psych test 2

according the freud, a dream is

a persons unconscious desire that they wish to fulfill

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of _____.

a schema

a preexisiting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret info is called

a schema

which of the following is an example of functional fixedness

albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles

drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation produce:

altered states of consciousness

Jennifer suffered a stroke at the age of forty-nine years. Since the stroke, she has not been able to form any new memories or process new information. However, she remembers all her friends and family members and can recount stories from her past with great accuracy. In this scenario, Jennifer most likely has _____.

anterograde amnesia

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called

automatic processes

Sharon can type a text without even looking, this is an example of

automatic processing

which of the following is a way to improve short term memory

chunking

what is the learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

classical conditioning

jess loves to travel by plane, but her last three flights made her sick, this fear of flying now is from what classical condition

conditioned response

Many smokers like to associate themselves to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are illustrating:

confirmation bias

an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called

consciousness

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.

declarative memory

recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

declarative memory

Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying. she is demonstrating

divided attention

what refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

elaboration

the first step in memory is

encoding

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory

episodic

at the top level, long term memory is divided into the substructures of

explicit and implicit memory

in operant conditioning, what means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

generalization

traits of a critical thinker

grasping the deeper meaning of ideas

if professor wanger were to build a robot that functions using only automatic processes, we would expect it to make decisions using

heuristics

After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of:

hindsight bias

which element of sensory memory would most be useful to stan, who is quickly scanning a map of the US to learn the states

iconic memory

positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

increases the frequency of a behavior

in the context of short memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal

information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted

narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by

irresistible urge to sleep

which of the following is true of classical conditioning

it occurs w/o awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together

which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term

it often involves mechanically repeating information

which best illustrates a flashbulb memory

joe remembers what he was doing when he found out his wife was in an accident

what in the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes

learned helplessness

aaron closes his eyes to imagine the parts of the heart from his textbook, what type of encoding process is he using

mental imagery

liam isi studying in his room but his neighbors loud music distracts him so he closes the window. he is demonstrating what in operant conditioning

negative reinforcement

what in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable

negative reinforcement

which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning

observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills

being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as

open mindness

morphine and heroin are derivatives of

opium

in the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list

primary effect

cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of

problem solving

Jackie is amazed at how fast Eric's fingers move over the keyboard when he plays computer games. Eric doesn't have to look at the keypad to recall the placement of each key. His fingers automatically move to the keys meant for controlling his in-game character while he focuses on game strategies. Which type of memory is primarily responsible for Eric's dexterity with the keyboard?

procedural memory

which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible

recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation

in the context of processes involved in memory, storage refers to the process of ____ info

retaining

in the contect of the processes involved in memory, which of the following best describes encoding

retaining the information

which of the following statements about the retrieval memory is true

retrieval is heavily dependant on the way a memory was retained

Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____.

retrograde amnesia

in the context of operant conditioning, a reinforce that acquires its positive value through an organisms experience is a what reinforcer

secondary

David, a sales representative, earns an extra $1000 every time he is able to sell $10,000 worth of merchandise in a week. In the context of operant conditioning, this bonus acts as a(n) _____ for David

secondary reinforcer

Thomas is playing his video game and is about to complete the last level, he seems unaware that his mom has been calling for him for long. What is he demonstrating

selective attention

Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him. As Boris has never played chess before, Jacob explains the rules of the game to him. What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?

semantic memory

short term memory can store info for longer period time that

sensory

. Jackie walks through her neighborhood park every evening because she finds the experience stimulating. She hears dogs barking, children laughing, and people talking. She smells flowers, trees, and sometimes, rain. She sees couples in love, families together, and nature in full bloom. Which of the following systems of memory is responsible for holding this information from the world in its original form?

sensory memory

what is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction to several seconds

sensory memory

. While auditioning for a play, Theodore insists that he will audition either first or last. He believes that there are greater chances of him making a lasting impression if he is either first or last. In this scenario, Theodore is adhering to the _____.

serial position

what refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more than the middle

serial position effect

roger witnesses a burglary but can only remember vague details. what is his highest level of encoding info?

shallow

a person is most likely to store a 7 digit number in his what memory

short term

Sarah's grandfather takes a nap in his recliner while snoring loudly. When he suddenly stops snoring, Sarah looks to see if he is fine. He appears not to be breathing. For a moment Sarah wonders if he's dead, but suddenly he coughs and resumes snoring. Sarah's grandfather appears to suffer from:

sleep apnea

while attending a lecture, lea starts to yawn, she leans her chair back and falls asleep. occasionaolly jerking her head. What stage of sleep is she in

stage 1

helen works the night shift at a grocery store every other night. she has trouble sleeping, this is most likely due to what

the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle

which of the following statements is true of REM sleep

the longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming

Two years ago, Naomi played the part of Lady Macbeth in a talent show. She recited an entire monologue from one of the scenes of the play. Now, Naomi can only recollect the opening lines of the same monologue. Which of the following tendencies is Naomi displaying in this scenario by recalling only the opening lines?

the primary effect

the concept of mindfulness refers to

the state of being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities

valium and Xanax are

tranquilizers

what memory refers to a combination of components that include short term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks

working