Psych test 2
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
concepts
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
creative
What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
information about events we have personally experienced
Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.
extrinsic
If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.
facial feedback hypothesis
The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.
facial feedback hypothesis
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?
interpersonal
________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.
intrinsic
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
The satiety hormone is called ________.
leptin
Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?
lexicon
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
linguistic
Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.
mastery of the grammatical aspects of language
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Emotions can be a conditioned response.
The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.
I
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B . hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient
hindsight
Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.
how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory
implicit
in the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a __________
neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________.
no longer providing that same enjoyment
Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. Greg is ________.
obese
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning
observational
An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.
one piece of information versus all of the information
The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.
one standard deviation above the mean
Which of the following is the best example of a habit?
chewing on your hair to relieve stress
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgment, language, and memory.
cognition
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
phoneme
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
practical
. ________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
primary
Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?
processing memory
A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.
prototype
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?
set point
Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?
severe
What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term
semantic and episodic
Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?
sematics
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory
sensory
The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
sexual response cycle
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect
B. self-reference effect
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. In the following sentence, what is the motivation? Sheila wants to complete a marathon so she buys new running shoes and spends every day timing how long it takes her to run the high school track.
completing a marathon
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
continuous
________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
creative
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory
flashbulb
What is confirmation bias?
focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory
arousal theory
_______ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.
artificial
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.
representational bias
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.
confirmation
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation
construction;reconstruction
Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
esteem
Amy is a woman who feels emotional and sexual attraction for other women but not towards men. Amy is ________.
homosexual
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
If you believe you will win the hot dog eating competition, then you have a sense of ________, and you are more likely to enter the hot dog eating competition.
self-efficacy
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
semantic
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people B. short-term memory itself has different forms C. people process happy memories better than sad memories D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color
short-term memory itself has different forms
Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
spatial
Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
mild
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
thinking
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
vicarious punishment
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding
visual
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.
wanting to become a chef
Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
refractory period
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
How is homosexuality similar to bisexuality?
Both types of sexuality involve loving another person
Which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkes-Dodson law?
A low level of arousal will lead to optimal performance when disarming a bomb
Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?
Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives
What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?
All of the concepts are examples of mental set.
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual
B. long-term
________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.
Extrinsic
Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.
babbling
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.
basolateral complex
The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.
basolateral; nucleus
What is the main idea of drive theory?
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs
Body dysmorphia is a ________.
distorted body image
Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity
modified the way witnesses are questioned
A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.
morpheme
Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
musical
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
thoughts
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
To maximize learning, a ______________ should be presented on a(n) __________ schedule.
CS+USC, continuous
Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect?
Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.
________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
D. visual
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.
What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?
It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.
Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots
Which of the following is a way that the Kinsey research differed from the Masters and Johnson research?
Kinsey collected data with personal interviews; Masters and Johnson recorded measurements of physiological variables
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"
Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.
________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.
Motivation
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding
Stroop Effect
Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
Which of the following statements about the basolateral complex is incorrect?
The amygdala is part of the basolateral complex.
What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.
The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.
What is the Flynn effect?
The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?
We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list.
achievement
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
acoustic
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Adam to engage politely with his coworkers.
affiliation
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.
analytical
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.
analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
anorexia nervosa
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior?
attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do
In the following sentence, identify the intrinsic motivation. Leela, age 16, attends free lectures at the community college because she loves to learn, she visits her grandmother to hear about her mother's childhood, and she cooks dinner and cleans the house once a week to earn her allowance.
attending free lectures because she loves to learn
Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.
automatic
Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience
bias
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.
biological; social
Jude is a man who is emotionally and sexually attracted to both men and women. Jude is ________.
bisexual
________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.
bisexual
Anasophia binges on chocolates, then induces vomiting, and then swallows laxatives. Anasophia probably suffers from ________ nervosa.
bulimia
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex
cerebellum
________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.
emotion;memory
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.
experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally
Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.
experiences
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories
explicit memories
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning
latent
Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also
laughing when you see other kinds of hats
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.
mental set
A person's ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.
metabolic rate
Schemata are a(an) ________.
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
model
Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?
modest
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect
recognition
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory B. hyperthymesia C. rehearsal D. relearning
rehearsal
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning
relearning
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia D. retrieval C. storage
retrieval
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde
retrograde
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience
transience
What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis?
The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde
anterograde
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
functional fixedness
An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.
instinct
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.
interpersonal; intrapersonal
Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.
intrinsic
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion
intrusion
Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?
patriotism
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.
physiological and cognitive
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde
retrograde;anterograde
Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.
role
Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
safety and employment
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
unconditioned response
