Psych Test Review
Jonathan Haidt
many decisions are actually "moral intuitions" : fast, automatic, emotion based judgement
Employing the single word HOMES to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of a(n) _____ aid or device.
mnemonic
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
preconventional morality
most children make moral judgement at a self-centered level right = reward wrong = punishment
Procedural memory involves:
motor movement.
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
Nociceptors
pain receptors
cohorts
people born in the same historical time
kinesthesia
perception of the body's own movements
Progesterone
prepares the uterus for pregnancy
infant
trust vs mistrust
infants around 8 months of age show:
stranger anxiety and separation depression
operant conditioning
type of learning in which a behavior is influenced by the favorable or unfavorable consequences that follow it
nociceptiors travel to spinal chord on thin _____
unmyelinated axons
conventional morality
uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
semicircular canals of the inner ear are responsible for our ____
vestibular sense
cross-sectional study
A type of research design that compares individuals of different ages who are tested at the same historical time (usually drastically decreases over time)
grade schooler
competence vs inferiority
Mary Ainsworth
developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
Harry and Margaret Harlow
Researchers known for their controversial experiments with monkeys in which they showed that baby monkeys are drawn to mothers that provide comfort rather than simply food. Also showed that monkeys raised in isolation developed severe mental and social deficits
_____ occurs when something learned now interferes with one's ability to recall something learned earlier.
Retroactive interference
One's strongest retrieval cues are often associated _____ information.
Sensory
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that is being very briefly registered is a process that initially occurs in _____ memory.
Sensory
When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of the neurotransmitter _____ at certain synapses.
Serotonin
The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by:
Stress hormones
Piagent
children's reasoning develops in a series of 4 stages, also described what moral reasoning is
Which course of forgetting BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
longitudinal study
a type of research design in which the same individuals (from the same cohorts) are tested at several different historical times (intelligence seems to hold steady overtime)
postconventional morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
unconditioned response
an event that automatically triggers a response; no learning is required
When does intelligence peak?
early adulthood, then drops substantially later on
frontal lobes
explicit memory
Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):
gradual fading of the physical memory trace.
chemical messengers carried in the blood
hormones
sensiormotor stage
(0-2) children experience the world through their senses and actions
preoperational stage
(2-6 or 7) children learn to use language and represent things with words and images, but they are unable to reason logically.
concrete operational stage
(about age 7-11) children can think logically about concrete objects and events, and they can perform arithmetic operations
formal operational stage
(age 12- adulthood) teens gain the ability to think logically about abstract concepts
Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment
2/3 of infants = secure attachment for caregiver 1/3 = insecure attachment (little stress when caregiver leaves, though they cling when caregiver is around)
Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.
Effortless processing
Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
Flashbulb
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
toddler
autonomy vs shame and doubt
securely attached babies
babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment; display stranger anxiety and separation enxiety
how does attachment usually grow?
body contact
fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
fluid = flexible, quick, abstract thinking crystallized = accumulated knowledge and skills
The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the _____ and _____.
frontal lobes; hippocampus
middle-aged adult
generativity vs stagnation
teenager
identity vs role confusion
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, a response that is automatically triggered by a stimulus event
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, is able to trigger a response
vestibular sense
in inner ear, detect movement of the head
pre-schooler
initiative vs guilt
older adult
integrity vs despair
Jane often studies Spanish and French back to back right after school. She might have trouble remembering the different vocabulary because she is not minimizing _____.
interference
young adult
intimacy vs isolation
Long term memories are
limitless
Mechanoreceptors
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
papillae
rough, bumpy elevations on dorsal surface of tongue, containing about 200 taste buds
Recalling something that one had once merely imagined happening as something one had directly experienced BEST illustrates:
source amnesia