationship because he believes she is far too lenient with their children when they misbehave. This forces him to play the role of "bad cop" as a parent, which makes him angry. A family therapist working with Roger and his family might:

help to modify the family's transactional rules and develop more appropriate boundaries.

Which approach attempts to bring family patterns to life in the present through sculpting and family reconstructions?

human validation process model

Person-centered therapy is a form of

humanistic

Person-centered therapy is a

humanistic approach to therapy

behavioral analysis

identifying the maintaining conditions by systematically gathering information about situational antecedents, the dimensions of the problem behavior, and the consequences of the problem

boundary

in structural family therapy, an emotional barrier that protects individuals within a system

The systems perspective implies

individuals are best understood through the context of their role in their family

The client's quality world consists of all of the following except

insight

In vivo flooding consists of

intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli

in vivo flooding

intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli

cognitive processes

internal events such as thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and self-statements

A major goal of narrative therapy is to

invite clients to describe their experience in new and fresh language, and in doing this open up a new vision of what is possible

in vivo exposure

involves client exposure to actual anxiety-evoking events rather than merely imagining these situations

stress inoculation

involves giving individuals opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, so that they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli

Negative reinforcement

involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred

REBT views emotional disturbances as the result of

irrational thinking and behaving

Yelina seems to ignore the major marital problems that she and her husband Carlos are having as a result of sharp differences in their viewpoints on political and social issues that are affecting their native country, Cuba. Whenever a friend points our the tension she observes, Yelina changes the subject and talks about the weather forecast. Yelina is adopting which of the following communication stances?

irrelevant

Dialectical behavior therapy

is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques

According to the approach, insight

is not necessary for producing behavior change

Emotion-focused therapy

is rooted in a person-centered philosophy incorporates aspects of Gestalt therapy into the process. incorporates aspects of existential therapy into the process

The MI spirit

it is essential that therapists function within the spirit of MI, rather than simply applying the strategies of the approach. The attitudes and skills in MI are based on a person-centered philosophy

Regarding the goals of reality therapy,

it is the client's responsibility to decide goals.

Sometimes it seems as though people actually choose to be miserable (depressed). Glasser explains the dynamics of depressing as being based on

keeping anger under control getting others to help us excusing our unwillingness to do something more effective

modeling

learning through observation and imitation

Psychotherapy integration

looks beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives

session rating scale (SRS)

measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and client preferences

The technique of reflection involves the therapist:

mirroring the client's emotional experience of a particular situation

Which is (are) a key role (or roles) of most family therapists?

model teacher coach consultant

Negative cognitive triad

negative views of the self (self-criticism), the world (pessimism), and the future (hopelessness)

Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows:

no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another

In person-centered therapy, transference is

not an essential or significant factor in the therapy process

antecedent events

ones that cue or elicit a certain behavior

The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is:

operant conditioning

Applied behavior analysis makes use of

operant conditioning techniques

A limitation of the approach as it applies to multicultural counseling is

oppressed clients may have little choice over their circumstances

exceptions

past experiences in a client's life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur, but somehow it did not

When reality therapists explore a client's past, they tend to focus on

past successes

stages of change

people are assumed to progress through a series of five identifiable stages of motivation and readiness to change in the counseling process. They include the pre contemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage, and the maintenance stage.

problem-saturated story

people often come to therapy feeling overwhelmed by their problems to which they are fused. Narrative therapists assist clients in understanding that they do not have to be reduced by these totalizing descriptions of their identity.

magnification and minimization

perceiving a case or a situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves

The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is:

personalization

labeling and mislabeling

portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity

Which of the following interventions is least likely to be used by a narrative therapist?

power analysis and intervention

In what stage of change do individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes?

preparation

relapse prevention

procedure for promoting long-term maintenance that involves identifying situations in which clients are likely to regress to old patterns and developing coping skills for such situations

cognitive behavioral coping skills therapy

procedures aimed at teaching clients specific skills to deal effectively with problematic situations

flooding

prolonged and intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli without the opportunity to avoid or escape from them

__________ is best characterized by attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives.

psychotherapy integration

assessment interview

questioning that enables the therapist to identify the particular antecedent and consequent events that influence or are functionally related to an individual's behavior

positive reinforcement

receiving something desirable as a consequence of a behavior; a reward that increases the probability of its recurrence

reframing

relabeling a family's description of behavior by putting it into a new and more positive perspective

Research evidence from meta-analyses has demonstrated that psychotherapy is

remarkably effective

Cognitive behavioral therapists assist clients in using language that:

replaces absolutes with preferences. depicts the client's thoughts in a rational and accurate manner. is not self-condemning.

