Psych Test 5
A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology, this observation is embodied in the ___________ _____________ principle.
relative deprivation
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called _____________________
repression
Which component of Type A personality has been linked most closely to coronary heart disease?
Feeling angry and negative much of the time
What are some of the tactics we can use to manage successfully the stress we cannot avoid?
Aerobic exercises, relaxation proceeders, mindfulness meditation, and religious engagement
How does being physically attractive influence others' perceptions?
Being physically attractive tends to elicit positive first impressions. People tend to assume that attractive people are healthier, happier and more socially skilled than others
___________________(Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ___________________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life
Defensive;secure
How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
Emotions consist of 1) physical arousal and 2) our interpretation of that arousal. Researchers have found that any source of arousal (running/fear/laughter) may be interpreted as passion in the presence of a desirable person
What is the best way to predict a person's future behavior?
Examine the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations
Are people in different cultures more likely to differ in their interpretations of facial expressions or of gestures?
Gestures
Why didn't anyone help Kitty Genovese? What social psychology principle did this incident illustrate?
In the presence of others an individual is less likely to notice a situation correctly interpret it as an emergency and take responsibility for offering help. The Kitty Genovese demonstrated this bystander effect as each witness assumed many others were also aware of the event.
The ___________-_________theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens BEFORE we know what we are feeling
James-Lange
What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace
Peacemakers should encourage equal-status contact cooperation to achieve superordinate goals (shared goals that override differences) understanding through communication and reciprocated conciliatory gestures (each side gives a little).
What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem
People who feel confident int heir abilities are often happier, have greater motivation, and are less susceptible to depression. Excessive optimism and very high self-esteem can lead to blindness to one's own incompetence, self-serving bias, and narcissism
____________________ test ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus for example by describing it or telling a story about it.
Projective
The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called ________________-__________________ __________________
Self-serving bias
Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses? Why do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
Sports fans may feel a part of an in-group that sets itself apart from an outgroup (fans of the archival team). In-group bias tends to develop lending to prejudice and the view that the outgroup "deserves" misfortune. SO the archival team's loss may seem justified. In conflicts this kind of thinking is problematic especially when each side in the conflict develops mirror-image perceptions of the other (distorted, negative images that are ironically similar).
Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure's demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist ______________ ______________.
Stanley Milgram
_________________ theories of personality focus and describing characteristic behavior patterns such as agreeableness or extraversion
Trait
Which of the following factors do NOT predict self-reported happiness? Which factors are better predictors? a) age b) personality traits c) close relationships d) gender e) sleep and exercise f) religious faith
a) age and d) gender do NOT effectively predict happiness levels. Better predictors are personality traits, close relationships, sleep and exercise, and religious faith (b, c, e, and f)
Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group? a) finding the group attractive b) feeling secure c) coming from an individualist culture d) having made a prior commitment
a) finding the group attractive
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to a) moral weakness or an addictive personality b) peer pressure c) the easy availability of drugs on city streets d) society's acceptance of drug use
a) moral weakness or an addictive personality
Which fo the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious a) repressed memories of anxiety provoking events b) schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c) parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge d) instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills
a) reprised memories of anxiety provoking events
In Milgram's experiments the rate of compliance was highest when a) the "learner" was a distance from the "teacher" b) the "learner" was close at hand c) other "teachers" refused to go along with the experimenter d) the "teacher" disliked the "learner"
a) the "learner" was distance from the "teacher"
Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about a) the existence of unconscious mental processes b) the Oedipus complex c) the predictive value of Freudian theory d) the superego's role as the executive part of personality
a) the existence of unconscious mental processes
The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factors environmental factors and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is a) the presence of books in a home b) a preference for outdoor play c) the ability to read at fourth-grade level d) the fear of violent action on television
a) the presence of books in a home
Because it triggers the release of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and the endorphins, _________ exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