EMDR is typically used to help clients

restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events

EMDR is typically used to help clients:

restructure their cognitions regarding traumatic events

family life-fact chronology

satir's experiential technique in which clients retrace their family history for the purpose of gaining insight into current family functioning

responsibility

satisfying one's needs in ways that do not interfere with others' fulfilling their needs

The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration:

searches for shared elements across different theoretical systems

Assimilative integration

selectively incorporating a variety of interventions from other therapeutic approaches, but grounded in a single coherent theoretical system

As a result of experiencing person-centered therapy, it is hypothesized that the client will move toward

self-trust an internal source of evaluation being more open to experience a willingness to continue growing

Accurate empathic understanding refers to the therapist's ability to

sense the inner world of the client's subjective experience

exception questions

solution-focused therapists inquire about those times in clients' lives when the problems they identify have not been problematic. Exploring these exceptions reminds clients that problems are not all-powerful and have not existed forever

cycle of counseling

specific ways of creating a positive climate in which counseling can occur. The proper environment is based on personal involvement and specific procedures aimed at change

self-management

strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behaviors, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common pathways toward the integration of psychotherapies?

symbolic integration

Which path calls for using techniques from different schools without necessarily subscribing to the theoretical positions that spawned them?

technical integration

A limitation of the person-centered approach is a

tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients sufficiently

The therapeutic process in solution-focused brief therapy involves all of the following except for the notion

that clients are the experts on their own lives

The view of human nature underlying reality therapy is

that we have a need for identity. that we have the need to feel loved and to love others. that we need to feel worthwhile to ourselves and others.

presence

the ability to "be with" someone fully in the present moment; being engaged and absorbed in the relationship with the client

accurate empathic understanding

the act of perceiving accurately the internal frame of reference of another; the ability to grasp the person's subjective world without losing one's own identity

commitment

the act of sticking to a realistic plan aimed at change

Behavior therapy

the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence

self-actualization

the central theme of the work of Abraham Maslow. His theory of self-actualization is postulated on a hierarchy of needs as a source of motivation

In behavior therapy it is generally agreed that

the client should decide the treatment goals

BASIC I.D.

the conceptual framework of multimodal therapy, based on the premise that human personality can be understood by assessing seven major areas of functioning: behavior, affective responses, sensations, images, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functions

deconstruction

the exploration of meaning by taking apart, or unpacking, the taken-for-granted categories and assumptions underlying social practices that pose as truth

family structure

the functional organization of a family, which determines interactional patterns among members

family rules

the implicit agreements that prescribe the rights, duties, and range of appropriate behaviors within the family

family dysfunction

the inability of a family to attain harmonious relationships and to achieve interdependence

total behavior

the integrated components of doing, thinking, feeling, and physiology. Choice theory assumes that all elements of behavior are interrelated

Which of the following distinguishes the cognitive trend in behavior therapy from the trends of classical and operant conditioning?

the integration of thoughts and feelings in the process of behavior change

Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on

the interplay between the individual and the environment

WDEP system

the key procedures applied to the practice of reality therapy groups. The strategies help clients identify their wants, determine the direction their behavior is taking them, make self-evaluations, and design plans for change.

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe life without the problem?

the miracle question

therapeutic core conditions

the necessary and sufficient characteristics of the therapeutic relationship for client change to occur. These core conditions include therapist congruence (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard (acceptance and respect), and accurate empathic understanding

psychological needs

the needs for belonging, power, freedom, and fun; these are the forces that drive humans and explain behavior

Unconditional positive regard

the nonjudgmental expression of fundamental respect for the person as a human; acceptance of a person's right to his or her feelings.

Behavior therapy is characterized by

the objective assessment of the results of therapy a focus on overt specific behavior the design of an appropriate treatment plan a formulation of precise treatment goals

Behavior therapy is characterized by:

the objective assessment of the results of therapy. a focus on overt specific behavior. the design of an appropriate treatment plan. a formulation of precise treatment goals.

cognitive structure

the organizing aspect of thinking, which monitors and directs the choice of thoughts; implies an "executive processor," one that determines when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking patterns

family of origin

the original nuclear family into which one was born or adopted

quality world

the perceptions and images we have of how we can fulfill our basic psychological needs; another phrase for picture album

Virginia Satir's human validation process model emphasizes

the presence of the therapist. the relationship between therapist and family. empathic listening. nurturance

Behavior therapy is grounded on

the principles of learning

coauthoring

the process by which both therapist and client share responsibility for the development of alternative stories

punishment

the process in which a behavior is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of a behavior

self-monitoring

the process of observing one's own behavior patterns as well as one's interactions in various social situations

functional assessment

the process of systematically generating information on the events preceding and following the behavior in an attempt to determine which antecedents and consequences are associated with the occurrence of the behavior

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

the program applies mindfulness techniques to coping with stress and promoting physical and psychological health

Rationality

the quality of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help us attain our goals. Irrationality consists of thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that are self-defeating and that thwart our goals

perceived world

the reality that we experience and interpret subjectively

What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?

the relationship between the client and therapist

In narrative therapy, the process of finding evidence to bolster a new view of the person as competent enough to have stood up to or defeated the dominance or oppression of the problem refers to

the search for unique outcomes

internal dialogue

the sentences that people tell themselves and the debate that often goes on "inside their head"; a form of self-talk, or inner speech

family life cycle

the series of events that marks an individual's life within a family, from separation from one's parents to marriage to growing old and dying

evidence-based practice

the shift toward adopting therapeutic practices that are grounded in empirical evidence reflects a commitment to "what works, not on what theory applies."

operant conditioning

the situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them

congruence

the state in which self-experiences are accurately symbolized in the self-concept. As applied to the therapist, congruence is matching one's inner experiencing with external expressions; congruence is a quality of realness or genuineness of the therapist

Alternative story

the story that develops in counseling in contradiction to the dominant story that is embedded in a client's problem

negative reinforcement

the termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior

choice theory

the view that humans are internally motivated and behave to control the world around them according to some purpose within them. We are basically self-determining and create our own destiny

multigenerational transmission process

the way in which dysfunctional patterns are passed from one generation to the next

According to Glasser, many of the problems of clients are caused by

their inability to connect or to have a satisfying relationship with at least one of the significant people in their lives.

Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere blending of techniques?

theoretical integration

One aspect of integration that is particularly well suited to taking cultural factors into account is

therapeutic flexibility

Evidence-based treatments

therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use

involvement

therapist interest in and caring for the client

One strength of the person-centered approach is that

therapists have the latitude to develop their own counseling style

One of the limitations of the person-centered approach is that:

there can be a tendency to give too much support and not enough challenge

postmodern approaches to family therapy

these models seek to reduce or eliminate the power and impact of the family therapist. They include solution-focused and solution-oriented therapies as well as narrative therapy

spiritual/religious values

these play a major part in the lives and struggles of many people. Exploring spiritual/religious values, when deemed important by the client, can enhance the therapy process

The cognitive-behavioral approach to therapy stresses:

thinking, judging, analyzing, and doing

multilayered process of family therapy

this perspective serves as a basic structure for assessment both of the family members and the system

The function of the reality therapist is

to assist clients in dealing with the present

exposure therapies

treatment for fears and other negative emotional responses by carefully exposing clients to situations or events contributing to such problems

A couple directs the focus of their energy toward a problematic son as a way to avoid facing or dealing with their own conflicts. This is an example of

triangulation

Which is NOT a key concept of reality therapy?

unconscious motivation

A major strength of both solution-focused and narrative therapies is the

use of questioning

WDEP stands for

wants, doing, self-evaluation, planning

hierarchy of needs

we are able to strive toward self-actualization only after these four basic needs are met: physiological, safety, love, and esteem

Reality therapy sets on the central idea that

we choose our behavior and are responsible for what we do, think, and feel

self-talk

what people "say" to themselves when they are thinking. The internal dialogue that goes on within an individual in stressful situations

extinction

when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcing consequences, the result is a decrease in the frequency of the behavior in the future

Chun Hei is a Korean immigrant who has been separated from her family and friends for over a year since she came to the U.S. with her husband. She spends her days taking care of their two young children while he goes to work, and feels increasingly depressed without her support system. It is likely that a family therapist who meets Chun Hei:

would be very interested in how her depression affects others in the family and how it influences family process.

contingency contracting

written agreement between a client and another person that specifies the relationship between performing target behaviors and their consequences

Reality therapy was designed originally for working with

youthful offenders in detention facilities