aerobic
Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our __________________
anxiety
After moving to a new apartment building, you find the street noise irritatingly loud but after a while it no longer bothers you. This reaction illustrates the a) relative deprivation principle b) adaption level phenomenon c) feel- good, do-good phenomenon d) catharsis principle
b) adaption level phenomenon
which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors? a) Conscientiousness b) Anxiety c) Extraversion d) Agreeableness
b) anxiety
The number of short-term illnesses and stress-related psychological disorders was higher than usual in the months following an earthquake. Such findings suggest that a) daily hassles have adverse health consequences b) experiencing a very stressful event increases a person's vulnerability to illness c) the amount of stress a person feels is directly related to the number of stressors experienced d) small, bad event don't cause stress but large ones can be toxic
b) expressing a very stressful event increases a person's vulnerability to illness
According to psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal and phalli stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to a) dormant sexual feelings b) fixation at that stage c) preconscious blocking of impulses d) a distorted gender identity
b) fixation at that stage
Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will a) weaken your happiness b) intensify your happiness c) transform your happiness into relief d) have no particular effect on happiness
b) intensify your happiness
Seligman's research showed that a dog will respond with learned helplessness if it has received repeated shocks and has had a) the opportunity to escape b) no control over the shocks c) pain or discomfort d) no food or water prior to the shocks
b) no control over the shocks
Our scores on personality tests best predict a) our behavior on a specific occasion b) our average behavior across many situations c) behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness d) behavior that depends on the situation or context
b) our average behavior across many situations
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted? a) Life problems cause low-self esteem b) the answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect c) Low self-esteem leads to life problems d) Because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem
b) the answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect
Which one of the following is an effective strategy for reducing angry feelings a) retaliate verbally or physically b) wait or "simmer down" c) express anger in action or fantasy d) review the grievance silently
b) wait or "simmer down"
One famous personality inventory is the a) extraversion-introversion scale b) person-simulation inventory c) MMPI d) Rorschach
c) MMPI
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of a) Physical Arousal b) the hormone epinphrine c) cognitive processing d) learning
c) cognitive processing
The aspect of pornographic films that most directly influences men's aggression toward women seems to be the a) length of the film b) eroticism portrayed c) depictions of sexual violence d) attractiveness of the actors
c) depictions of sexual violence
According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the _____________________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the _____________________ in more acceptable ways. a) id; ego b) ego; superego c) ego; id d) id; superego
c) ego; id
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography a) has little effect on most viewers b) is the primary cause of reported and unreported rapes c) leads viewers to be more acceptation of coercion in sexual relations d) has no effect other than short term arousal and entertainment
c) leads viewers to be more accretion of coercion in sexual relations
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be a) learned through direct rewards b) triggered by exposure to violent media c) learned through observation of aggressive models d) caused by hormone changes at puberty
c) learned through observation of aggressive models
The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if a) the victim is similar to the bystander in appearance b) no one else is present c) other people are present d) the incident occurs in a deserted or rural area
c) other people are present
Research on the faith factor has found that a) pessimists tend to be healthier than optimists b) our expectations influence our feelings of stress c) religiously active people tend to outlive those who are not religiously active d) religious engagement promotes isolation, repression and ill health
c) religiously active people tend to outline e those who are not religiously active
Research has shown that people are at increased risk for cancer a year or so after experiencing depression, helplessness, or bereavement. In describing this link, researchers are quick to point out that a) accumulated stress can cause cancer b) anger is the negative emotion most closely linked to cancer c) stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defenses against them d) feeling optimistic about chances of survival ensures that a cancer patient will get well
c) stress does not create cancer cells, but it weakens the body's natural defenses against them
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if a) the group members have diverse options b) the person feel competent and secure c) the person admires the group's status d) no one else will observe the person's behavior
c) the person admires the group's status
According to the Schachter and Singer, two factors lead to our experiences of emotion: 1) physiological arousal and (2) __________________ apprasial
cognitive
When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ______________ ______________ theory attempts to explain why.
cognitive dissonance
A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ___________ love, even though their ____________ love has probably decreased over the years.
compassionate; passionate
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that a) aggressive behavior varies widely from culture to culture b) animals can be bread for aggressiveness c) stimulation of an area of the brain's limit system produces aggressive behavior d) a higher than average level of hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males
d) a higher than average level of hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males
Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on a) Freudian theory b) his experience with patients c) a series of laboratory experiments d) his study of healthy, creative people
d) his study of healthy creative people
One of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also a) more likely to express anger b) generally luckier than others c) concentrated in the wealthier nations d) more likely to help others
d) more likely to help others
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus a) a reward b) proximity c) companionate love d) our interpretation of that arousal
d) our interpretation of that arousal
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on a) development throughout the life span b) the collective unconscious c) the role of the id d) social interactions
d) social interactions
People who have close relationships are less likely to die prematurely than those who do not, supporting the idea that a) social ties can be a source of stress b) gender influences longevity c) Type A behavior is responsible for many premature deaths d) social support has a beneficial effect on heath
d) social support has a beneficial effect on health
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors a) catastrophes b) significant life changes c) daily hassles d) threatening events we hear about
d) threatening events we hear about
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called __________________
deinidividuation
According to Freud's ideas bout the three-part personality structure, the ____________________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ____________________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; the _______________________ represents the voice in our internalized ideals (conscious)
ego; id; superego
When faced with a situation over which you feel you have no sense of control, it is most effective to use ____________ (emotion/problem) focused coping
emotion
Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ______________ and ______________-__________________.
equity; self-disclosure
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _____________ ___________ effect.
facial feedback
In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to _________________ at that stage
fixation
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the _____________ - ______________ - _____________ - ______________ phenomenon.
foot-in-the-door
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ____________ _____________.
group polarization
When like minded groups discuss a topic and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing option this is called ____________ _______________
group polarization
When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ______________ has occurred.
groupthink
When elderly patients take an active part in managing their own care and surroundings, their morale and health tend to improve. Such findings indicate that people do better when they experience an ___________ (internal/external) locus of control.
internal
Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-instability
The more familiar a stimulus becomes the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the _______________ _____________ effect
mere exposure
People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the ______________ ______________ ______________ in action.
mere exposure effect
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of ______________-______________ perceptions.
mirror-image
The other-rare effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ________________- (more/less) homogenous than other own group
more
The components of the Type A personality that have been most closely to contrary heart disease are anger and other ______________ feelings
negative
Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through ________________ (central/peripheral) route persuasion.
peripheral
__________________ psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish
positive
To cope with stress we tend to use ________________-focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world, and ______________-focused (emotion/problem) strategies when we believe we cannot change a situation.
problem; emotion
The field of ____________ studies mind-body interactions, including the effects of psychological, neural and endocrine functioning on the immune system and overall health
psycgoneuroimmunology
Selye's general adaption syndrome (GAS) consists of an alarm reaction followed by _________________, then _________________.
resistance; exhaustion
When prejudiced judgement causes us to blame an undeserving person for a problem that person is called
scapegoat
According to the Cannon-Bard theory a) our physiological response to a stimulus (for example, a pounding heart) and b) the emotion we experience (for example, fear) occur ________________ (simultaneously/sequentially). According to the James-Lange theory, (a) and (b) occur ________________ (simultaneously/sequentially).
simultaneously; sequentially (first the physiological response and then the experienced emotion)
People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called _____________ ___________
social loafing
Critics say that _______________-_______________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person's enduring traits.
social-cognitive
Albert Bandura proposed the ___________________-_________________ perspective on personality which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior thoughts and environment he used the term ________________ _____________
social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism
The tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the __________________ __________________.
spotlight effect
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as _________________
sterotypes
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ________________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called __________ goals.
superordinate
The stress response system: When alerted to a negative, uncontrollable event, our ________________ nervous system arouses us. Heart rate and respiration ______________ (increase/decrease). Blood is diverted from digestion to the skeletal _________. The body releases sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the _______________-________________-_____________ response.
sympathetic; increases; muscles; fight or flight
When faced with stress, women are more likely than men to experience the ________________-and- _________________ response.
tend; befriend
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called _______________ __________________ __________________.
unconditional positive regard
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate _____________________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against _____________________
unconsciously;anxiety
